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初三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)資料八種動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),有的只要求達(dá)到理解層次,有的則要求達(dá)到熟練運(yùn)用層次。至少其中五種時(shí)態(tài)包括過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是要求達(dá)到熟練運(yùn)用層次的,而且其考查方式肯定不會(huì)以某一時(shí)態(tài)的獨(dú)立形式出現(xiàn),而是時(shí)態(tài)的綜合運(yùn)用,尤其要重視各種時(shí)態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。找出它們之間的不同冠詞的用法.現(xiàn)以冠詞為例:.Johnwasgivenorangebagforhisbirthdaybutbagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,the.There'soldtreenearhouse.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,a.Thereis800-metre-longroadbehindhospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the.good,kindgirlsheis!A.HowB.WhataC.WhatD.Howa.badweather!Ihopeitwon'tlastlong.A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa.theyarelisteningtotheteacher!A.HowcarefulB.WhatcarefulC.HowcarefullyD.Whatcarefully由上例題我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)冠詞和感嘆句是必考內(nèi)容。同樣,象賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序、代詞的格、主謂語(yǔ)一致、動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配、近義詞的比較以及習(xí)慣表達(dá)法和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用等,無(wú)一不在考查之列。所有這一切語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),我都將通過(guò)對(duì)典型試題的解題分析,展開(kāi)討論,分層展示難易對(duì)比,系統(tǒng)歸納。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是這樣處理,那么對(duì)以能力測(cè)試為主要目的的中考其他試題形式又該怎么辦呢?這里我們以一篇完形填空題為例:Apoorfarmerhadneverlefthissmallvillage.Afterhe(1)alotofmoney,hedecidedtospendaholidayinanexpensivehotel(旅館)inabigtown.(2)lunchtimecameonhisfirstdaythere,hewenttoeatintherestaurant(餐館)?!阾hehotel(3)hisnewclothes.Theheadwaiter(服務(wù)員)(4)himtothetable,tookhisorderandwentaway.Whenheturnedand(5)thefarmeragain,hehada(6)!Thefarmerhadtied(系)histableclothroundhis(7).Theheadwaitertoldanotherwaitertogotothefarmerand(8)himthatpeople(9)dosuchathinginhisrestaurant.Sothewaiterwenttothefarmerandsaidina(10)voiced音),"Goodmorning,sir.Wouldyoulikeahaircut?".A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because.A.forB.withC.onD.in 4.A.wantedB.putC.showedD.brought.A.lookedatB.watchedC.sawD.found 6.A.lookB.restC.tableclothD.surprise.A.arm B.neckC.handD.head8.A.askB.tellC.taughtD.told.A.can'tB.don'tC.won'tD.mustn't 10.A.friendlyB.tiredC.sadD.ter要求考生從所給的選項(xiàng)中選出正確答案,使補(bǔ)足后的短文意思通順,結(jié)構(gòu)完整。對(duì)此,考生必須通篇考慮,不能拿來(lái)就做,那樣必然顧此失彼,前后意思不得連貫。目前的中考完型還側(cè)重于語(yǔ)法,這將在逐年試題的變革中轉(zhuǎn)向按上下文的要求來(lái)推斷理解。在解這類(lèi)題時(shí),必須掌握“詞感現(xiàn)象”,注意學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分“干擾項(xiàng)”。所謂詞感,“thesenseofword"是指一種對(duì)詞或詞群的感受能力。對(duì)詞的感受力強(qiáng),在解題時(shí)會(huì)較為容易地找到它與情景的關(guān)系。詞感并不僅僅指詞與詞之間的細(xì)微差異,也并不注重詞的搭配與組合,它較多地強(qiáng)調(diào)選用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~,以利于對(duì)情景作出合乎邏輯的判斷。同時(shí)也就把其它三個(gè)作為干擾項(xiàng)的選擇項(xiàng)排除掉了。最后復(fù)讀一篇全文,就會(huì)語(yǔ)感流暢,句意明確。這兒舉例的目的是想說(shuō)明,我從一個(gè)較高的立意來(lái)對(duì)中考題型,特別是完形、閱讀等,進(jìn)行分析、探討,借以使同學(xué)們獲得較為完整的解題思路和解題方法。這一講%主要幫助同學(xué)們掌握名詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞的用法,特別是針對(duì)同學(xué)不易掌握的方面。、名詞 關(guān)于名詞,我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù),名詞的格。單數(shù)可用a、an來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),在元音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的單詞前用an,而不是a.復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法:(1)一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s,如:dog--dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如:watch--watches。(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es,如:country-countrieso請(qǐng)區(qū)別:如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,則只須加so 如:monkey--monkeys。(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西紅柿)加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。⑸以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f、fe為v再加es,如:knife--knives。.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞:sheep--sheep,fish--fish Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese.特殊變化的單詞有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot--feeth(2)man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen請(qǐng)區(qū)別:German(德國(guó)人)一Germans (3)child—children.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(褲子)glasses(眼鏡),這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意它們的謂語(yǔ),用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:Myclothesare(be)newerthanyours.
.有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式,實(shí)際上是單數(shù)。這一點(diǎn)是同學(xué)不易掌握的,應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如:news(消息),maths(數(shù)學(xué)),physics(物理) Nonewsisgoodnews..可用howmany,many,afew,few,alotof,lotsof,some,any等來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 Howmanyarethereinyourpencil-box?(knife)不可數(shù)名詞:1.常見(jiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞有:water,rice,fish,meat,等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood..不可數(shù)名詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)??闯蓡螖?shù)。如:Somebreadoverthere.(be).常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞。.常用apieceof,acupof等來(lái)表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表達(dá)“兩片面包”這樣的意義,bread仍為不可數(shù)名詞,不加s,而piece貝U可力口s。即:twopiecesofbread請(qǐng)區(qū)別:可數(shù)名詞也可用量來(lái)表示, 如:三箱蘋(píng)果threeboxesofapples例:1、Thesetwopiecesofbreadoverthere.(be)2、CouldIhavethree,please?A.pieceofbreadB.pieceofbreadsC.piecesofbreadD.piecesofbreads名詞的格 名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法,在名詞后加“'s"。如:Tom-Tom's譯為“…的”,若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則在s后加“'”即可。如:Teachers'Day,twoweeks'holiday,而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格,仍按慣例加's。如:Children'sDay關(guān)于名詞所有格,應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn):.可用名詞所有格表示地點(diǎn)。如:myaunt's我姑姑家。gotothedoctor's去醫(yī)生家。.表示兩人共同擁有,在最后一個(gè)名詞后加's 如:LucyandLily's露西和莉莉的.掌握詞組:agirloffive一個(gè)五歲的女孩 afriendofmine我的一個(gè)朋友eg;The冠|it詞hirtisandblueoneis. A、Kate,myB.Kate's,mineC.Kate,mineD.Kate's,my冠詞是詞匯中的基礎(chǔ)的,也是簡(jiǎn)單的部分,所以同學(xué)們有必要掌握其基本用法,歸納起來(lái),同學(xué)們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點(diǎn):1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的詞前,如:anhour,anEnglishcar.請(qǐng)區(qū)別:ausefulmachine.指上文提到過(guò)的人或物,用定冠詞the.在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前用定冠詞the.如:thesun,themoon,theearth.定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前,表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。如:thefirst,thebest,inthesouth.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the,表示XX一家人,??闯蓮?fù)數(shù)。如:TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer..在介詞短語(yǔ)中常用定冠詞the,如:inthebox,behindthechair特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個(gè)方面:(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如:insummer,inAugust請(qǐng)區(qū)別:inthespringof1945.(這里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)名不用冠詞。 如:havebreakfast,playfootball(3)一些固定詞組中,如:gotobed,gotoschool,bybus,atnight.在有些詞組中,有冠詞和無(wú)冠詞意思不同,請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別:infrontof在…前面 inthehospital在醫(yī)院里inthefrontof在…范圍內(nèi)的前部inhospital(生病)住院練習(xí):There's 800-metre-longroadbehind hospital.二A.a數(shù)^Rq B.a,aC.an,theD.a,the同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)會(huì)讀會(huì)寫(xiě)所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞,以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。對(duì)數(shù)詞的考查,中考常采用單選題及聽(tīng)力題,這些題型歸納起來(lái),應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)特別容易出錯(cuò)的地方。1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞。其規(guī)律為:1,2,3特殊記,加th從4起(first,second,third,fourth)8少t,9去e,千萬(wàn)別忘記(eighth,ninth)逢5逢12,ve變f(fifth,twelfth)20到90,y要變ie(twentieth,ninetieth) 若是幾十幾,前基后序別倒位(ninety-first).hundred,thousand,million在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時(shí)用單數(shù)形式。 如:fivehundredpeople.只有在表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時(shí)才加s,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。hundredsof數(shù)以百計(jì)的,成百上千的 thousandsof數(shù)以千計(jì)的,成千上萬(wàn)的millionsof數(shù)百萬(wàn)的這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。Frenchwordsthisyear..序數(shù)詞常與定冠詞the連用。練習(xí):①HenryhaslearnedeightFrenchwordsthisyear.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredofD.hundredsof②ThelessonisthemostdifficultoneinBook?Two.(twenty)另外,同學(xué)們還應(yīng)掌握與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。順讀法(鐘點(diǎn)十分鐘) 如:4:30fourthirty4:45fourforty-five4:15fourfifteen 倒讀法(分鐘+to/past+鐘點(diǎn)) 如:4:30halfpastfour4:15fifteenpastfour/aquarterpastfour4:45fifteentofive/aquartertofive練習(xí)題:.Atthebeginningofthe(twenty)century,theworld'spopulationwasabout1700million..Arethese(watch)yours?Yes..Youdon'tlookwell.You'dbettergotothe(doctor)atonce..Wouldyougiveme,please?A.twopapersB.twopieceofpaperC.twopiecesofpaperD.twopiecesofpapers.Therearethreeandseveninthepicture.A.monkeys,sheepsB.monkeys,sheepC.monkies,sheepD.monkies,sheeps.Alotofaretalkingwithtwo.A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.German,FrenchmenD.Germans,Frenchmen.June1is—.A.theChildren'sDayB.theChildrens'DayC.Children'sDayD.Childrens'Day.peoplewentouttoseewhathadhappened.A.ThousandsofB.ThreethousandofC.ThousandofD.Threethousands.Wehavebeenintheschoolfor.A.threeandahalfmonth B.threeandahalfmonthsC.threemonthandahalf D.threemonthsandhalf.Englishisusefullanguage.A.A,anB./,aC.The,anD.A,/.Johnwasgivenorangebagforhisbirthdaybutbagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,the.There'soldtreenearhouse.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,a.Thereis800-metre-longroadbehindhospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the四.代詞①人稱(chēng)代詞: 主格:?jiǎn)螖?shù)I、you、he、she、it復(fù)數(shù)we、you、they賓格:?jiǎn)螖?shù)me、you、him、her、it復(fù)數(shù)us、you、them⑵物主代詞:形容詞性my、your、his、her、its、our、your、their名詞性mine、yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs③反身代詞: myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves.形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。.注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如:⑴Thesebooksaren'tours. Oursarenew.(這里ours=ourbooks)⑵Thisisnotourroom. Oursisoverthere.(這里ours=ourroom)."of+名詞性物主代詞"表示所屬如:asisterofhis他的一個(gè)妹妹afriendofmine我的一個(gè)朋友.人稱(chēng)代詞在并列使用時(shí)的順序?yàn)椋骸钡诙朔Q(chēng),第三人稱(chēng),第一人稱(chēng)”。如:You,sheandIallenjoythemusic..關(guān)于反身代詞,同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu):enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime(過(guò)得很愉快) byoneself=alone(單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自)helponeselfto…(隨便吃/喝些...) learnsth.byoneself=teachoneselfsth.(自學(xué))練習(xí)題.-Whosetrousersarethese?-,Ithink.A.TheyB.TheirC.TheirsD.Them.Nobodytaught English.Hetaught.A.him,himselfB.his,himselfC.him,byhimselfD.his,his(二) 修飾可數(shù)名詞manyfew表否定意義afew表肯定意義修飾不數(shù)名詞muchlittle表否定意義alittle表肯定意義 few和little與quite或only連用時(shí),常加不定冠詞a.如:Therearequiteafewnewbooksinthelibrary.=用little,alittle,few,afew填空:1.IoftenstayathomebecauseIhavefriendshere..Jim,don'tgoandgetsomewater.Thereiswaterintheglass..ThoughhelearnedFrenchonlyweeks.Hecanspeakverywell..Lilyhadbreadbecauseshewashungryyesterday.(三)不定代詞:something,anything,nothing.3當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個(gè)不定代詞時(shí),常后置。如:somethingnewThere'sintoday'snewspaper.中考題A.importantanythingB.importantsomethingC.anythingimportantD.somethingimportant(四)另外,還要注意代詞some,every,all,both,either,another1.some(一些,某)一般用于肯定句中 注:some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)求的疑問(wèn)句中。any(任何)多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句①Willyougivemesomewater? ②Wouldyoulikesomemeat?③MayIasksomequestions? ④CouldIhavesomeapples?.every+單數(shù)名詞“每一個(gè)”強(qiáng)調(diào)共性,作定語(yǔ),形式上為單數(shù)。each“每一個(gè)”強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性,作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ),常與of連用。如:Eachstudentwasaskedtotryagain.Eachofthemhasaniceskirt.Everychildlikesplayinggames..all”(全部)都”表示三者或三者以上,作同位語(yǔ)時(shí),一般放在連系、助動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前。none“沒(méi)有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介詞of如:WeareallfromCanada.=AllofusarefromCanada.Noneofusis/areafraidofdogs.(單、復(fù)數(shù)均可).both“(兩者)都”,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),看作復(fù)數(shù);作定語(yǔ)時(shí),后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。either”兩者中任何一個(gè)",作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù);作定語(yǔ)時(shí),后跟名詞單數(shù)。neither”(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義,用法同either。如:①Theybothswimwell.=Bothofthemswimwell.②Therearetreesonbothsidesofthestreet.=Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.?NeitherofusisgoingtoBeijingnextweek.?Neitheranswerisright.another+單數(shù)名詞,“另一個(gè)”one…theother”一個(gè) ,另一個(gè) ”theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=theothers”其他的人或物”(指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部) others“別人”(五)疑問(wèn)代詞5個(gè)“wh”,即who,whose,whom,what,which這里,which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容,其實(shí),同學(xué)們只須記住,對(duì)作定語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn),常用which.例如:Iliketheredshirt.doyoulike?練習(xí):一、根據(jù)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空,使句意通順,語(yǔ)法完整Canyoucomewithus?(we)Theseskirtsarehers.Yoursareoverthere.(she)Pleasetakecareofyourselves,boysandgirls.(you)Idon,tthinkthisismyfrisby,thoughitlookslikemine.(I)Lookatthosebooks.Aretheyyours?(that)二、根據(jù)首字母填空Isthereanythinginterestinginthenewspaper?Sheaskedustohelpeachother.Theoldmancanneitherreadnorwrite.Nothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish,Lucy.三、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換A:Thechildrenplayedhappilyinthezooyesterday.Thechildrenenjoyedthemselvesinthezooyesterday.17、A:Hedoesn,tlikemutton,andshedoesn,t,either.Neitherhenorshelikesmutton.A:AlltheAmericanpeopledon,tlikesandwiches.NotalltheAmericanpeoplelikesandwiches.A:Theydon,toftenhearthetwinssingthesongintheschool.Neitherofthetwinsisoftenheardtosingthesongintheschool.[ZK)]四、單項(xiàng)選擇(C)20、-CanyouspeakChinese,Peter?-Yes,butonly.4A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afew(A)21、-DoyoulikeJane,snewskirt?-Yes,verymuch.I,llaskmumtobuyforme.A.oneB.itC.theotherD.a(B)22、Thecolorofherskirtisdifferentfromofmine.A.oneB.thatC.itD.this(B)23、Studentsareusuallyinterestedinsports.Somelikerunning,somelikeswimming.likeballgames.A.theothersB.othersC.theotherD.other(A)24、-I,llgivetheboystoeat.-Oh,Iknow,fishandchips.A.somethingEnglishB.EnglishsomethingC.anythingEnglishD.Englishanything(D)25、-ShallIhelpyouwiththeheavybox?-No,thanks,Icandoit.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself(D)26、-Whattimeshallwemeetthisafternoon,3:00or4:00?-Idon,tmind.timeisOK.A.NeitherB.EachC.AnyD.Either(C)27、-Mybagisfull,whatabout?-isfull,too.A.you,YoursB.his,HeC.yours,MineD.hers,She(D)28、-I'vehadenoughbread,Wouldyoulike?-No,thanks.A.afewmoreB.onemoreC.anothermoreD.somemore(A)29、Therearemanytreesonsidesoftheriver.A.bothB.eitherC.neitherD.each(A)1、Hehastwobikes,oneisnew,isold.A.theotherB.otherC.theothersD.others(C)2、Withoutthesun,couldgrowintheworld.A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(B)3、ofthemisgoingtoplaybasketballwithyouthisafternoon.A.AllB.NeitherC.SomeD.Both(B)4、-Canyoutellmewhatapandalookslike?-Look!Thisisapictureof.A.itB.oneC.twoD.some(B)5、Therearenotmanypearshere,butyoucantake ifyouwantto.A.fewB.afewC.alittleD.little二、形容詞副詞大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個(gè)等級(jí):原級(jí):比較級(jí):比較…,更…一些最高級(jí):最…(A)1.構(gòu)成:(規(guī)則情況)情況變化方法例詞單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞:一般情況加er,estclever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e結(jié)尾力口r,stnice-nicer-nicest重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)雙寫(xiě)加er,estbig-bigger-biggest以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾變y為i加er,estearly-earlier-earliest部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞在詞前加more,mostslowly-moreslowly-mostslowly2.不規(guī)則變化,須熟記:good/well-better-bestmany/much-more-mostfar-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worstlittle-less-least(B)常見(jiàn)的使用情況.as…as…和…一樣(中間用原級(jí)).notas(so)…as和…不一樣(中間用原級(jí))3…than…...比…(用比較級(jí)).有范圍修飾的用最高級(jí) 如:詛of,among或用從句修飾的eg.⑴Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear. (2)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen..比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)意為“越來(lái)越….eg:wetterandwettermoreandmorebeautiful.The+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)越……就越…… eg:Themore,thebetter.越多越好(C)注意點(diǎn):1.形容詞最高級(jí)前一定要用the,副詞最高級(jí)前可省略。.可用much,alittle,even,still等修飾比較級(jí)。.在比較級(jí)中為了避免重復(fù),在than后常用one,that,those等詞來(lái)替代前面提到過(guò)的名詞。eg:TheweatherhereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.(D)掌握三種同義句轉(zhuǎn)換:.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.=Heisthetallest(student)inhisclass..Thisfilmislessinterestingthanthatone.=Thisfilmisn'tasinterestingasthatone.=Thatfilmismoreinterestingthanthisone..IprefermathstoEnglish.=IlikemathsbetterthanEnglish.Whichdoyoulike,fish,meateggs?A.best,orB.better,orC.best,andD.better,and止匕外,關(guān)于形容詞、副詞的內(nèi)容同學(xué)們還須掌握:.形容詞修飾名詞作定語(yǔ),跟在連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)。.副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞 enough屬例外詞:形屬ij+enoughtodoenough+名詞例如;Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。.區(qū)別幾組易混淆的副詞:也too用于肯定、疑問(wèn)句also較為正式書(shū)面語(yǔ) either用于否定句已經(jīng)already常用于肯定句、疑問(wèn)句yet常用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句不再no(notany)longer從時(shí)間上講no(notany)more從動(dòng)作上講如此這樣such修飾名詞eg:suchabigboxso修飾形容詞、副詞eg:sobig單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自alone作表語(yǔ)=byoneself孤獨(dú)的lonely可作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)eg:Agroupofgirlsaresinginganddancingoverthere.(happy)練習(xí)題.Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake._areclimbingthehill.A.OthersB.OtherC.AnotherD.Theother.Thereisn'tintoday'snewspaper.A.importantsomethingB.importantanythingC.anythingimportantD.nothingimportant.-Whosewatchisthis,Mary?Isityoursister's?-No,Mum.It'snot.It's.A.hers,myB.her,myC.Mine,hersD.hers,mineheChangjiangRiveristhethird_riverintheworld.A.longB.longerC.longestD.thelongestAnelephantis thanahorse.A.morestrongB.muchstrongerC.themoststrongD.muchmorestrongWhichdoyoulike ,tea,orangeorwater?A.goodB.WellC.BetterD.Best一、介詞.與形容詞搭配的詞組有:beafraidof(怕)beangrywith(生某人的氣)beawayfrom(不在某地)bedifferentfrom(與…不同)begoodat(善于)begood/badfor(對(duì)…有益/有害) beinterestedin(對(duì)…感興趣)belatefor(遲到)be/getreadyfor(為作好準(zhǔn)備)besureof(對(duì)…有把握)beworriedabout(為…感到擔(dān)憂(yōu)).介詞后常用人稱(chēng)代詞賓格和動(dòng)詞-ing形式1)Youmusttakegoodcareofher.2)Thankyouforteachingussowell..幾組易混淆的介詞A. “在…之后”in+一段時(shí)間(用于一般將來(lái)時(shí))after+一段時(shí)間(用于一般過(guò)去時(shí))after+一點(diǎn)時(shí)間(常用于一般將來(lái)時(shí))如:Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.for+一段時(shí)間 since+過(guò)去的一點(diǎn)時(shí)間這兩者均用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),具體在時(shí)態(tài)部分,我會(huì)繼續(xù)向同學(xué)們講解。bemadeof"用 制成"bemadein“由某地制造“bemadebysomebody“由某人制成”in,on,at表時(shí)間in“在某月(季節(jié)、年)等"eg:in1996,inJanuary,insummer固定詞組:inthemorning,inaweek,inaminute,intime,intheendon”用于指具體的某一天或?qū)V改骋惶焐衔?、下午或晚上等”eg:onChristmasDay,onthenightofFebruary16at”用于具體時(shí)刻前和某些固定詞組中”固定詞組:atseven,atthemoment,atnight,atlast,atfirst,atnoon,attimes,atonce,atthistimeoftheyear,atthebeginningof,attheendofthismonth,atthesametime注意:在表時(shí)間里,下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有:next,last,6this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,one,every,all以及thedaybeforeyesterday和thedayaftertomorrow前不用介詞。如:不能說(shuō)intomorrow,只能說(shuō)tomorrow在明天except+賓格/doingsomething"除…之外” (不包括本身)EveryoneisatschooltodayexceptLinTao.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)=OnlyLinTaoisn'tatschooltoday.“用”通過(guò)交通工具byplane用語(yǔ)言inEnglish通過(guò)媒介on/overthetelephone,on/overtheradio,onTV用工具手段withapen,withone'shandsbetween”在?和?(兩者)之間”between…and...,betweenthetwo...among在…之間(三者或三者以上)eg.Su置pyntovertwohoursherhomeworkyesterdayevening.A.onB.withC.atD.over二、.并列連詞 both…and既?又?謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞neither-nor既不?也不?含否定意義,(就近原則)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由靠近它的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定單復(fù)數(shù)。 either-or-“或者…或者…”“不是…就是…”and“和”連接兩個(gè)并列成分,連接謂語(yǔ)時(shí),兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。but“但是”表轉(zhuǎn)折,不能與though同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中。or“或者”在否定句中,并列句中的列舉常用or,而不用and。Eg:Ihavebrothersandsisters.(否) Idon'thavebrothersorsisters.=Ihavenobrothersandnosisters..引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞陳述句:that可省略一般疑問(wèn)句:if/whether“是否” 特殊疑問(wèn)句:特殊疑問(wèn)詞.引導(dǎo)原因狀從的有:because(不能與so同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中).引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:when(當(dāng)…時(shí)候),assoonas…(一…就),not…until(直到…才),after(在…之后),引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句,主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。Eg:Iwon'tleaveuntilhecomesback.since(自從…以來(lái))引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句,主句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Eg:Wehaven'tmeteachothersincesheleftherelastyear.while(當(dāng)…時(shí)候,一邊…一邊…)它引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Eg:MyfathercameinwhileIwasdoingmyhomework..引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:if “如果”,引導(dǎo)條件狀從,主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。請(qǐng)區(qū)別于if"是否”相當(dāng)于whether,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境確定eg:1)Idon'tknowifit(rain)tomorrow.2)Ifit(rain)tomorrow,I(notclimb)thehills.3)JoanandMaryhaven'tseeneachothertheyleftschoolfiveyearsago.A.asB.beforeC.afterD.since三、構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞有法記無(wú)定法一、利用構(gòu)詞法記憶:.合成法:note+bookfnotebook,school+yard^schoolyard,book+mark^bookmark.派生法(即在詞根上加前、后綴記憶):en—(ffi W)+courage^encourage;inter—(onewithanother;facetoface)+viewfinterview;foreign+er(人)fforeigner,play+er(執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的人)fplayer,sharpen+er(執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的物)fsharpener;library+(yfi)an(人)fli brarian;miss(v.)+ingfmissing(adj.),probable(adj.)+(l)yfprobably(adv.),sad(adj.)+lyfsadly(adv.);compose(v.)+(efi)tionfcomposition(n.),inform(v.)+(a)tionfinformation(n.).轉(zhuǎn)化法:know(v.)fknowledge(n.)二、意義關(guān)聯(lián)幫你記憶:dictionary—words,umbrella-rain,library—book—shelf,kitchen—cook三、英英解釋?zhuān)瑴毓手拢簅verseas;interview—meetingwithsboverseas;interview—meetingwithsb.說(shuō)說(shuō)記憶單詞的方法詞是構(gòu)成句子的重要元素,詞匯量的多少在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中占有重要地位。今天我們講講怎樣記憶單詞。一、把單詞放入句子中,在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中記憶單詞。如果一旦忘記詞義,就回憶它所在的句子。很多成績(jī)較好的同學(xué)都有一個(gè)體會(huì),抓住對(duì)句子的理解和背誦這樣一個(gè)關(guān)鍵,記憶單詞一般來(lái)說(shuō)是毫不費(fèi)力的。二、將單詞按歸類(lèi)的方法進(jìn)行記憶。把同義詞歸成一類(lèi),如learnstudy,betweenamong;反義詞歸成一類(lèi),如leftright,highlow,strongweak;或根據(jù)含義和用途把同一類(lèi)型的詞歸成一類(lèi),如交通工具類(lèi):car,bus,ship,plane,truck,…學(xué)科類(lèi):maths,science,art,geography,…頻度副詞類(lèi):always,usually,often,sometimes,never,…等等。這樣當(dāng)遇到其中一個(gè)詞時(shí),頭腦中出現(xiàn)的就是一組詞,這樣記憶單詞的效率就會(huì)大大提高。同時(shí),還可以掌握詞與詞之間的區(qū)別和各自特殊的用法,將平時(shí)極易混淆的單詞清楚地區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。7
三、利用構(gòu)詞法記憶單詞。比如happy(幸福的),加前綴“un”成為unhappy(不幸福的),改“y”為“i”加后綴“ness”則變成了名詞:happiness(幸福);“pea(豌豆)”與“nut(堅(jiān)果)”可合成為“peanut(花生)”;when(何時(shí))+ever(在任何時(shí)候)=whenever(無(wú)論什么時(shí)候)等等。四、根據(jù)記憶與遺忘的規(guī)律來(lái)記憶單詞,即應(yīng)及時(shí)在第二天、第三天甚至以后再讀第一天記憶的單詞,定期作階級(jí)性的復(fù)習(xí),同遺忘作斗爭(zhēng)。要記憶單詞就不能怕重復(fù),重復(fù)也是記憶的一種好方法。五、初中階段還有一個(gè)很實(shí)用的記憶單詞的好方法就是根據(jù)音標(biāo)即單詞讀音來(lái)記單詞。只要你首先根據(jù)音標(biāo)把一個(gè)單詞讀準(zhǔn)、讀對(duì),那么就可根據(jù)其讀音基本拼寫(xiě)出該單詞。首先這要掌握一定的拼讀規(guī)則。比如'dirty”,根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們就能拼寫(xiě)出d-ir-t-y(在非重讀音節(jié)中發(fā)[i])。這種方法對(duì)于記憶字母較多的單詞尤其有效,如“contribution",根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們可把它分成四部分來(lái)記憶:con—tri—bu—tion,這樣就能較快地記住單詞。以系統(tǒng)的方式來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)記憶知識(shí)能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背單詞時(shí)我們一定要留心觀(guān)察,尋找詞與詞之間的關(guān)系,這樣將有助于我們記憶單詞。總之,只要我們掌握一些科學(xué)的方法,并用心去記憶,就一定能記住英語(yǔ)單詞。英語(yǔ)中有許多種形式的合成形容詞,僅在初中階段需要學(xué)習(xí)使用的就達(dá)九種?,F(xiàn)分述如下:.數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞。如:20—minute20分鐘的 It's20—minutewalk.步行20分鐘的路程。 second-class二等的 That,sthesecond-classroom. 那是個(gè)二等房間。500—word五百字的Thisisa500—wordcomposition. 這是一篇五百字的文章。.數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞。如:8—year—old八歲的MrGreenhasan8—year—oldchild.格林先生有個(gè)八歲的孩子。.數(shù)詞+名詞的ed形式。如:three—legged三條腿的 Tomboughtathree—leggedtableyesterday. 昨天湯姆買(mǎi)了一張三條腿的桌子。.形容詞+名詞。如:round—trip來(lái)回的;往返的Doyouneedaround—tripticket?你想要一張往返的車(chē)票嗎?part-time非全部工作時(shí)間的;兼職的Hefoundapart-timejob. 他找到了一份額外的工作。.形容詞+名詞的ed形式。如:kind-hearted好心的FatherChristmasisverykind-hearted. 圣誕老人的心腸非常好。.名詞+過(guò)去分詞。如:man-made人造的Chinahassentupmanyman-madesatellites.中國(guó)已發(fā)射了許多人造衛(wèi)星。.名詞十名詞的ed形式。如:glass-topped帶有玻璃罩的Iwanttoownaglass—toppedtable. 我想要一張帶有玻璃罩的桌子。.副詞+過(guò)去分詞。如:so-called所謂的Idon'tlikethoseso-calledsingers. 我不喜歡那些所謂的歌星。.副詞+副詞。如:so—so馬馬虎虎;不好不壞的 MyEnglishisjustso-so. 我的英語(yǔ)很一般。.Eg:ToanAmerican,aChineseisa.(foreign)前綴例詞派生詞un-“不”happyunhappylikeunlikeusualunusualfriendlyunfriendlyim-“不”possibleimpossible 后綴例詞派生詞-er“人”teach/play/cleanteacher/player/cleanerdrivedriver(以e結(jié)尾,-r) runrunner(重讀閉音節(jié),雙寫(xiě)-er)winwinnertraveltraveller-or“人”inventinventorvisitvisitor-ly(副詞后綴)badbadlyquickquicklycarefulcarefullyhappyhappilydeepdeeply luckyluckilyusualusually noisynoisilyslowslowly angryangrilystrongstronglyquietquietly特例:true-trulyterrible-terriblypossible-possibly-ful(形容詞后綴) carecarefulhelphelpfuluseuseful-y(形容詞后綴)rainrainyluckluckycloudcloudynoisenoisy(以e結(jié)尾,snowsnowysunsunny(雙寫(xiě),加-y)windwindyforgetforgetful去e,加forgetforgetful去e,加-y)-ion(名詞后綴)-ness(名詞后綴)一些特例:動(dòng)詞形容詞動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞sleepasleepboatboatingdiedeadbuildbuildingenjoyenjoyablebeginbeginningcrosscrossing名詞形容詞meetmeetingfriendfriendlyturnturningsouthsouthernshopshoppingwoolwoolendangerdangerous動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞differencedifferentfryfriedworryworried動(dòng)詞名詞breakbrokenknowknowledgeloselostflyflightpleasepleasedpleasepleasurecolourcoloured名詞名詞動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞farmfarmer農(nóng)夫followfollowinginterestinterested“感興趣的”只作表語(yǔ),僅用于beinterestedindevelopinteresting“有趣的”可作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ) developed“發(fā)達(dá)的" developing"發(fā)展中的”練習(xí)題1、Lucycanwritealetter Japanesethoughshehaslearneditonlyafewmonths.A.fromB.toC.inD.with2、TheywillhaveanEnglishtesttwodays.A.forB.atC.inD.after3、WuDongwasborntheeveningofApril2,1975.A.atB.inC.onD.to4、Ihaven'theardhershelefthome.A.from,sinceB.from,afterC.of,whenD.of,as5、Tomdidn'tknowJackwouldleaveforBeijingtomorrow.A.howB.weatherC.whetherD.what6、Hisparentswere(happy)becausehehadfailedtheexamagain.7、Mrs.Greenlikedtostay(safe)atthesameplace.8、The(visit)fromFrancearegoingtovisitourschoolthisafternoon.思考題 1、Thefarmerwas—tiredhecouldn'tfallasleep.A.very...to B.too...toC.so...thatD.neither...nor2、Workhard,youwon'tcatchupwiththeothers.A.butB.andC.ifD.or3、Thegameisveryandshe'sinit.A.interesting,interestingB.interested,interestedC.interested,interestingD.interesting,interested重要的短語(yǔ)、句型和慣用法(一)geton/off(thebus)上/下車(chē) getup起床getreadyfor為...作準(zhǔn)備getoneselfdressed自己穿衣服getwell(better)身體好getin進(jìn)入,收集getsb.sth.=getsth.forsb.為某人買(mǎi)某物getonwellwithsb/sth.與某人相處很好,…進(jìn)展順利haveanaccident出事故haveagoodtime=enjoyoneself玩得很高興haveacoldwetday天氣又冷又濕 haveacough咳嗽haveadrink(of)...喝一杯…h(huán)aveatalk聽(tīng)報(bào)告havelunch吃午飯have...forlunch午飯吃…h(huán)aveameeting開(kāi)會(huì)havenoidea不知道havearest休息一下makeamistake犯錯(cuò)誤mistakeAforB把A錯(cuò)認(rèn)為Btakesth.bymistake錯(cuò)拿某物makefriendswith與…交朋友makefaces做鬼臉makeafire生火makeanexcuse找籍口makea...sound發(fā)...音maketea沏茶makeroomfor...為...找出空間makeit如期赴約makeateam組成一個(gè)隊(duì)eg.Let'smakeithalfpastone.注意:時(shí)間前不用介詞atturnsth.on/off打開(kāi)/關(guān)掉…turnsth.up/down把…音量開(kāi)大/小注意:當(dāng)sth是代詞時(shí),常放中間trysth.on試穿(衣、鞋、帽) 注意:當(dāng)sth為it或them,常放中間tryout試驗(yàn)、嘗試tryone'sbesttodosth.盡力干某事=4。one'sbesttodosth.sendsb.away開(kāi)除、解雇某人 sendforsb.派人去請(qǐng)某人sendup發(fā)射hearfromsb收到…的來(lái)信hearof聽(tīng)說(shuō)hurryoff匆匆離去,趕快去hurryup趕快getto+名詞get+副詞(不用to)reach+名詞/副詞arrivein/at+大/小地點(diǎn)(后接副詞,不用at/in)eg.gettoShanghai、reachShanghai、arriveinShanghai至U達(dá)上海eg.reachhome、gethome、arrivehome至“家teachsb.English教某人英語(yǔ)teachoneself=learnsth.byoneself自學(xué)到…末為止bytheendof+過(guò)去時(shí)間(用于過(guò)去完成時(shí))bytheendof+將來(lái)時(shí)間(用于一般將來(lái)時(shí))attheendof+地點(diǎn)在...盡頭intheend=atlast最后,終于hundredsof成百上千 thousandsof成千上萬(wàn)的 millionsof成百萬(wàn)的bepleasedtodosth很高興地干某事 bepleasedwithsth.為某事而高興beusedfor被用
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