中石化職稱英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)題

英譯漢Thereisanincreaseindamandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcoun-trry.譯為:我國(guó)各地對(duì)各種消費(fèi)品的需求量正大大增加。Wealsorealizedthegrowingneedandnecessitytoindustrializecertainsectoymnedtopur-sueit.譯為我們也認(rèn)識(shí)到越來越需要使某些經(jīng)濟(jì)部門工業(yè)化。Theyaredeeplyconvincedoftheourrectnessofthispocicyandfirmlydeterminedtopur-sueit.譯為:我們深信這一政策是正確的,并有堅(jiān)定的決心繼續(xù)奉行這一政策。Weseekadeep-rootedunderstandingthroughthemultiplicationofoureconomic,cultur-al,scientific,technicalandhumanties譯為：我們要通過加強(qiáng)我們之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科學(xué)、技術(shù)和人員等方面的交流來加深彼此的了解。Rocketshevefoundapplicationsforzheexplorationoftheuniverse譯為:火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。Ifwewereignorantofthestructureoftheatom,itwouldbeimpossibleforustostudynuclearphysics譯為:如果我們不知道原子的結(jié)構(gòu),我們我們就不可能研究核子物理學(xué)。Electroniccontroltechniquescanbedesignedtotakefulladvantageofquickresponsein-herentinagasturbineproulsionsystem譯為:電子控制技術(shù)可以充分地利用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)推進(jìn)系統(tǒng)固有的反應(yīng)快的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Histreatiseaimsatdiscussingthepropertiesofthenewlydiscoveredelements譯為:他著篇論文的目的是討論新發(fā)現(xiàn)元素的特征。Thesepumpsarefeaturedbytheirsimpleoperation,easrmaintenance,lowpowercon-sumptionanddurableservice譯為：這些水泵的特點(diǎn)是操作簡(jiǎn)便,維護(hù)容易,耗電量少,經(jīng)久耐用。Noonehaseverseenasingleatomormoleculeevenwiththemostpowerfulmicroscope譯為：即使用倍數(shù)最高的顯微鏡,也沒有人看到過一個(gè)單個(gè)的原子或分子。Cargoinsuranceistoprotectthetredefoumlossesthatmanydangersmaycause.譯為:貨物保險(xiǎn)就是保護(hù)貿(mào)易商免受許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所可能造成的種種損失。Englishisthelanguageofcommerceandsecondlanguageofmanycountneswhicihfor-merlrhadFrenchorgermaninthatposition譯為：英語(yǔ)是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中通用的語(yǔ)言,在許多國(guó)家已取代法語(yǔ)或德語(yǔ)成為第二語(yǔ)言。Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman譯為：閱讀使人充實(shí),會(huì)話使人敏捷,寫作使人精明。Theproblemofacquiring,trackinganddiscriminatingallthetargetsneedsthefuilcapa-bilityofthephasedarrayradar譯為:解決捕獲、跟蹤和識(shí)別所有目標(biāo)的問題,要求發(fā)揮相控陣?yán)走_(dá)的全部能力。Theprincioalfunctionthatmaybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification,amplify-cation,oscillation,modulationanddetection譯為:真空管的五大主要功能是:整流、放大、振蕩、調(diào)制和檢波。Akeyisapieceinsertedbetweenashaftandahabtopreventrelativerotation譯為:鍵是一種裝在軸和輪轂之間的零件，用以防止相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Mywork,myfamily,myfriendsweremorethanenoughtofillmytime譯為:我干工作,我作家務(wù),我有朋友來往,這些占用了我的全部時(shí)間。Theformerismorecommoninadult,thelatterinchildren譯為：前者在成年人中較常見,后者在兒童中較常見。Tinghtertolerancesarepossible,butwithloweryieldandgreatercost譯為:使公差再小一些是可能的，但這會(huì)降低成品率，使成本增加。Thisexperiencehasbeenobtainedintherealmoffarlessstringentoperationalrequire-mentsandconditions,particularlyinregardtopowerdissipation譯為:這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)是在極不嚴(yán)格的工作要求和工作環(huán)境下取得的,Theexperiencehastoldusthatthislindofmaterialisofgoodquality經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們這種材料的質(zhì)量很好Theproductsshouldbesampledtochecktheirqualitybeforetheyleavethefactory譯為:產(chǎn)品在出廠之前就應(yīng)該進(jìn)行質(zhì)量抽樣檢查。Theyhavefittedthemselvestothelandandtherhythmofitsseasons譯為:他們已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了當(dāng)?shù)氐乃梁图竟?jié)。Physicsisthestudyofheat,sound,magnetism,electricity,light,thepropertiesofmat-terandwhatitiscomposedof譯為:物理學(xué)研究的是熱、聲、磁、電、光、物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)和成份Wehavesolvedtheproblemandhavearrivedatthesameconclusionastheyarrivedat譯為:我們已經(jīng)解決了這個(gè)問題,并且得出了和他們相同的結(jié)論。Edisonandhismenwereverymuchexcitedasthefirstelectriclightsentoutitsglow譯為：當(dāng)?shù)谝槐K燈放光時(shí)，愛迪生和他的工作人員非常興奮。Itistoincreasethefrictionthatthesurfacesofautomobiletyresaremadewithprojec-tions正是為了增加摩擦，才把汽車胎的表面做成有了許多突起的小塊。英譯漢Whenwewanttomoveabodyofgreatmass,wemustapplyagreatforce譯為:要移動(dòng)質(zhì)量大的物體,就要用大力。Thehightemperatureandhighrotationalspeedsatwhichthegasturbineoperatespresentdifficultiesinmanufacture譯為:燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)工作時(shí)的高溫與高轉(zhuǎn)速使制造產(chǎn)生了一些困難。Practicallyallsubstancesexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled譯為:實(shí)際上一切物質(zhì)都是熱脹冷縮的。whatIwaslearningwaswhatdickdarmanlatersaidatben‘sgoodbyepartytwotearslater譯為:我所學(xué)到的，是兩年以后迪克。達(dá)曼在歡送本的告別會(huì)上所說的。ThatthebritishandAmericangovernmentsremainedunperturbedwasdueingreatparttoauniqueserviceprovidedbythebritishbroadcastingcorporation譯為：當(dāng)時(shí)英美政府之所以能夠保持鎮(zhèn)定自若,主要是由于英國(guó)廣播公司提供了一項(xiàng)很不尋常的服務(wù)。Outpositionhasalwaysbeenthatsuchinterventionistotallyunjustified譯為:我們的一貫立場(chǎng)為:這種干涉是完全無理的。Idon‘tthinkthatheatallweighedtheadvantagesofchanginghisjobagainstthedisadvantages譯為：我認(rèn)為他根本就沒有把換工作的利弊加心權(quán)衡比較。shetoldnethatshewouldoftenspendawholemorningworkinguponasinglepage譯為:她對(duì)我說,她往往要花整整一個(gè)上午來修改一頁(yè)稿子。weknewthatwenevercouldfindpeaceaslongasweaswerefilledwithhatred譯為:我們明白了，如果我們心里總是充滿了怨恨,就永遠(yuǎn)也安寧不下來。Ihadheardyouwerecoming,butwehadnoideaitwouldbethissoon譯為:我們聽說你要來,可是沒想到你來得這樣快。Thereisnoquestionthatthesovietunionwillseektogainfromtheinstability譯為:毫無疑問,蘇聯(lián)將利用不穩(wěn)定的形勢(shì)撈到好處。The25-yearteachingveteransayshewasdeniedapromotionandpayraiselastyearbecausehehadn‘tpublishedasufficientnumberofresearchpapers.譯為:這位有25年教齡的老師來說,由于他未能發(fā)表足夠數(shù)量的科研論文,去年沒有給他提職、提薪。whatAmericahaslostisthecocky,do-anythingassuranceofthe1950s譯為:美國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了50年代那種趾高氣揚(yáng)、為所欲為而毫無顧忌的勁頭。Anditisnotwhetheruniversitieshaveproducedvaluableresearchandscholarship譯為：?jiǎn)栴}也不在于大學(xué)是否已取得有價(jià)值的科研成果和學(xué)術(shù)成就。weshouldrememberthatthescientificdevelopmentsinonefieldarecloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentsofthesametimeinotherfields譯為:我們應(yīng)當(dāng)記住,一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)發(fā)展與其他領(lǐng)域在同一時(shí)期的發(fā)展有著密切的聯(lián)系。IthasbeensaidthatinAmerica,peoplethinkintermsofdecades;inEurope,theythinkintermsofgenerations;inchina,dtheythinkintermslfcenturies,譯為:有人說:在美國(guó)，人們以十年為單位來考慮問題。在歐洲,人們以一代人為單位來考慮問題。而在中國(guó),人們以世紀(jì)的眼光來考慮問題。Don'ttakeforgrantedthatitwillbeallplainsailing,譯為:不要以為一切都會(huì)一帆風(fēng)順。legendhasitthatdayuwasmadeemperorbecauseofhissuccessincontrollingfloods譯為:據(jù)傳說,在禹是因?yàn)橹嗡晒Χ?dāng)上皇帝的。Therehasneverbeenamanaroundmewhowrotesomanymemos.譯為:在我周圍沒有一個(gè)人像他那樣寫過那么多的備忘錄。Hewishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractpubicattentiontothematter譯為：他想寫一篇文章，來呼吁公眾關(guān)注此事。Thesunemitalargeamountofinvisibleraysofamaturesimilartoradiowavesandlightwhichareelectromagneticwaves譯為:太陽(yáng)發(fā)射大量與光和無線電波性質(zhì)類似的不可見的射線,這些射線就是電磁波。Themeltingpointofwhichthecarboncontentishigher,islower譯為:如果鑄鐵的含碳量較高,其熔點(diǎn)就較低。Thisfactoryproducedmachinetoolstowhichprecisioninstrumentswereattached譯為:這家工廠生產(chǎn)附有精密儀器的機(jī)床。Suchpeopleastheyarewillneverdothatsortofthing譯為:像他們這樣的人絕不會(huì)做那種事情。China‘sisolationfromthewestwasfinallybrokeninthe19thcentury,whenitwasinvadedfromthesea.譯為：中國(guó)與西方隔絕的狀態(tài)終于在19世紀(jì)被打破了,當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)遭到了從海上來的侵略。Thewholestaffconsistedofabout250doctorsandnurses,nearlyhalfofwhomwerewomen.譯為:在全體工作人員中，大約有250名是醫(yī)生和護(hù)士，幾乎半數(shù)是婦女。Thereasonwhyjohnfailedwashislaziness譯為：約翰之所以失敗是由于他懶惰。英譯漢Iwouldliketoliveinaplacewheretreesaregreenalltheyearround.譯為:我喜歡住在樹木四季常青的地方。whenagiantradio-telescopeturnsinonthemessagessentfromarocketinspace,acom-puterguidestheturningofthetelescopeintherightdirection譯為:當(dāng)一架巨型電望遠(yuǎn)鏡為了對(duì)準(zhǔn)宇宙中的火箭所發(fā)回的電訊而轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí),計(jì)算機(jī)便會(huì)指引望遠(yuǎn)鏡轉(zhuǎn)到所需要的角度。Thedrillmayjustmisstheoilalthoughitisnear:ontheotherhand,itmaystrkeoilatafairlyhinghlevl譯為：鉆頭可能到了離油很近的地方而沒有碰到油;另一方面,也可能在相當(dāng)淺的地方打出油來。Theoilusedforthispurposemustbeofthecorrectthickness:ifitistoothinitwillnotgivesufficientlubrication,andifitistoothickitwillnotreachallpartsthatmustbelubricated譯為:潤(rùn)滑油的濃度必須適當(dāng),太稀則起不到應(yīng)有的潤(rùn)滑修,太稠則流不到需要潤(rùn)滑的所有零件。Wedonotreadhistorysimplyforpleasure,butinorderthatwemaydiscoverthelawsofpoliticgrowthandchange譯為：我們讀歷史不單純是為了娛樂,而是為了從中發(fā)現(xiàn)政治發(fā)展和演變規(guī)律。ThemorecorporatestaffabroadwhocancommunicatewellinEnglishthegreateryourtradingopportunity譯為:駐外公司職員能用英語(yǔ)熟練交流的越多,做生意的機(jī)會(huì)就越多。AsdivorceretesinAsisareontherise,moraleducationisgettingmoreandmoreimpor-tant譯為:在亞洲，由于離婚率不斷上升，道德教育越來越重要HeknewnothingabouttheblueprintuntilItoldhim譯為:這個(gè)藍(lán)圖在我告訴他之前,他一點(diǎn)也不知道。Thismaterialisnomoreelasticthanthatone這種材料并不比那種更有彈性。Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefire譯為：許多世紀(jì)以后人類才學(xué)會(huì)了生火。Hespeaksquickly,thetoneofhisvoicesoarrestingthatitsoberseveryone譯為:他快快地講著,語(yǔ)調(diào)十分引人注意,大家也都安靜地聽。Currentwellnotflowcontinually,sincethecircuitisbrokenbytheinsulatingmaterial譯為：電流不再繼續(xù)流動(dòng)，因?yàn)殡娐繁唤^緣材料隔斷了。Thewerkingplanwellbeexaminedbyaspecialcommitteefirst譯為:這個(gè)工作計(jì)劃將先由一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)加以審查。Ifthepressureinaclosedvesselisallowedtorisetoohigh,thevesselwillburst譯為:如果聽任密封容器中的壓力過分升高容器就會(huì)爆炸。Mostofthequestionshavebeensettledsatisfactorily;onlyafewquestionsofsecondim-portanceremaintobediscusse（譯為：大部分問題已經(jīng)圓滿解決了,只剩下幾個(gè)次要問題有待討論。Wowsomuchhasbeedpublishedonallkindsofsubjectsthatevenaspecialistwhodevot-edallhistimetoreadingcouldnotkeepupwithit現(xiàn)在就各種問題發(fā)表了許多材料,即使是專家整天看材料也跟不上。Therefore,whenwearereceivedwithsomuchhonorandsomuchkindnessinthisgreatcountry,Ibelievethatthepeople,sRepublicofchinaisdoingaverysignificantthing譯為：因此，當(dāng)我們?cè)谶@個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家里受到這樣隆重和盛情的接待時(shí),我認(rèn)為中華人民共和國(guó)這樣做是有重大意義的Nowfreshwaterisbecomingscarce,butmoreandmoreisneededbecauseofincrease-ingnumberofpeopleintheworlc譯為:現(xiàn)在淡水越來越不足,而由于世界人口日益增長(zhǎng),淡水的需要量卻越來越大。Itisrequiredthatthemachineshouldbemaintainedatregularintervals譯為:機(jī)器需要定期維修。Itshouldbepointedoutthatthisprocessisoxidation譯為:應(yīng)該指出這一過程是氧化。Itisgenerallyrecognizedthattheinsulationresistanceofacableisinverselyproportionaltoitslength譯為：普遍認(rèn)為電纜的絕緣電阻與其長(zhǎng)度成反比。Suchapoorstatecouldnotpossiblyhavewagedagainstirsneighborwithoutbackingformothercountries譯為:這樣貧窮的國(guó)家如果沒有他國(guó)的支持,本來根本不可能對(duì)其鄰國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。Nothingintheworldmovesfasterthanlight譯為：世界上沒有任何東西比光走得快。Allthesemetalsarenotgoodconductors譯為:所的這些金屬不都是良導(dǎo)體。Noteneryminutedifferenceisnoted譯為：并不是每一點(diǎn)細(xì)微差別都能注意到了。Thereisnomaterialbutwilldeformmoreorlessundertheactionofforce譯為:在力的作用下，各種材料或多或少都要變形。Theyworkedneitherforfamenorforpersonalgains譯為：他們工作一不為名二不為利。英譯漢Thespeedoflightistoogreattobemeasuredwithasimpleunit譯為:光的速度太大,以至于不能用簡(jiǎn)單的單位來度量。Althoughheexplainedittoher,shewasstillcompletelyatsea譯為:盡管他給她作了解釋,可她仍然迷惑不解。Wewerekeptinthedarkastofutureplans譯為：我們對(duì)未來的計(jì)劃一無所知。Japanisthelastcountrytoinventradar,butEngland譯為:發(fā)明雷達(dá)的國(guó)家決不是日本,而英國(guó)。(a)Nuchmoreimportantthantheelementitselfaresomeofitscompounds譯為：比這一元素本身更重要的是它的一些化合物。Ofconsiderableinterestisthatmanyplanetsrevolveroundthesunbesidestheearth譯為:相當(dāng)有趣的是，除地球外,有許多行星環(huán)繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。Withthedevelopmentofelectricalengineering,powercanbetransmittedoveralongdistance譯為：隨著電氣工程的發(fā)展，電力可以遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。Surroundingtheearthisalayerofairofgreatthickness譯為:環(huán)繞地球的是一層厚度很大的空氣。Betweenatomsthereisenoughspaceforthemtomove,andmovetheydo譯為:原子之間有足夠的空間讓原子運(yùn)動(dòng),而它們有確在運(yùn)動(dòng)。Differentmetalsdodifferintheirconductivity譯為:不同的金屬一定具有不同的導(dǎo)電性能。Itisthepowerstationthatsuppliesthemotivepowertothewholecity譯為:供給全城動(dòng)和的就是發(fā)電站。ItwasNewtonwhoprovedmathematicallytheatthepathofaplanetmustbeanellipse譯為:用數(shù)學(xué)證明行星的軌道是個(gè)橢圓的，就是牛頓。Itisonlythroughagreatdealofpracticethatweshallbeabletooperatethismachinetool譯為：只有通過大量實(shí)踐，我們才能操作這臺(tái)機(jī)床。Thenotionsofenergythermodynamicsemphasizes能的概念為熱力學(xué)所強(qiáng)調(diào)。（四）Ifthesestampsweregenuiue,theywouldbeworthalotofmoney譯為:這些郵票如果是真的,可就值大錢了。Ifthisbridgehadbeenbuiltofarmouredconcrete,itsstrengthwouldhavebeenmuchgreater譯為:這座橋要是當(dāng)初用鋼筋混凝土建造，它的強(qiáng)度就會(huì)大大提高。Ifanycountrywereinthesamepositionthatweaer,theywouldbemakingthesamecasewiththesamefoyceandconviction譯為：假如任何國(guó)家處在我國(guó)所處的地位的話,他們也會(huì)跟我們一樣堅(jiān)定不移地持同樣的態(tài)度。Thenationwasonitskneesand,werenothingdone,wouldsoonbeprostrate譯為：國(guó)家處境不妙,如果不想一點(diǎn)辦法,就會(huì)完蛋。Withoutheradvice,Iwouldhavefailed假如沒有她的勸告，我想必已失敗了。IsupposepoorMaryisallbrokenup.Iwouldbeinhercase譯為：我想可憐的瑪麗已傷心透了。如果我處在她的地位,我也會(huì)是這樣的。Ifcomputerswerenotused,ourresearchworkwouldbedifficult譯為:假使沒有用計(jì)算機(jī),我們的研究工作就困難了。Howcouldhehaveoperatedthemachine-toolifhehadn‘tlearnedthetechniquesomeweeksago?譯為：要是他在幾個(gè)星期前沒有學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)，他怎么能操作社臺(tái)機(jī)床呢?Shewishedshehadstayedathome譯為：也但愿那時(shí)留在家中就好了。IsupposewhenIwasayoungmanIshouldhavedonethesamefoolthing譯為:我想,如果我是一個(gè)年輕人,我大概也會(huì)干出社樣的蠢事來。Laser,itscreationbeingthoughttobeoneoftoday‘swonders,isnothingmorethanalightthatdiffersfromordinarylightsonlyinthatitismanytimesmorepowerfulandsocanbeappliedinfieldsthatnoordinarylightorothersubstancehaseverbeenabletogetin譯為:激光的發(fā)明被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)代的奇跡之一。其實(shí)激光也只不過是一種光線,與普通光線不同之處在于它的強(qiáng)度要大很多倍,因而能夠月重任何光線或其他物質(zhì)從未能進(jìn)入的領(lǐng)域。Agoodwayoflearningtomakethesoundofanewlanguageistouserecordingswhichhavepausesaftereachsentencegivingyoutimetosaywhatyouhavelearntbeforethenextsentencecomes.譯為：學(xué)習(xí)一種新的語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音有一種好辦法,那就是利用錄音,它可以在每句話后多留些間隙,以便你有時(shí)間在下一句還沒出現(xiàn)之前練習(xí)你剛剛學(xué)過的東西。Automaticcontrolwhichisknownasautomationislimitedtosuchoperationsashavesomeconnectionwiththecontrollingoradjustmentofindividualmachinesorinstruments,thesystemsetupwithautomaticcontrolsbeing,inawidersense,alongproducinglinewhichenablesmaterialstobefedfromoneendandtheproductstobeturnedoutattheotherwiththewholeprocessbeingcontrolledautomatically譯為：自動(dòng)控制,通常稱為自動(dòng)化,不僅限于那些與控制或調(diào)整個(gè)別機(jī)器或儀器有關(guān)的操作,從更廣泛的意義上來說,這種自動(dòng)控制建立的系統(tǒng),是一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的生產(chǎn)線,從一端投入原料,到另一端制成產(chǎn)品,整個(gè)過程都是自動(dòng)控制的。英譯漢Thosewhohavescrupulouslystudiedthenationalstatisticshaveconcludedthatthereisnothinginthemthatwouldsupportthegeneralbeliefthattherehasbeensomelesseningofeco-nomicinequalityintheUnitedStatesinrecentdecades譯為:認(rèn)真天空過國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字中沒有任何資料可以證實(shí)這個(gè)普遍的看法,即近幾十年來美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等現(xiàn)象有所減輕。Chinahasalwaysbeenadisciplinedandculturednation,andifitseemedtooldChinahandsthatitwasnot,itislikelythatitwasthedisturbinginfluenceofwesternmaterialismandamoralitythatcorruptedthepersonalityoftheChinesewhowereincontactwithit,andwhothusbecame,inessence,itsvictims譯為：中國(guó)一直是一個(gè)守紀(jì)律有文化的國(guó)家,如果對(duì)某些中國(guó)通來說,中國(guó)看來并不是那樣,那很可能是由于西方的那種物質(zhì)享受不講道德是非的風(fēng)氣破壞性的影響,腐蝕了那些與這種影響接觸的中國(guó)人的品格,在實(shí)質(zhì)上這些人是這些影響的受害者。Galileowasthefirsttoexplainbythismethodthatanyfallingobject,whetheritweighslittleormuch,gainsspeedatthesamerateweileitfalls,andanyballthrown,whateveritssizeandspeed,hasthesamepullfromtheearthbringingitdown譯為：伽里略首先用這種方法來解釋下述現(xiàn)象:即任何下落的物體,不管它是輕還是重,當(dāng)它下降的時(shí)候,都以同樣的加速度落下;人們拋出的任何球體,不管它體積的大小和運(yùn)動(dòng)速度如何,都受到同樣的地球引力使它下墜。Owingtothefasttoelectricitycanbetransmittedfromwhereitisgeneratedtowhereitisneededbymeansofpowerlinesandtransformers,largepowerstationscanbebuiltinremoteplacesfarfromindustrialcentersorlargecitics,asisoftenthecasewithhydroelectricgeneratingstationsthatareinseparablefromwatersources譯為：由于借助動(dòng)力線和變壓器，電可以從發(fā)電廠送往用電的地方，因此,大型發(fā)電廠可以建立在遠(yuǎn)離大工業(yè)中心和大城市的遙遠(yuǎn)的地方,不能離開水源的水力發(fā)電廠通常就是這樣。Thereareseveralreasonswhyhenolongerappearstobethemagiciantheworldpresshadmadehimouttobe,anillusionwhichhefailedtodiscouragebecause,ashewouldadmithimseIf,hehasatendencytowardmegalomania譯為:國(guó)際新聞界曾經(jīng)把他渲染成魔術(shù)師一般的人物,他也沒有阻止人們制造這種錯(cuò)誤印象,因?yàn)樗约阂渤姓J(rèn)有一種自大狂的傾向。現(xiàn)在他不再像是這樣的人了。這里面有幾個(gè)原因。WhilethehigherIMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)estimatesmaybebetteryardsticksofeconomicprogress,theyhavealsoarousedThirdworldconcernthatsomehard-presseddevel-opingnationsmaysuddenlybeseenastoowell-offtoreceiveneededworldbankloans譯為：國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的較高估計(jì)可能是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)較快的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但也引起了第三世界的擔(dān)心,一些財(cái)政拮據(jù)的發(fā)展中國(guó)家也許會(huì)突然被認(rèn)為很富裕,以致不能獲取所需要的世界銀行貸款。Thereisjustthesamekindofdifferencebetweenthementaloperationofamanofsci-enceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisberweentheoperationsandthemethodsofabakerorbutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygraduatedweights科學(xué)家與普通人的思維活動(dòng)的區(qū)別，無非是面包師或屠夫操作與化學(xué)家的操作的區(qū)別;前者是普通的秤來貨物,后者則用天平和分得很細(xì)的砝碼來進(jìn)行艱難而復(fù)雜的分析。翻譯綜合練習(xí)Doctorsalsosayeatinglessfatwillreducetheamoutofdangerouscholesterolintheblood.thischolesterolcansticktothewallofbloodpassages,blockingtheflowofblood.Ineatarteriesthatcarrybloodtotheheartmuscle,suchblockagescauseaheartattack.Instead.eatmorefoodslowinfat.Thisincludeslow-fatmilkanddairyproducts,leanmeats,poultrywithouttheskin,andfishandshellfish,Expertsalsosaycookingfoodsinoliveoilandfishoilwillhelplowercholesterol,Andtheysayitisbesttosteam,bake,roastorbroilfoods,nottofry.Theyalsosayeatingdriedpeasandbeansandbeanshelpslowertheamountoffatintheblood.醫(yī)生們還說少吃多脂肪食品將減少血液中有礙人體健康的膽固醇含量,這種膽固醇可以緊貼在血管壁上從而堵塞血流。在負(fù)責(zé)把血液送入心臟肌肉的動(dòng)脈血管中,這種堵塞會(huì)導(dǎo)致心臟病。所以,更好的方法是,吃低脂肪牛奶、乳制品、瘦肉、去皮的禽肉、魚類和水生貝類。專家們還說用橄欖油和魚油烹飪將有助于降低膽固醇,專家們建議最好采用清蒸、烘或焙的方法烹飪食品,而不是用油炸。他們還認(rèn)為吃干豌豆和豆類會(huì)幫助降低血液中的脂肪含量。Healthexpertsalsosayweshouldeatmoyefruitandvegetables,andfoodshighinfiberssuchaswholegrainbreadsandcerealsandbrownrice.Somefibershelplowerlevelsofdangerouscholesterol.Thiswouldhelpreducethedangerofheartdisease.Mostexpertsagreethatfiberal-socanprotectagainstcancer.Theyarenotsurehowfiberdoesthis.somebelieveithelpsthebodytoquicklyremovefatthatmaycausecancertodevelop健康專家們認(rèn)為,我們應(yīng)該多吃水果和蔬菜以及那些纖維含量高的食品,如粗面面包和各類谷類或糙米。有些纖維會(huì)幫助降低有害的膽固醇,這有且于減少得心臟病的危險(xiǎn)。大多數(shù)專家認(rèn)為纖維也可以預(yù)防癌癥,他們還不大肯定纖維如何能做到這點(diǎn),但專家認(rèn)為,纖維可以幫助身體快速消除可能導(dǎo)致癌癥的脂肪。Doctorssaythatemotionalproblemsalsocancausegrowthdisorders.Achildmaysuddenlystopgrowingbecauseofstress,formbeingsickorperhapsfromreactiontoafamilyproblem.suchagrowthdisorderistemporary.Thechildwillstartgrowingagainassuddenlyashestopped,justassoonasthecauseofstressisremoved醫(yī)生說，情緒方面的問題也會(huì)妨礙生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。一個(gè)孩子可能會(huì)由于疾病或由于家庭問題的影響,產(chǎn)生壓力,從而突然停止生長(zhǎng)。這種生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的障礙是暫時(shí)性的,一但緊張的原因消失,這種孩子就會(huì)象突然停止生長(zhǎng)一樣,重新開始生長(zhǎng)。Doctorsalsonotethatmostgrowthhormoneisproducedduringsleep.Thismeansthatachildwithserioussleepingproblemsmaynotgrownormally.However,normalgrowthwouldre-turnoncethesleepingproblemissolved醫(yī)生們還注意到,大多數(shù)生長(zhǎng)激素是在睡眠時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。這就是說,在睡眠方面存在嚴(yán)重問題的兒童可能無法正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。不過,一旦睡眠問題得到解決,正常的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育就可得以恢復(fù)。Doctorssaythatsomegrowthdisordersareapparentatbirth.Othersmaynotbenoticedforyearsuntilthechildfallsbehindnormalgrowthrates,Sogrowthexpertsurgeparentstomeasureachildatleastonceeveryyear,Childrengrowatdifferentrates,ofcourse,Mostgirlsgrowfasterthanboys,andtheystopgrowingsooner.Butgenerallyachildgrowsfivecentimetersormoreeachyear,Theysaypar-entsshouldtalktoadoctorifachildsyearlygrowthfallsbelowfivecentimeters醫(yī)生們說,有些生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育方面的問題一生下來就很明顯，另外一些問題可能過了若干年,等到兒童落后于正常的生長(zhǎng)速度以后才會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此,生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育問題專家主張家長(zhǎng)至少每年要給孩子測(cè)量一次身高。當(dāng)然,兒童們生長(zhǎng)的速度各不相同,大多數(shù)女孩比男孩生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的快,并更早地停止發(fā)育。一般來說,兒童每年長(zhǎng)5cm或5cm以上,如果一個(gè)孩子張個(gè)子不足5cm,家長(zhǎng)就應(yīng)該找醫(yī)生談一談。Themostimportantpsychologicaldiscoveryofthiscenturyisthediscoveryofthe—self-im-age.11Whetherwerealizeitornot.eachofuscarriesaboutwithusamentalblueprintorpictureofoueselves,Itmaybevagueandill-definedtoourconsciousgaze.Infact,itmaynotbecon-sciouslyrecognizableatall.Bpletedowntothelastdetail.Thisself-imageisourownconceptionofthe—sortofpersonIam,llIthasbeenbuiltupfromourownbeliefsaboutourselves,Butmostofthesebelietsaboutourselveshaveunconsciouslybeenformedfromourpastexperiences,oursuccessesandfailures,ourhumiliations.ourtriumphs.andthewayptherpro-plehavereactedtous,especiallyinearlychildhood,ftomallthesewementallyconstructa—self||(orapictureofself)Onceanideaorabeliefaboutourselvesgoesintothispictureitbecomes—truell,asfaraswepersonallyareconcerned,wedonotquestionitsvalidity,butpro-ceedtoactuponitjustasifitweretrue本世紀(jì)最重要的心理學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)就是“自我意象”。不管我們意識(shí)到與否,我們每個(gè)人的腦子里都有一副自我“藍(lán)圖”或自我畫像。在我們有意識(shí)的凝視之下,它也許是模糊不清的,事實(shí)上,我們也許根本無法不意識(shí)地去認(rèn)識(shí)它,但它確實(shí)是存在的,每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都完整完缺。這一自我意像就是“我是怎樣一種人”的自我概念人。它建立在我們的自我信念之上。但是,這些自我信念大部分是根據(jù)我們過去的經(jīng)歷,我們的成功和失敗,我們的羞辱,我們的勝利以及他人對(duì)我們的反應(yīng),特別是根據(jù)童年時(shí)期的種種經(jīng)歷在不知不覺中形成的。根據(jù)所有這些以往的經(jīng)歷,我們便在自己的腦子里形成了一個(gè)“自我”（或一幅自我畫像）。就我們個(gè)人而言,一旦關(guān)于我們自己的某種想法或信念進(jìn)入這幅畫像,它就變成了“真實(shí)的”。我們從不懷疑它是否可信,而是根據(jù)它去行動(dòng),就好像它是真的一樣。Advertisinghasbecomeaveryspecializedactivityinmoderntimes,Inthebusinessworldoftoday,supplyisusuallygreaterthandemand.Thereisgreatcompetitionbetweendifferentman-ufacturersofthesamekindofproducttopersuadecustomerstobuytheirownparticularbrand.Theyalwayshavetoremindtheconsumerofthenameandthequalitiesoftheirproduct,Theydothisbyadvertising.Themanufactureradvertisesinthenewspapersandonposters,Hesome-timespaysforsongsabouthisproductincommercialradioprograms.Heorganizescompetitions,withprizesforwinners,Heoftenadvertisesonlocalcinemas.Manufacturersoftenspendlargesumsofmoneyonadvertisements,Webuyaparticularproductbecausewethinkthatitisthebest,Weusuallythinksobecauseoftheadvertisementsthatsayso.Somepeopleneverpausetoaskthemselvesiftheadvertisementsaretellingthetruth.廣告宣傳已成為了現(xiàn)代高度專業(yè)化的活動(dòng)了。在今天的商業(yè)世界中,供過于求是普遍現(xiàn)象。為了說服顧客購(gòu)買有自己商標(biāo)的產(chǎn)品,大規(guī)模的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就在同類商品的工廠主之間展開了。他們得經(jīng)常設(shè)法向消費(fèi)者提醒他們產(chǎn)品的名字和優(yōu)等質(zhì)量,這就要靠廣告了。他們?cè)趫?bào)紙上登廣告,在海報(bào)上做宣傳,他們有時(shí)出錢在廣播節(jié)目中播出產(chǎn)品宣傳歌。他們組織各種競(jìng)賽活動(dòng)。給獲勝者贈(zèng)送獎(jiǎng)品,他們經(jīng)常在當(dāng)?shù)仉娪霸旱你y幕上打出宣傳廣告。為了這些廣告,工廠的老板們要花掉大量的金錢。我們購(gòu)買某個(gè)商品時(shí),總認(rèn)為它是最好的貨色,我們有這種看法,因?yàn)閺V告就是這么說的,有些人從來未冷靜地問問自己:這些廣告是否說了真話?!Byandlarge,businesscanmakeprofitsonlybyproducinggoodsandservicesthatpeoplewanttobuyautos,houses,drycleaning,dogfood.Iftheseisnoconsumerwhoiswillingandabletobuy,thebusinessmanisoutofluck.Maybethegovernmentwilltemporarilycometohisrescuewithasubsidy,ormaybehecankeepgoingbyusinguphisinvestedcapital.Butoverthelongpull,itisthecustomerswhoarewillingandabletobuywhodirectproductioninaprivateenterpriseeconomy.Sinceconsumerdemandlargelydirectsproductioninaprivate-enterprisesystem,itisimportanttodefine—demendllaccuratelyattheoutset.—Demand!isthescheduleofamountsofanyproductthatbuyerswillpurchaseatdifferentpricesduringthestatedtimeperiod.Thisdefinitiontakessomeexplaining,sinceitobviouslyisn‘twhatthewordmeansineveryconversation一般來說,企業(yè)獲取利潤(rùn),只能靠生產(chǎn)和提供人們?cè)敢赓?gòu)買的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),如汽車,房屋,干洗,狗食。如果沒有愿意買而且買得起的消費(fèi)者,企業(yè)主就倒霉了。也許政府會(huì)提供津貼來暫時(shí)幫他一把,或者他耗用自己的投資而得以維持下去。但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看,正是那些愿意買而且買得起的顧客支配著私營(yíng)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)。既然私營(yíng)企業(yè)體制中生產(chǎn)大都由消費(fèi)需求來支配,那么一開始就給需求下一個(gè)精確的定義便是很重要的了。需求就是在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)購(gòu)買者想要按不同的價(jià)格購(gòu)買的任何產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量一覽表。這個(gè)定義需要解釋一下。因?yàn)樗@然不是這個(gè)詞用于日常談話時(shí)指的意思。Infuturetradethekeydevelopmenttowatchistherelationshipbetweentheindustrializedandthedevelopingnations.Thirdworldcountriesexporttheirmineraldepositsandtropicalagri-culturalproducts,whichdringthendesiredforeignexchange.Tourismhasalsobeengreatlyre-sponsiblefortherepiddeveopmentofsomedevelopingnations.ManyThirdworldnationswithhighunemploymentandlowwageshaveseenanemigrationofworkerstothedevelopednations.westernEuropehasreceivedmillionsofsuchworkersfromMediterraneancountries.Thedevel-opingnationsprofitwhentheseworkersbringtheirsavingsandtheiracquiredtechnicalskillsbackhome.manydevelopingnationsbenefitwhenwesternnationsestablishmanufacturingintheircountriestotakeadvantageofcheaplabor.在將來的世界貿(mào)易中，要注意觀察的重要發(fā)展是工業(yè)化國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系。第三世界國(guó)家出口礦物和熱帶農(nóng)作物，以換取所需的外匯。旅游業(yè)對(duì)有些發(fā)展中國(guó)家的迅速發(fā)展也起了很大作用。在很多失業(yè)多，工資低的第三世界國(guó)家出現(xiàn)了工人移居發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的現(xiàn)象。西歐就接受了來自中海國(guó)家的這種工人數(shù)以百萬計(jì)。當(dāng)這些工人把他們的積蓄和學(xué)到的技能帶回本國(guó)時(shí)，這些發(fā)展中國(guó)家就受益了，西方國(guó)家在發(fā)展中國(guó)家利用廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力開辦工廠，這些發(fā)展中國(guó)家也從中得到好處。Internationalmonetarycooperationwillhaveasignificantimpactonfuturetrade.IftheIMFcountriesaernotabletoagreeuporanewinternationalmonetaryorderintheyearstocome，internationaltrademaybecometooriskyforsomecompaniestogetinvolvedin.IftheIMFisunabletocreatesufficientinternationalliquidityreservesinthefuture，theremaynotbeenoughliquiditytosustaingrowthintrade.國(guó)際貨幣合作對(duì)未來的貿(mào)易將會(huì)產(chǎn)生重大的影響，在今后的年月里，如果國(guó)際貨幣基金組織各國(guó)不能就新的世界貨幣秩序達(dá)成協(xié)議，從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就有可能變得很大而使一些公司裹足不前。如果國(guó)際貨幣基金組織今后不能建立起足夠的國(guó)際清償能力儲(chǔ)備，就不會(huì)有足夠的清償能力來支撐住貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng)。JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature，somarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory;thesimplefact，hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology，thatmankindmustfirstofalleat，drink，haveshelterandclothing，beforeitcanpursuepolitics，science，art，religion，etc，thatthereforetheproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestareinstitutions,thelegalconceptions,art,andeventheideasonreligion,ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved,andinthelightofwhichtheymust,therefore,beexplained,insteadofviceversa,ashadhithertobeedthecase.正像達(dá)爾文發(fā)現(xiàn)有機(jī)界規(guī)律一樣,馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類歷史的發(fā)展規(guī)律,即以前蕪雜的意識(shí)形態(tài)所掩蓋著的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單事實(shí):人們首先必須吃,喝,住,穿,然后才能從事政治,科學(xué),藝術(shù),宗教等活動(dòng)。所以,直接的物質(zhì)的生活資料的生產(chǎn),因而一個(gè)民族或一個(gè)時(shí)代的一定的以濟(jì)發(fā)展階段,便階段,便構(gòu)成為基礎(chǔ)。人們的國(guó)家制度,法律觀點(diǎn),藝術(shù)以至宗教觀念就是從這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的,因而也必須由這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)來解釋,而不是像過去那樣反道而行之。Butthatisnotall.Marxalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoveringthepresent-daycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.Thediscoveryofsurpusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics,hadbeengropinginthedark.不僅如此,馬克思還發(fā)現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代資本主義生產(chǎn)方式和它所產(chǎn)生的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)的特殊的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和社會(huì)主義批評(píng)家一直在黑暗中摸索探測(cè),企圖加以解決的問題,由于剩余價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn),一下子變得一清二楚了。Scienceisthebodyofknowledgeaboutnaturethatrepresentsthecollectiveefforts,insights,findings,andwisdomofthehumanrace.Scienceisnotsomethingnewbuthaditsbeginningsbeforerecordedhistorywhenhumansfirstdiscoveredreoccurringrelationshipsaroundthem.Throughcarefulobservationsoftheserelationships,.Theybegantoknownatureand,becauseofnature‘sdependability,foundtheycouldmakepredictionstoenablesomecontrolovertheirsurroundings.科學(xué)是關(guān)于自然的知識(shí)總體,它代表了人類的共同努力,洞察力,研究成果和智慧,科學(xué)并不是什么新的東西,在有文字記載的歷史以前,當(dāng)人們最發(fā)現(xiàn)了在他們周圍反復(fù)出現(xiàn)得各種關(guān)系時(shí),就有了科學(xué)的開端。通過對(duì)這些關(guān)系的仔細(xì)觀察,人們開始了解了自然,而由于自然的可靠性,人們還發(fā)現(xiàn)他們能夠作出預(yù)測(cè),從而有可能在某種程度上控制他們的周圍環(huán)境。Sciencemadeitsgreatestheadwayinthesixteenthcenturywhenpeoplebeganaskinganswerablequestionsaboutnature-whentheybeganreplacingsuperstitionbyasystematicsearchfororderwhenexperimentinadditiontologicwasusedtotestideas.Wherepeopleoncetriedtoinfluencenaturaleventswithmagicandsupernaturalforces,theynowhadsciencetoguidethem.Advancewasslow,however,becauseofthepowerfuloppositiontoscientificmethodsandideas.科學(xué)在十六世紀(jì)取得了最偉大的進(jìn)展,因?yàn)檫@時(shí)人們開始提出了有關(guān)自然的可以回答的問題,開始對(duì)秩序的系統(tǒng)研究代替了迷信。而且除了運(yùn)用邏輯外,還運(yùn)用實(shí)驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)各種觀點(diǎn)。以前人們?cè)噲D用巫術(shù)和超自然的力量來影響自然事件,而現(xiàn)在有了科學(xué)來指導(dǎo)他們,然而由于對(duì)科學(xué)方法和科學(xué)思想的強(qiáng)有力的反對(duì),進(jìn)展是緩慢的。Thegreatestofalltheaccomplishmentsoftwentieth-centurysciencehasbeenthediscoveryofhumanignorance.Welive,asneverbefore,inpuzzlementaboutnature,theuniverse,andourselvesmostofall.Itisanewexperienceforthespecies.Acenturyago,aftertheturbulencecausedbyDarwinandWallacehadsubsidedandthecentralideaofnaturalselectionhadbeengraspedandaccepted,wethoughtwekneweverythingessntialaboutevolution.Intheeigh-teenthcenturytherewerenohugepuzzles;humanreasonwasallyouneededinordertofigureouttheuniverse.Andformostoftheearliercenturies,thechurchprovidedboththequestionsandtheanswers,neatlypackaged.Now,forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,wearecatchingglimpsesofourincomprehension.Wecanstillmakeupstoriestoexplaintheworld,aswealwayshave,butnowthestorieshavetobeconfirmedandreconfirmedbyexperiment.Thisisthescien-tificmethod,andoncestartedonthislinewecannotturnback.Weareobligedtogrowupinskepticism,requiringproofsforeveryassertionaboutnature,andthereisnowaroutexcepttomoveaheadandplugaway,hopingforcomprehensioninthefuturebutlivinginaconditionofintellectualinstabilityforthelongtime.二十一世紀(jì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域迄今取得的最大成就是發(fā)現(xiàn)人類蒙昧無知。我們對(duì)自然、宇宙、尤其對(duì)我們自身,從來沒有象現(xiàn)在這樣感到困惑不解。這是人類一種新的感受。一百年前,在達(dá)爾文和華來士引起的轟動(dòng)平靜下來,人們理解并接受了自然選擇的基本觀點(diǎn)之后,我們以為對(duì)進(jìn)化論的實(shí)質(zhì)問題全都一清二楚了。十八世紀(jì)不存在重大的難解之迷。當(dāng)時(shí)欲知宇宙奧秘,只需借助人的理性就行了。在此以前的若干世紀(jì)里,多數(shù)時(shí)候由教會(huì)提出問題同時(shí)提出答案,近乎包辦一切。如今,在人類歷史上我們第一次覺察到了自己的無知。我們可以一如既往依舊想出種種說法來解釋世界,但現(xiàn)在這些說法必須通過實(shí)驗(yàn)加以證實(shí)、再證實(shí)。這是科學(xué)方法。一旦開始按照這種方法去做,我們就不能走回頭路了。我們只能始終帶著懷疑的目光,對(duì)關(guān)于自然的每一個(gè)論斷都要求拿出證據(jù)來。除了行動(dòng)起來,埋頭探索,沒有其他辦法。我們希望將來能夠找到答案,但在此之前的這段漫長(zhǎng)歲月里,我們只好處于一種謹(jǐn)慎非謹(jǐn)慎、一知半解的狀態(tài)。Transistorscanbemadewithothermaterials.Theyarelesscostly,andproducelessheat.Buttheyalsopermitlesselectricitytopassthrough.Theseothertransistorsaremadewithwhatiscalledamorphoussilicon.Thismaterialisnotaspureassiliconcrystals.Ithastinyspacesbetweentheatomsthatlimittheflowofelectricalcurrent.半導(dǎo)體管也可以用其他的材料制成,產(chǎn)熱少,不過可以通過的電流少。這種半導(dǎo)體管是由所謂的非晶體硅制造的。這種材料沒有硅晶體那樣純,原子之間的空隙也小,因而限制了電流的流動(dòng)。TheAmericancompanyEnergyConversionDevicesofDetroitsaiditfoundwaystotreatamorphousmaterialsphysicallyandchemically.Thesetreatmentssharplyreducethenum-berofdefectsthatblocktheflowofcurrent.Thecompanysaiditthenwasabletoproduceamorphoustransistorsthatcarryone-hundredtimesmoreelectricalcurrentthanwaspossiblebefore.這家美國(guó)公司-底特律能源轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備公司說,他們找到了用物理和化學(xué)方法處理非晶體材料的辦法,這些處理方法大大減少了材料中阻擋電流流動(dòng)的諸多缺陷。這家公司說,他們因此能夠制造出非晶體半導(dǎo)體管,其傳輸?shù)碾娏鳛檫^去所能傳輸?shù)碾娏鞯?00倍。Companyscientistssaytheiramorphoustransistorsarejustasfastassiliconcrystaltransis-tors.Buttheycostmuchlesstomake.Theyproducemuchlessheat.Andthinlayers,orfilmsofamorphoussiliconcanbemadeinanysize.Thismeansitcanbeusedtomakeelectricalcircuitsorsystemaslargeasneeded公司的科研人員說,他們的非晶體半導(dǎo)體管與硅晶體半導(dǎo)體管電流速度一樣快,但是造價(jià)卻低的很多,產(chǎn)生的熱量也大為減少。同時(shí),非晶體硅薄片或薄膜可以制成任何尺寸,這意味著它可用于無論多大的電路或系統(tǒng)。Expertssaystheynowknowthatoffortstosavespecieswillbeuselessunlesseffortsaremadetosolvesomehumanproblemsthathelpcausethedestructionofwildlifeandwildplaces.Theysaywildlifeisdisappearingpartlybecauseexpandinghumanpopulationsneedmoreland,foodandmaterialstolive.專家們說,他們現(xiàn)在知道,除非我們?cè)诮鉀Q造成野生生物和野生地區(qū)毀滅的一些人類問題上作出努力,否則保護(hù)生物物種的努力將是白費(fèi)力氣。他們說野生生物正在逐漸消失,部分原因是不斷增加的人口為了生存需要更多的土地、食品和其他物質(zhì)。Thisiswhysomenowplanstosaveendangeredspeciesandtheirnaturalareasincludeeco-nomicdevelopmentplansaswellasideasforprotectingtheenvironment.Scientistsandotherex-pertsfeelhumanneedsmustbemetifwildlifeandwildplacesaretobesaved這就是為什么一些挽救瀕于滅絕的生物物種和它們的天然生長(zhǎng)地區(qū)的新計(jì)劃要包括保護(hù)環(huán)境的計(jì)劃和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的計(jì)劃?？茖W(xué)家們和其他方面的專家認(rèn)為要挽救野生生物和野生地區(qū),人類的需求必須得到滿足。Oneofthesenowplansisthe—WorldConserationStrategy^.AnotheristheAmerican-StrategyfortheConservationofBiologicalDiversityinDevelopingCountries.11Bothcallforprogramsthatprovidedirecteconomicgains.Theplansurgemorestudiesofthewaysmanyplansandanimalscanbeusedtoprovidefood,clothingandhousing.Andtheycallforeducatinggovernmentsandcitizensaboutpolicesthatprovidefordevelopment,whileprotectingtheenvironmentforpresentandfuturepopulations其中一項(xiàng)新的計(jì)劃是“世界保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略”。另一項(xiàng)是美國(guó)的“在發(fā)展中國(guó)家保護(hù)生物的多樣性戰(zhàn)略”。這兩項(xiàng)計(jì)劃都要求提供直接的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。兩項(xiàng)計(jì)劃到在主張要多研究利用多種動(dòng)植物供給人們衣、食、住的方法,它們要求在為人類的現(xiàn)在和將來保護(hù)環(huán)