高三英語(yǔ)學(xué)法指導(dǎo)1

高三英語(yǔ)學(xué)法指導(dǎo)與基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練一、談?wù)勯喿x理解閱讀是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。閱讀理解在高考試卷中占分40分，如果加上完型填空題（有人稱之為缺詞閱讀）30分，那就是70分，占了將近總分的一半。高考之所以重視閱讀理解，是因?yàn)殚喿x是一種比較高級(jí)的語(yǔ)言能力，它是獲取更綜合、更復(fù)雜、更精確信息的必要手段。閱讀能力也是做好其他題型，如聽(tīng)力、單項(xiàng)填空、短文改錯(cuò)和書(shū)面表達(dá)的基本因素。閱讀理解的考核是在語(yǔ)篇中進(jìn)行的，也易于考查觀察、判斷、推理與綜合的能力。閱讀理解題一般考五篇文章，包括故事、科普文章、新聞報(bào)道、議論文和應(yīng)用文（如廣告、產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明、電報(bào)等）。五篇文章加上所問(wèn)問(wèn)題，總單詞量在個(gè)左右，要求在35分鐘內(nèi)完成。閱讀速度平均為每分鐘60個(gè)詞。做好閱讀理解題的必備條件:1、能迅速看準(zhǔn)每一句的結(jié)構(gòu)，找出主句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。2、有一定的詞匯量和分辨詞義詞性的能力。3、能靈活運(yùn)動(dòng)所學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)法和詞匯知識(shí)，對(duì)影響意思理解的復(fù)合句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)、后置定語(yǔ)、省略、替代和跳躍等語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象做出正確判斷。4、有良好的思維能力。會(huì)邊看邊加工所得到的信息，從而做出正確的推理判斷，綜合概括，準(zhǔn)確理解表面意思和深層含義。5、會(huì)精讀，也會(huì)跳讀和略讀。6、具有相當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和良好的語(yǔ)感。7、對(duì)英美文化有一定了解。在準(zhǔn)備閱讀理解測(cè)試時(shí)，要明確閱讀的能力是靠大量閱讀的實(shí)踐練出來(lái)的。有志于提高閱讀水平的同學(xué)，應(yīng)該每天堅(jiān)持讀三四篇文章,日積月累，才能逐步提高閱讀水平。讀的時(shí)候要注意精讀與泛讀相結(jié)合。精讀的文章力求弄懂每一句話，每一個(gè)詞，必要時(shí)要請(qǐng)教老師,翻查詞典。泛讀的文章，一般是難度較小的文章，只求理解文章大意，有些詞甚至句子不懂也沒(méi)關(guān)系，盡量不查詞典，這樣可以保證一定的速度和量。泛讀對(duì)培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感，提高速度有很大好處?？上в型瑢W(xué)不重視泛讀，以為閱讀就是逐字讀，這其實(shí)是片面的。二、練習(xí)與解析In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplores（探險(xiǎn)者）landedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisetothe“moonpeople“theymet.Inturn,the“moonpeople“expressedtheirsurprise.“Why,"theyasked,“areyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?”G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969.humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthe“moonpeople^^askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace.Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks.Insomecities,suchasTokyo,SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas.The€tChunner,,atunnel（隧道）connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.Butwhataboutundergroundcities?Japan'sTaiseiCorporationisdesigninganetworkofundergroundsystems,called“AliceCities."Thedesignersimagineusingsurfacespaceforpublicparksandusingundergroundspaceforflats,offices,shopping,andsoon.Asolardome（太陽(yáng)能穹頂）wouldcoverthewholecity.Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth'sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedforfarms,parks,gardens,andwilderness.H.G.Wells,t4moonpeople"wouldagree.Wouldyou?Theexplorersin11.G.Wells'storyweresurprisedtofindthatthe“moonpeople,,knewsomuchabouttheearthunderstoodtheirlanguageliveinsomanyundergroundcitieswereaheadoftheminspacetechnologyWhatdoestheunderlinedword"it”(Paragraph2)referto?Discoveringthemoon'sinnerspace.Usingtheearth'sinnerspace.Meetingthe“moonpeople”again.Travelingtoouterspace.Whatsortofundergroundsystemsarealreadyherewithus?Offices,shoppingareas,powerstations.Tunnels,carparks,shoppingareas.Gardens,carparks,powerstations.Tunnels,gardens,offices.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AliceCities—citiesofthefutureSpacetravelwithH.G.WellsEnjoylivingundergroundBuildingdown,notupC2.B3.B4.D.解答本題時(shí)，可從開(kāi)頭段中theexplorers登上月球后的發(fā)現(xiàn)找出線索：…theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities,也就是本題題干與選項(xiàng)C結(jié)合而成的說(shuō)法：Theexplorers***tofindthatthe“moonpeople“l(fā)ivedinsomanyundergroundcitieso.注意此句重心在后，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是：…youdon'tevenuseyourinnerspace,也即選項(xiàng)B所說(shuō)的Usingtheearth'sinnerspaceo.通過(guò)跳讀迅速將探索范圍縮小到第3日，其主題句即為Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace,然后列出這些systems的名稱：carparks,largeundergroundshoppingareas,atunnelo.短文開(kāi)頭explorers與moonpeople之間的對(duì)話中即已點(diǎn)明useinnerspace,也就是builddown這一主題；結(jié)尾段中則更為明確地將全文主題(undergrounddevelopm6nt)解釋為buildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth'sspace,,由此可以確定本題答案為D。(2)LONDON(Reuters)—Organicfruit,deliveredrighttothedoorstep.ThatiswhatGabrielGoldprefers,andheiswillingtopayforit.Ifthisisnotpossible,the26-year-oldcomputertechnicianwillspendtheextramoneyatthesupermarkettobuyorganicfood."Organicproduceisalwaysbetter,Goldsaid."Thefoodisfreeofpesticides(農(nóng)藥),andyouaregenerallysupportingfamilyfarmsinsteadoflargefarms.Andmoreoftenthannotitislocally(本地)grownandseasonal,soitismoretasty.”Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingintotheorganictrend,andsupermarketsacrossBritainarecountingonmorelikehimastheygrowtheirorganicfoodbusiness.Buthowmanyshoppersreallyknowwhattheyaregetting,andwhyaretheywillingtopayahigherpricefororganicproduce?MarketresearchshowsthatGoldandotherswhobuyorganicfoodcangenerallygiveclearreasonsfortheirpreferences-buttheirknowledgeoforganicfoodisfarfromcomplete.Forexample,smallamountsofpesticidescanbeusedonorganicproducts.AndaboutthreequartersoforganicfoodinBritainisnotlocalbutimported(進(jìn)口)tomeetgrowingdemand."Thedemandfororganicfoodisincreasingbyaboutonethirdeveryyear,soitisaveryfastgrowingmarket,saidSueFlock,aspecialistinthislineofbusiness.MoreandmorepeopleinBritainarebuyingorganicfoodbecause.theyaregettingrichertheycangetthefoodanywheretheyconsiderthefoodfreeofpollutiontheylikehome-grownfruitWhichofthefollowingstatementsistruetothefactsaboutmostorganicproducesoldinBritain?Itgrowsindoorsallyearround.ItisproducedoutsideBritain.Itisgrownonfamilyfarms.Itisproducedonlargefarms.Whatisthemeaningof"theorganictrend^^asthewordsareusedinthetext?growinginterestinorganicfoodbetterqualityoforganicfoodrisingmarketfororganicfoodhigherpricesoforganicfoodWhatisthebesttitleforthisnewsstory?Organicfood—healthy,orjustforthewealthy?ThemakingoforganicfoodinBritainOrganicfood—toimportornot?GoodqualitiesoforganicfoodC2.B3.A4.A.Gold的話代表了英國(guó)消費(fèi)者的認(rèn)識(shí),“???Thefoodisfreeofpesticides…”也就是:theyconsiderthefoodfreeofpollution..短文中與MostorganicproducesoldinBritain產(chǎn)地相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，排除干擾選項(xiàng)，選定最佳答案。.本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中均包含organicfood（與主題相關(guān)，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)因而會(huì)構(gòu)成干擾)，但從所在句看，buyingintotheorganictrend的主語(yǔ)是(agrowingnumberof)shoppers,越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始購(gòu)買(mǎi)這種食品，當(dāng)然意味著(theshoppers)haveshownagrowinginterestinorganicfoodo選項(xiàng)A表達(dá)的正是這樣一種形勢(shì)，應(yīng)為最佳答案。.Organicfood—healthy(雖與人們所知有些出入,但大體如此);orjustforthewealthy?短文中有shoppersarewillingtopayahigherpricefororganicproduce,與此相符。如何解答閱讀理解中的問(wèn)題在準(zhǔn)備閱讀理解測(cè)試時(shí)，要對(duì)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行總結(jié)。高考中的閱讀理解問(wèn)題，主要涉及文章中的知識(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，概括中心意思，猜測(cè)陌生詞語(yǔ)的意思和推理判斷。測(cè)試問(wèn)題方式采用多項(xiàng)選擇題型，每題給出四個(gè)備選答案，要求從中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。例如：考查主題思想或段落大意Thestorymainlytellsus.Thebesttitleofthispassageshouldbe.推理判斷測(cè)試題Wecaninferfromthepassage.Wecanconcludefromthepassage.應(yīng)對(duì)閱讀理解測(cè)試時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng).如有的文章帶標(biāo)題，應(yīng)仔細(xì)看標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題是文章主題的高度概括，它可以給我們一些啟示和線索。.先快速瀏覽一下全文，大概了解一下這是記敘文還是科普文章，中文注釋的單詞是什么意思，這一步要快。.仔細(xì)看原文，凡人物與數(shù)字或地名可用筆作個(gè)記號(hào)，沒(méi)弄明白的地方也可劃個(gè)線，以便看完全文再重讀。讀時(shí)要注意弄明白句子的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)在大腦中加工所得到的信息。.看完文章，即可做題。要注意四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都看看，不要只看了一兩個(gè)就作出判斷。對(duì)有把握的題，在做完判斷后就不要折回原文核對(duì)了。但對(duì)沒(méi)有把握的題則應(yīng)把相關(guān)的句或段重看一次。.判斷詞義詞性時(shí)要注意結(jié)合上下文。人家考的是在特定的環(huán)境下的意思。.概括中心意思時(shí)，要注意不可離題太遠(yuǎn)，太籠統(tǒng)，但也不要只概括一段或幾句的意思。段落大意一般常與該段首句或尾句有關(guān)。.問(wèn)及對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題的看法與態(tài)度，要記住是在問(wèn)作者態(tài)度，而不是問(wèn)你作為中國(guó)學(xué)生的想法。.考查文章細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題一定要在原文中找到出處。.如時(shí)間夠，還應(yīng)復(fù)讀全文，核對(duì)各題答案，完成未定之題。要注意各題的答案要邏輯一致，不能自相矛盾。練習(xí)與解析（1）Treasurehunts（尋寶）haveexcitedpeople'simaginationforhundredsofyearsbothinreallifeandinbookssuchasRobertLouisStevenson'sTreasureIsland.KitWilliams,amodernwriter,hadtheideaofcombiningtherealexcitementofatreasurehuntwithclues（線索）foundinabookwhenhewroteachildren'sstory,Masquerade,in1979.Thebookwasaboutahare,andamonthbeforeitcameoutWilliamsburiedagoldhareinaparkinBedfordshire.Thebookcontainedalargenumberofcluestohelpreadersfindthehare,butWilliamsputinalotof“redherrings”,orfalseclues,tomisleadthem.KenRoberts,themanwhofoundthehare,hadbeenlookingforitfornearlytwoyears.Althoughhehadbeensearchinginthewrongareamostofthetime,hefounditbylogic（邏輯）,notbyluck.Hissuccesscamefromthefactthathehadgainedanimportantclueatthestart.Hehadrealizedthatthewords:"OneofSixtoEight“underthefirstpictureinthebookconnectedthehareinsomewaytoKatherineofAragon,thefirstofHenryVIITssixwives.Evenhere,however,Williamshadsucceededinmisleadinghim.KenknewthatKatherineofAragonhaddiedatKimboltoninCambridgeshirein1536andthoughtthatWilliamshadburiedtheharethere.Hehadbeendiggingthereforoverayearbeforeanewideaoccurredtohim.HefoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthischildhoodnearAmpthill,inBedforshire,andthoughtthathemusthaveburiedthehareinaplaceheknewwell,buthestillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineofAragon,untilonedayhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1772.Eventhenhissearchhadnotcometoanend.ItwasonlyafterhehadspentseveralnightsdiggingaroundthecrossthathedecidedtowritetoKitWilliamstofindoutifhewaswastinghistimethere.Williamsencouragedhimtocontinue,andonFebruary24th1982,hefoundthetreasure.Itwasworth￡；3000inthebeginning,buttheexcitementithadcausedsinceitsburialmadeitmuchmorevaluable.1.Theunderlinedword"them”(paragraph1)referstoA.Anexcitinghistoricalevent.B.Amoderntreasurehunt.C.TheattractionofMasquerade.D.Theimportanceoflogicalthinking..D最重要的線索為them之前的動(dòng)詞mislead,由其語(yǔ)義可以斷定，其后為“人”而非“物”，答案為readers(of-).C循序查找另外三個(gè)與故事相關(guān)的線索，體會(huì)本文作者描述幸運(yùn)讀者KenRoberts尋寶過(guò)程時(shí)的語(yǔ)氣變化：其中，第二段第3句為HissuccessCcimefromthefactthathehadgainedanimportantclueatthestart…而后聯(lián)系到“OneofSixtoEight”也就是Katheri