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國(guó)際私法

PrivateInternationalLaw主講人:

南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)Lecturer:/NJUE主要參考書《ConflictofLaws》J.G.Collier,UniversityofCambridge;

《國(guó)際私法》,章尚錦、徐青森主編,中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社

導(dǎo)入案例1_——故事新編:陳世美、秦香蓮跨國(guó)離婚案

陳世美同學(xué)與秦香蓮?fù)瑢W(xué)都是南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)的學(xué)生,他們?nèi)雽W(xué)后就情投意合,雙雙墜入愛河,可謂如膠似漆,二人計(jì)劃好大學(xué)一畢業(yè)就結(jié)婚,成就百年之合。然而,陳世美的父母一直希望小陳大學(xué)期間能申請(qǐng)自費(fèi)美國(guó)留學(xué),繼續(xù)深造。因而,大二下學(xué)期,陳世美父母為其申請(qǐng)的自費(fèi)留學(xué)美國(guó)終獲成功。無(wú)奈之下,陳世美就私下托人找關(guān)系與秦香蓮匆匆領(lǐng)取了結(jié)婚證。然后,小陳在稚氣的妻子——秦香蓮依依不舍的送別聲中踏上美洲大陸,開始留學(xué)。在剛開始的半年里兩人還有書信來(lái)往,誰(shuí)知半年后,陳世美同學(xué)喜歡上了他的美國(guó)同學(xué)麥當(dāng)娜,決定拋棄中國(guó)結(jié)發(fā)妻子秦香蓮。于是,陳世美就向美國(guó)法院起訴要求與秦香蓮離婚。請(qǐng)問:

1.美國(guó)法院能否受理此案?2.如果美國(guó)某州法院受理此案,那它將適用美國(guó)婚姻法律規(guī)定,還是適用有關(guān)中國(guó)的婚姻法律規(guī)定?3.若秦香蓮在中國(guó)法院提出離婚訴訟,她是否必須在被告所在地即陳世美原住所地起訴?受理的中國(guó)法院適用何國(guó)法律?4.若在美國(guó)法院受理陳世美起訴后,中國(guó)法院是否還可以受理?5.若秦香蓮?fù)瑢W(xué)在離婚時(shí)實(shí)際年齡還未滿20周歲,那么中國(guó)法院是否承認(rèn)他們婚姻的有效性?而如果由美國(guó)法院管轄,是否先要按中國(guó)婚姻法的規(guī)定來(lái)解決他們婚姻的有效性問題?

導(dǎo)入案例2——“南京大屠殺”名譽(yù)侵權(quán)案南京審理(thetortofreputation)

備受矚目的南京大屠殺幸存者夏淑琴起訴日本右翼作者松村俊夫、東中野修道和日本展轉(zhuǎn)社名譽(yù)侵權(quán)案今天有了結(jié)果,南京市玄武區(qū)法院正式一審判決夏淑琴勝訴。這是中國(guó)法院首次受理和判決涉及南京大屠殺事件的涉外民事案件。玄武區(qū)法院的判決說(shuō),被告東中野修道和松村俊夫以及出版其作品的日本展轉(zhuǎn)社應(yīng)立即停止出版侵害原告夏淑琴名譽(yù)權(quán)的圖書,并將已出版的書籍收回和銷毀;在中日兩國(guó)主要媒體的顯著位置刊登道歉聲明,并賠償原告精神損害撫慰金一百六十萬(wàn)元人民幣。法院的判決中還說(shuō),被告如果不服判決,可在判決後的三十天內(nèi)向南京市中級(jí)人民法院上訴。但被告東中野修道和松村俊夫以及日本展轉(zhuǎn)社均未出庭。夏淑琴是南京大屠殺幸存者。一九三七年十二月十三日,侵華日軍闖入夏淑琴家,她全家九口人被殘暴地殺害了七口,八歲的夏淑琴和四歲的妹妹夏淑云幸免於難。而在一九九八年,日本亞細(xì)亞大學(xué)教授東中野修道和日本自由史觀會(huì)成員松村俊夫分別通過(guò)日本展轉(zhuǎn)社株式會(huì)社出版兩本書籍──《南京大屠殺的徹底檢證》和《南京大屠殺的大疑問》,公開宣稱夏淑琴等南京大屠殺幸存者被描述成「假證人」、只是被政府特意培育成那樣」,作者更指夏淑琴「故意編造事實(shí),欺世盜名」、「其證詞是某個(gè)人在某個(gè)時(shí)間里想像出來(lái)的」。請(qǐng)問:

1.中國(guó)玄武區(qū)法院是否有對(duì)日本名譽(yù)侵權(quán)的管轄權(quán)?2.如果中國(guó)法院有管轄權(quán),那它將適用哪拉法律?3.若日本被告人同時(shí)在日本提出訴訟,則結(jié)果如果?

4.中日間目前前無(wú)司法協(xié)助協(xié)議,則應(yīng)如何遞交起訴書?如果提交判決書?如果設(shè)法執(zhí)行這一判決?

An

Introduction

to

Conflict

of

Laws

Conflictoflaws,asubjectalsoknownasprivateinternationallaw,arisesfromtheuniversalacknowledgmentthatnoteveryhumantransactioncanbe,oroughttobe,governedbylocallaw.Theaffairsofmenareoftenconductedinsuchawaythatalegaldisputecontainsaforeignelement,andtheconflictoflawsisthesystematicstudyofhownationalcourts,infactandintheory,takeaccountofsuchforeignelements.

Themainemphasisintheconflictoflawshasgenerallybeenupontherulesusedtoselectforeignlaw,theserulesbeingcalledchoice-of-lawrules.Itisalsocommontoincludeinthesubjectmatteroftheconflictoflawvariousrelatedmatterspertainingtothejurisdictionofcourtsandtothedegreeofrespectduetoforeignjudgments,butinthemaintheclassicalproblemsinthefieldhavebeencreatedbylegaltransactionsinwhichtheprivatelawofmorethanonelegalunitispotentiallyapplicableandachoicemustmadebetweenthecompetingclaims.Forcenturiesjudgesandscholarshavebeenbaffledintheirsearchforacceptableproceduresandforthecriteriawithwhichtoconductthesearchitself.

Thereisatraditionaldistinctionbetweenpublicandprivateinternationallawrelatedmainlytowhethertheparticipantsinvolvedinlegalcontroversyaregovernmentsorindividuals.Inthisviewpublicinternationallawisdefinedasthecorpusofrulesbindinggovernmentsintheirrelationswithoneanotherandtheprocessesavailableforimplementingtheserules;privateinternationallawisconsideredasthelawappliedbydomesticcourtswheneveraforeignelementisrelevanttotheresolutionofalegalcontroversy.Manyspecialistsinthismatterfieldoflawobjecttothelabelprivateinternationallaw,suggestingthatthelawappliedbydomesticcourts---evenifitleadstotheapplicationofforeignlaw---isafieldofnationallaw.SuchaviewisespeciallyprevalentintheUnitedStates,accounting,inpart,forthecurrencyoftheterm“conflictoflaws”todescribethesubject,althoughitsusealsoreflectstheemphasisamongAmericanscholars,perhapstoanexcessivedegree,upontheconflictoflawsasithasevolvedfrominterstate(international)transactions.InEurope,eveninfederalstates,thesubject,incontrast,isdominatedbyitsinternationalaspects,thatis,bythestudyofrulesandprocessesbywhichthecourtsinonecountrygiveeffecttothelawofaforeigncountryorshowrespectforajudgmentalreadyreachedbyforeigncourt.

Thecharacterofthesolutiongiventoproblemsofthechoiceoflawhasanintensepracticalrelevancetothelivesofpeople.

Increasingly,itisimpossibletoconfinehumanhappeningstoasinglejurisdiction.Whetherinmatterofpersonalstatusarisingfrommarriage,divorce,birth,anddeathorinsuchtypicalcommercialphenomenaastheregulationofanticompetitivebusinesspractices,expropriationsofalienpropertyandthesaleofgoods,thereisanincreasingmultinationalcomplexitythatintheeventofcontroversymaymakethechoiceofapplicablelawatonce.

Ofcourse,thepracticalinterestintheconflictoflawsemergesasaconsequenceofthefactthatthesubstantivelawsofstatesarediverse,inconsistent,andoccasionally,contradictory.Obviously,ifallsubstantivelawwerethesame,itwouldmakelittledifferencewhichsystemoflawwasselectedtogovernacontroversy.But,inaworldofdiversenational,cultural,andideologicalperspectives,therehasneverbeenaprospectofsuchsubstantiveuniformity.Widespreadattentionhas,therefore,beengiventhroughoutthehistoryofinternationalrelationstothemethodandrationaleusedbyvariouscourtstoselectthepropersystemoflawgoverningcontroversies.Itappears,atleastsuperficially,thatallstateshaveastrong,common,andmutualinterestintheadoptionofuniformchoice-of-lawrules.Forunlikethesubstantiverulestowhichtheyrefer,choice-of-lawrulesappeartoseeknothingmorethantheorderingofrelationsinafairandconvenientfashionanddonotseemtoexpressanycommitmenttopoliciesorvaluesofaparticularstate.Despitethisappearanceofneutrality,effortsoverseveralcenturiestoadvancetheacceptanceofuniformchoice-of-lawrules,haveyieldedfewencouragingandtangibleresults.

第一編:沖突法

SectionNO.1:theconflictoflaws各國(guó)沖突法名稱和范圍其實(shí)不一樣。英國(guó)、美國(guó)稱為:conflictoflaws

德國(guó)、法國(guó)稱為:PrivateinternationalLaw

中國(guó)稱為:國(guó)際私法

InternationalPrivateLaw我們的目標(biāo):我們主要學(xué)習(xí)的是英國(guó)的沖突法及其相應(yīng)的規(guī)則。

——導(dǎo)讀(Introduction):本書書名《Conflictoflaws》,作者:J。G。Collier,是英國(guó)劍橋大學(xué)的著名教授。本書以清晰合理的結(jié)構(gòu),系統(tǒng)詳實(shí)的內(nèi)容,豐富生動(dòng)的案例,為讀者展示了英國(guó)沖突法的全貌。

全書共分為七大部分二十三章。分別為:一般原則(共六章)、管轄權(quán)與外國(guó)判決(共五章)、債法(共二章)、財(cái)產(chǎn)與繼承(共四章)、家庭法(共三章)、外國(guó)法的排除(共一章)、理論思考(共二章)第一章概論

本章簡(jiǎn)要闡述了英國(guó)沖突法的含義、其主要內(nèi)容、沖空法名稱的使用英國(guó)沖突法上“外國(guó)”的含義以及常用的沖突法術(shù)語(yǔ)。共包括四節(jié):

Introduction

——主題Thesubjectmatter——名稱Thename——地理因素Geographicalconsiderations——使用術(shù)語(yǔ)Glossaryoftermsemployed[本章關(guān)鍵詞]conflictoflaws,choiceoflawrules,recognitionandenforcementofjudgments,jurisdiction,privateinternationallaw,substantivelaw,lexcause沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)conflictoflaws

沖突法foreignelement

外國(guó)因素或涉外因素jurisdiction

管轄權(quán)choiceoflawrules

法律選擇規(guī)則recognitionandenforcementofjudgments

承認(rèn)與執(zhí)行判決validityofmarriage

婚姻有效性breachofcontract

違約civilaction

民事訴訟civilandcommerciallaw

民商法criminal,constitutionaloradministrativecases

刑事、憲法或行政案件Individualworkingpeople個(gè)體戶沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)lawofobligations,contractandtort,

lawofpropertybothimmovableandmovable債權(quán)、合同與侵權(quán)法,財(cái)產(chǎn)法包括不動(dòng)產(chǎn)與動(dòng)產(chǎn)title

所有權(quán)intervivos

生前succession

繼承privateinternationallaw

國(guó)際私法publicinternationallaw

國(guó)際公法InternationalCourtofJustice

國(guó)際法院municipalordomesticlaw

國(guó)內(nèi)法internationaltreaties

國(guó)際條約states

州substantivelaw

實(shí)體法CompaniesAct19851985年公司法federalconstitutionalorganisation

聯(lián)邦制沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)lexcause

準(zhǔn)據(jù)法lexactus

行為地法lexdomicilii

住所地法lexfori

法院地法lexlociactus

行為發(fā)生地法lexlocicontractus

合同締結(jié)地法lexlocicelebrationis

婚姻締結(jié)地法lexlocidelicticommissi

侵權(quán)行為發(fā)生地法lexlocisolutionis

履行地法lexsitus

物之所在地法1.ThesubjectmatterTheEnglishconflictoflawsisabodyofruleswhosepurposeistoassistaEnglishcourtindecidingacasewhichcontainsaforeignelement.ThejurisdictionofanEnglishcourt,inthesenseofitscompetencetohearanddetermineacase;Theselectionofappropriaterulesofasystemoflaw,Englishorforeign,whichitshouldapplyindecidingacaseoverwhichithasjurisdiction(therulesgoverningthisselectionareknownas‘choiceoflaw’rules);(c)Therecognitionandenforcementofjudgmentsrenderedbyforeigncourtsorawardsofforeignarbitrations.

CitizencaseIfanEnglishmanandwomanwhoarebothBritishcitizens,domiciledandresidentinEngland,gothroughaceremonyofmarriageinEnglandandlater,whentheyarebothdomiciledandresidenthere,thewifepetitionsanEnglishcourtforadivorce,noforeignelementisinvolved.So,noproblemofjurisdictionarisesandanyquestionsaboutthevalidityofthemarriageorthegroundsuponwhichadivorcecanbegranted,aswellasanyproceduralorevidentialmatters,areallgovernedbyEnglishlawalone.ThesameistrueiftwoEnglishmaninEnglandcontracthereforthesaleandpurchaseofgoodstobedeliveredfromOxfordtoCambridgewithpaymentinsterlinginLondon.Ifthecasecontainsnoforeignelement,theconflictoflawsisirrelevant.Itwillbeseenthataquestionofjurisdictionandoneofchoiceoflawmaybothbeinvolvedinaparticularcase.Buttheycanariseindependently.Recognitionandenforcementofforeignjudgmentsiswhollyindependentmatter.Choiceoflawdoesnotariseincombinationwithit.Achoiceoflawproblemcanariseinanycivilaction.Theconflictoflawsisconcernedwithallofthecivilandcommerciallaw.Itisnotconcernedwithcriminal,constitutionaloradministrativecases.Theconflictoflawscoversthelawofobligations,contractandtort,andthelawofpropertybothimmovableandmovable,whetheraquestionoftitlearisesintervivos(生前)orbywayofsuccession.Itisconcernedalsowithfamilylaw,includingmarriageanddivorce,andguardianshipandparentandchild.Twonamesforthesubjectareincommonuse.Thename‘conflictoflaws’issomewhatmisleading,sincetheobjectofthisbranchoflawistoeliminateanyconflictbetweentwoormoresystemsoflaw(includingEnglishlaw)whichhavecompetingclaimstogoverntheissuewhichisbeforethecourt,ratherthantoprovokesuchaconflict,asthewordsmayappeartosuggest.Anothernameis‘privateinternationallaw’,whichisincommonuseinEurope.Thisisevenmoremisleadingthan’conflictoflaws’,andeachofitsthreewordsrequirescomment.‘Private’distinguishesthesubjectfrom‘public’internationallaw,orinternationallawsimpliciter.Thelatteristhenameforthebodyofrulesandprincipleswhichgovernsstatesandinternationalorganisationsintheirmutualrelations.ItisadministeredthroughtheinternationalcourtofJustice,otherinternationalcourtsandarbitraltribunals,internationalorganizationsandforeignoffices,although,aspartofastate’smunicipalordomesticlaw,itisalsoappliedbythatstate’scourts.2.Thename

ForthepurposeoftheEnglishconflictoflaws,everycountryintheworldwhichisnotpartofEnglandandWalesisaforeigncountryanditsforeignlaw.Inthecaseofforeigncountrieswithafederalconstitutionalorganization,referencetotheforeigncountryorlawisnotgenerallytothestateinaninternationalsense,buttooneofthecomponentpartsthereof,iftheseareregardedintheconstitutionallawofthatcountryasbeingseparateentitieshavingseparatelegalsystems.3.Geographicalconsiderations

4.GlossaryoftermsemployedConflictslawyerscommonlyemploysomeLatinterms,whichareaconvenientandshortwayofsayingcertainthingswhichareincommonuse.Someoftheseare:Lexcausae-thelawwhichgovernsanissue.Thefollowingareexamples;Lexactus-thelawgoverningatransaction,suchastheapplicablelawofacontract;Lexdomicilii-thelawofaperson’sdomicile;Lexfori-thelawadministeredbythecourthearingthecase.EnglishlawisthelexforiforanEnglishcourt.Lexlociactus-thelawoftheplacewhereatransactionisconcluded;inrelationtotheconclusionofacontractcalled.Lexlocicontractusandtothecelebrationofamarriage,lexlocicelebrations.Lexlocidelicticommissi-thelawoftheplacewhereatortiscommitted.Lexlocisolutions-thelawoftheplaceofperformance(ofacontract).Lexsitus-thelawoftheplacewherepropertyissituated.5.ReasonsforandbasisoftheconflictoflawsOnemightask,whydoesprivateinternationallawexistatall?WhyshouldnotanEnglishcourtassumejurisdictionoveranycasewhichisreferredtoit?Therearetwoanswertothis.First,agreatinjusticemightbedonetoaforeigner,whoisabroadandwhohasnotagreedtosubmittotheEnglishcourtadisputearisingfromatransactionwhichisunconnectedwithEngland,bysummoninghimbeforethatcourtandsoplacinghiminthedilemmathateitherhehastoincurtheinconvenienceandexpenseofcominghertodefendhisinterestsorhehastoruntheriskofajudgmentbeinggivenagainsthiminhisabsenceandsoputtinginperilassetshemayposseshere.Thesecondisthattheassumptionofjurisdictionanddeterminationofrightsmightaffectingpropertyabroadwhichthecourthasnomeansofenforcing.5-1ThetheoryofHuberprinciples(國(guó)際禮讓說(shuō)-胡伯三原則)Forthepurposeofsolvingthesubtletyofthismostintricatequestion,weshalllaydownthreemaximswhichbeingconcededastheyshouldbeeverywherewillsmoothourwayforthesolutionoftheremainingquestions.Theyarethese:(1)Thelawsofeachstatehaveforcewithinthelimitsofthatgovernmentandbindallsubjecttoit,butnotbeyond.(2)Allpersonswithinthelimitsofagovernment,whethertheylivetherepermanentlyortemporarily,aredeemedtobesubjectsthereof.(3)Sovereignswillsoactbywayofcomitythatrightsacquiredwithinthelimitsofagovernmentretaintheirforceeverywheresofarastheydonotcauseprejudicetothepowerorrightsofsuchgovernmentorofitssubjects.Althoughthelawsofonenationscanhavenoforcedirectlywithinanother,yetnothingcouldbemoreinconvenienttocommerceandtointernationalusagethanthattransactionsvalidbythelawifoneplaceshouldberenderedofnoeffectelsewhereonaccountofadifferenceinthelaw.Thistheory,whichwaspropoundedbyStoryJ(1779-1845),thedistinguishedAmericanjuristandjudge,whowrotethefirstcomprehensivetreatiseontheconflictoflawsintheEnglish-speakingworld,derivesfromthethirdofHuber’spropositions.5-2.Thetheoryofvestedrights(既得權(quán)說(shuō))ThisderivesfromanotherofHuber’sstatements,whichheemploystojustifytheapplicationofforeignlaws:‘thelawsofanotherstatewhichhavebeenappliedwithinitsfrontiersmaintaintheirforceeverywhere’.TheincidentsofarightofatyperecognisedbyEnglishlawacquiredunderthelawofanycivilisedcountrymustbedeterminedinaccordancewiththelawunderwhichtherightisacquired.-----(A.V.Dicey戴西)他認(rèn)為,英國(guó)法院僅對(duì)依據(jù)任何文明國(guó)家的法律,而應(yīng)正當(dāng)取得的權(quán)利,才予以承認(rèn)和執(zhí)行.5-3.Thelocallawtheory(當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄕf(shuō))TheEnglish-speakingjuristwhodidmosttodemolishthevestedrightstheory

(既得權(quán)說(shuō))wastheAmerican,WalterWheelerCook(柯克).Hewasinfluencedbypragmatism(實(shí)用主義)andbythejurisprudentialschoolofAmericanRealists.Sohesoughttoconstructatheoryoutofobservablefactbyconcerninguponwhat,infact,courtsdo;andnotnecessarilyuponwhattheysay.Hecontendedthatacountry’scourtsneverapplyforeignlawassuch,butonlytheirownlaw.柯克把外國(guó)法看作是事實(shí),而不是法律,堅(jiān)持了英美法的觀點(diǎn).5-4GovernmentInterestAnalysis(政府利益分析說(shuō))ThecriterionwhichsolelybasedongovernmentadvantagebeadoptedbyUSA,thistheorywasputforwardbyCurrie(柯里)。Somethingmustbesaidaboutthese‘methodological’(方法的)approachestotheconflictoflaws,whichemanatefrom(源于)andaboundintheUnitedStates,sincefailuretodosowouldresultinbeingchargedwithinsularity.美國(guó)柯里提出,認(rèn)為政府利益應(yīng)作為唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。后因矛盾被拋棄。5-5TheUniversalisms(法律關(guān)系本座說(shuō))Beforeexaminingthesetheories,awordshouldbesaidofotherjurist,called‘universalists’(普遍主義者或大體統(tǒng)一者),whosedonotgosofarandwhohavehadmoreinfluence,ontheEnglishcourtsatanyrate.Theleading‘universalist’wasthegreatGermanjurist,Savigny.Hetriedtoderiveprinciplesfromtheexistenceofacommunityofnationsandthoughitaccordancewiththem.Savignycontendedthateverylegalrelationshipcouldbeconnectedlogicallyandrationallywithagivenlegalsystem;eachrelationshiphasa‘definiteseat’(本座)thatis‘a(chǎn)legalterritorytowhichinitspropernature,itbelongsorissubject’.薩維尼認(rèn)為,每一種法律關(guān)系,按其性質(zhì),都不得和某一特定的法律制度相聯(lián)系,歸屬于該“法域”或“本座”.

傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際私法理論的幾種學(xué)說(shuō)現(xiàn)代國(guó)際私法理論的幾種學(xué)說(shuō)結(jié)合國(guó)際私法歷史的相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)一、萌芽階段的國(guó)際私法(13世紀(jì)以前)這一階段的國(guó)際私法并不是現(xiàn)代意義上的國(guó)際私法,僅只表現(xiàn)為國(guó)際私法的萌芽,即針對(duì)不同種族的人、不同的地域適用不同的法律。二、法則區(qū)別說(shuō)時(shí)代(13――18世紀(jì))這一時(shí)期是國(guó)際私法歷史上的重要時(shí)代,意大利法則區(qū)別說(shuō),法國(guó)法則區(qū)別說(shuō)和荷蘭法則區(qū)別說(shuō)都各有持點(diǎn),且都對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。三、近代國(guó)際私法(19世紀(jì))這一時(shí)期的代表人物是斯托里、薩維尼和孟西尼,他們的學(xué)說(shuō)既承繼了前人的觀點(diǎn),又闡釋了自己的思想。四、當(dāng)代國(guó)際私法當(dāng)代國(guó)際私法的重要特點(diǎn)是由理論(學(xué)說(shuō))轉(zhuǎn)向立法。盡管英美國(guó)家仍以學(xué)說(shuō)和判例為主,但大陸法國(guó)家的國(guó)際私法立法則越來(lái)越普遍,而且國(guó)際私法的內(nèi)容也越來(lái)越全面,其中最具代表性的立法是瑞士聯(lián)邦國(guó)際私法。五、統(tǒng)一國(guó)際私法立法史解決法律沖突僅憑一國(guó)的國(guó)際私法立法遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,因此國(guó)際間的統(tǒng)一國(guó)際私法立法也越來(lái)越多,從內(nèi)容到規(guī)模都有變化。六、中國(guó)國(guó)際私法的歷史中國(guó)國(guó)際私法的歷史可追溯至唐朝,但由于歷史的原因,我國(guó)的國(guó)際私法立法并不完備,直到近二十多年來(lái)中國(guó)的國(guó)際私法立法才進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的時(shí)期。(見《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)際私法示范法》)國(guó)際私法的基本原則尊重國(guó)家主權(quán)原則(Theprincipleofrespectthesovereignty)平等互利原則(Theprincipleofequityandmutualbenefit)遵守國(guó)際條約和參照國(guó)際慣例原則(TheprincipleforadheringtoInternationaltreatyandreferringtointernationaltradition)保護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益原則(Theprincipleofprotectingthelegalrightsandinterests)國(guó)際私法與鄰近部門法的關(guān)系第二章英國(guó)沖突法的特點(diǎn)CharacteristicsoftheEnglishconflictoflaws本章闡述了英國(guó)沖突法的起源、歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程、近年來(lái)英國(guó)沖突法發(fā)展的重要特點(diǎn),列舉了與沖突法有關(guān)的英國(guó)主要立法。晚近發(fā)展。本節(jié)指出了與英國(guó)法的其他分支相比,系統(tǒng)的英國(guó)沖突法規(guī)則產(chǎn)生于相對(duì)較晚的階段,最早的案件可能是有關(guān)執(zhí)行外國(guó)判決的案件。19世紀(jì)后半葉,沖突法規(guī)則開始在英國(guó)迅速發(fā)展,英國(guó)法院在實(shí)踐中發(fā)展了更復(fù)雜的有關(guān)住所、婚姻有效性和外國(guó)準(zhǔn)正承認(rèn)的規(guī)則,形成了合同自體法這一現(xiàn)代原則,確定了支配域外侵權(quán)責(zé)任的規(guī)則以及外國(guó)判決承認(rèn)與執(zhí)行的原則。指出了在這些規(guī)則的形成過(guò)程中,著名法學(xué)家的著作對(duì)英國(guó)法院的影響。同時(shí),對(duì)于某些問題如商業(yè)合同的締約能力的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法仍尚無(wú)答案,有些問題則由于無(wú)明確的原則與分析而留有疑問。作者特別指出,直到最近,法律選擇問題的重要性超過(guò)了管轄權(quán)問題。立法。本節(jié)指出,直至最近,英國(guó)沖突法的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是缺少立法的干預(yù),事實(shí)上所有規(guī)則都是法官制定的。但是,近40年來(lái)英國(guó)成文法對(duì)沖突法的影響大大增強(qiáng),一部分原因是由于要實(shí)施英國(guó)所締結(jié)或參加的沖突法領(lǐng)域的國(guó)際公約。目前,已有相當(dāng)一大部分的英國(guó)沖突法是成文法規(guī)定。[本章關(guān)鍵詞]theproperlawofthecontract,Huber,StoryJ,testator(立遺囑人),will(意愿),trustintervivos(生前信托),legislation,polygamousmarriage(多配偶婚姻)沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)latedevelopment

晚近發(fā)展theproperlawofthecontract

合同自體法,目前我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)“properlaw”多使用自體法的譯法,另有“準(zhǔn)據(jù)法”、“特有法”、“適當(dāng)法”等譯法。applicablelaw(準(zhǔn)據(jù)法)是properlaw的現(xiàn)在用法。另外英國(guó)最近一些法律中也明確規(guī)定將以前法條中使用“properlaw”的地方替換為“applicablelaw”。由此可見,“properlaw”與“applicablelaw”為同義。Huber

胡伯(1636-1694),荷蘭著名法學(xué)家,是國(guó)際禮讓說(shuō)的代表人物。StoryJ

斯托里(1779-1845),美國(guó)著名法學(xué)家,曾任哈佛大學(xué)教授、北美合眾國(guó)高等法院法官。testator

立遺囑人will

遺囑trustintervivos

生前信托l(wèi)egislation

立法BillofExchangeAct18821882年票據(jù)法LegitimacyAct19261926年準(zhǔn)正法subsequentmarriage

事后結(jié)婚WillsAct19631963年遺囑法AdoptionAct19761976年收養(yǎng)法FamilyLawAct19861986年家庭法Evidence(ProceedingsinotherJurisdictions)Act19751975年證據(jù)(在其他國(guó)家的訴訟程序)法ChildAbductionandCustodyAct19851985年兒童誘拐與監(jiān)護(hù)法RecognitionofTrustsAct19871987年承認(rèn)信托法Contracts(ApplicableLaw)Act19901990年合同(準(zhǔn)據(jù)法)法ForeignLimitationPeriodsAct19841984年外國(guó)時(shí)效期間法PrivateInternationalLaw(MiscellaneousProvisions)Act19951995年國(guó)際私法(雜項(xiàng)規(guī)定)法polygamousmarriage

多配偶婚姻DomicileandMatrimonialProvisionsAct19731973年住所與婚姻規(guī)定法UnfairContractTermsAct19771977年不公平合同條款法CarriageofGoodsbySeaAct19711971年海上貨物運(yùn)輸法沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)1.LatedevelopmentComparedwithothersbranchesofEnglishlaw,asystematicbodyofrulesontheconflictoflawsonlycameintobeingaacomparativelylatestage.Theearliestcasesappeartohaveconcernedtheenforcementofforeignjudgments.LordMansfield,who,morethananyjudge,wasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofabodyofcommericiallawinthelatterhalfoftheeighteenthcentury,gavejudgmentsconcerningforeigncontracts,tortsandthedutytogiveeffectto,andsometimestodenyeffectto,foreignlaws.Itcanbesaidwithsomeconfidencethatthesubjectbegantoburgeoninthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury,whichatthesametimesawthedevelopmentoffamilylawandcomingintoexistenceofacoherentbodyofcommerciallaw,sincethatperiodwitnessedarapidexpansionofinternationaltradeandfinancialtransactions.InordertoformulatetheseprinciplestheEnglishcourtshadtorelymoreonthewritingsofjuriststhanwasusualwiththem;HuberandtheAmericanStoryJarenotableexamples.Thesewerealsoforeignjurists,foritwasnotuntilA.V.DiceypublishedhisConflictoflawsin1896,thatanyEnglishwriterattemptedtosetdowntheexistingrulesinasystematicfashionandtoformulateatheoreticalbasisforthemandtoextractcoherentprinciplefromthem.HuberStoryJA.V.DiecyBecauseofthisfeature,itissometimesdangerousnowadaystorelyonolderauthorities.Moreover,evendecisionsofthoseyearsoroftheearlyyearsofthetwentiethcenturyareunreliableor,tooureyes,confused.Somequestionsremainunanswered.Oneothermattershouldbementioned.Untilquiterecently,questionsconcerningchoiceoflawcouldfairlybesaidtohavepredominatedover(占主導(dǎo)地位)jurisdictionalproblems.第三章法律選擇規(guī)則

Choiceoflawrules本章主要闡釋了與法律選擇有關(guān)的一系列問題。本章列舉了一些重要的法律選擇規(guī)則,分析了法律選擇規(guī)則的結(jié)構(gòu)及其法律選擇規(guī)則在適用中遇到的困難;指出了常見的連結(jié)因素及英國(guó)法院解釋連結(jié)因素含義的依據(jù);分析了識(shí)別的對(duì)象、解決識(shí)別沖突的方法;闡述了反致的含義與類型、贊成及反對(duì)反致的理由、反致適用的范圍;闡釋了先決問題的含義、構(gòu)成要件及其準(zhǔn)據(jù)法的確定;時(shí)間因素(時(shí)際法律沖突)問題發(fā)生的原因及其解決原則。分析。本節(jié)列舉了一些重要的法律選擇規(guī)則,指出了法律選擇規(guī)則可分為重疊適用的和選擇適用的;法律選擇規(guī)則從結(jié)構(gòu)上可分為兩部分,即“起作用的事實(shí)”或“法律范疇”與連結(jié)因素;由于各國(guó)法律制度不同,法律選擇規(guī)則在適用中會(huì)遇到識(shí)別、連結(jié)因素的解釋以及反致等難題。連結(jié)因素。本節(jié)指出了沖突法使用的連結(jié)因素并不算多,列舉了一些重要的連結(jié)因素,闡述了不僅必須是由英國(guó)法選擇連結(jié)因素,而且必須依英國(guó)法解釋連結(jié)因素的含義,但這個(gè)一般原則有兩個(gè)例外:一是國(guó)籍,一個(gè)人是否具有某國(guó)國(guó)籍,應(yīng)該由該國(guó)法律決定;二是從管轄權(quán)角度而言,在某些情況下住所應(yīng)由有關(guān)的外國(guó)法決定。此外該原則還有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)例外。識(shí)別。本節(jié)論述了識(shí)別問題產(chǎn)生的原因,列舉了發(fā)生識(shí)別問題的具體情形,并且指出英國(guó)法院通常根據(jù)自己的概念進(jìn)行識(shí)別。作者重點(diǎn)就各種解決識(shí)別問題的主張,包括法院地法說(shuō)、準(zhǔn)據(jù)法說(shuō)、分析法學(xué)與比較法、福爾肯布里奇的觀點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行了闡釋,最后通過(guò)案例說(shuō)明,法院地法說(shuō)(在一些案件中被修正以致類似福爾肯布里奇觀點(diǎn)的方法)似乎是代表英國(guó)法院的實(shí)際做法。反致。本節(jié)首先說(shuō)明了反致的含義、反致的類型、以及反致產(chǎn)生的原因,介紹了法國(guó)著名的福果案;詳盡地闡述了反對(duì)反致與贊成反致的理由;通過(guò)詳細(xì)列舉有關(guān)案例說(shuō)明了英國(guó)法院適用反致的領(lǐng)域。附帶問題或先決問題。本節(jié)指出了先決問題的含義,先決問題產(chǎn)生的三個(gè)條件,至于對(duì)先決問題的回答是否影響主要問題的處理,學(xué)者們有不同看法。實(shí)踐中發(fā)生先決問題的案件是極其少見的,該節(jié)討論了加拿大和英國(guó)涉及先決問題的三個(gè)案件,其中加拿大和英國(guó)的一個(gè)案件對(duì)先決問題適用了主要問題的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法,而沒有適用如果該先決問題是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的問題,其本身應(yīng)該適用的法律。另一個(gè)英國(guó)案件則采用了由先決問題決定主要問題的方法。時(shí)間因素。時(shí)間因素問題可能會(huì)因法院地沖突規(guī)則的改變、連結(jié)因素的改變或準(zhǔn)據(jù)法的改變而發(fā)生。在本節(jié),作者重點(diǎn)討論了準(zhǔn)據(jù)法改變的情形,除了兩個(gè)案件,英國(guó)法院在多數(shù)案件中都承認(rèn)了準(zhǔn)據(jù)法改變的效力。從英國(guó)的案例中可以得出的一個(gè)一般觀點(diǎn)是指定準(zhǔn)據(jù)法應(yīng)該是指定該法的全部,包括在發(fā)生有關(guān)事件與適用該法之日這一期間內(nèi)該法所發(fā)生的任何變化。但作者認(rèn)為里普斯忒區(qū)分兩種不同情況更精細(xì)地分析準(zhǔn)據(jù)法改變對(duì)有關(guān)行為或事件或關(guān)系的效力的觀點(diǎn)是正確的,即區(qū)分一次性行為或事件與保持持續(xù)性關(guān)系的行為或事件,在一次性行為或事件發(fā)生后實(shí)施的法律不能影響以前的一次性行為或事件,但能夠影響仍在持續(xù)的關(guān)系。[本章關(guān)鍵詞]applicablelaw,legalcategories,connectingfactors,characterization,renvoi,governinglaw,transmission,doubleortotalorEnglishrenvoi(雙重或完全反致),incidentalquestion,timefactors沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)applicablelaw

準(zhǔn)據(jù)法thelawoftheplaceofthecelebration

締結(jié)地法capacitytomarriage

結(jié)婚能力successiontomovableproperty

動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承successiontoimmovableproperty

不動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承thelawintendedbytheparties

當(dāng)事人選擇的法律operativefacts

起作用的事實(shí)legalcategories

法律范疇,我國(guó)國(guó)際私法學(xué)界通常稱其為“范圍”。connectingfactors

連結(jié)因素又稱連結(jié)點(diǎn),characterization

識(shí)別又稱定性、分類沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)renvoi

反致personallaw

屬人法habitualresidence

慣常居所placeofperformance

履行地intentionoftheparties

當(dāng)事人的意思theplacewherethecourt(forum)issitting

法院所在地ReAnnesley

安斯利案,是英國(guó)法院確立著名的“雙重反致”原則的案件。realtyorpersonalty

不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或動(dòng)產(chǎn)formalvalidity

形式有效性procedural

程序性的limitationofactions

訴訟時(shí)效legalrelation,legalclaim

法律關(guān)系,法律請(qǐng)求invacuo

脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)的沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)lexforitheory

法院地法說(shuō)Kahn卡恩,德國(guó)學(xué)者。Bartin

巴丁,法國(guó)學(xué)者。thelexcausaetheory

準(zhǔn)據(jù)法說(shuō)classification

分類governinglaw

準(zhǔn)據(jù)法publicpolicy

公共政策,是英美法上的稱謂,在大陸法國(guó)家中一般稱公共秩序保留,在我國(guó)稱社會(huì)公共利益。analyticaljurisprudenceandcomparativelaw

分析法學(xué)與比較法ErnstRable

拉貝爾(1874-1955),德國(guó)學(xué)者。W.E.Beckett

貝克特,英國(guó)外交部法律顧問。Falconbridge

福爾肯布里奇,加拿大學(xué)者。expressisverbis

以明確的術(shù)語(yǔ)validityofwills

遺囑的有效性formalrequirements

形式要件,substance

實(shí)質(zhì)ReCohn

科恩案,是英國(guó)法院有關(guān)識(shí)別方法的著名案件。universalsuccession

概括繼承,指繼承死者全部的權(quán)利和義務(wù)contractualliability

合同責(zé)任HouseofLords

上議院,審理上訴法院、高等法院以及來(lái)自蘇格蘭、北愛爾蘭的上訴。thelawoftheplaceofincorporation

公司注冊(cè)地法guarantee

擔(dān)保moratoriumlaw

延期付款法retrospectively

有溯及力地沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)liabilityontheguarantee

擔(dān)保責(zé)任claimant

原告CourtofAppeal

上訴法院restitutionary

恢復(fù)原狀的intangiblemovableproperty

無(wú)形動(dòng)產(chǎn)Renvoi

反致remission

反致transmission

轉(zhuǎn)致,fonsetorigo

起源decision

判決,裁定CourtofCassation

最高法院Forgo’scase

福果案,1883年法國(guó)最高法院審理的福果案是使反致引起廣泛討論的一個(gè)著名案件。illegitimate

私生的remotecollateralrelatives

遠(yuǎn)房旁系親屬ownerless

無(wú)主的localormunicipallaw

內(nèi)國(guó)法minusitsconflictrules

不包括其沖突規(guī)則butminusitsconflictrulesapplyingrenvoi

不包括其運(yùn)用反致的沖突規(guī)則singleorpartialrenvoi

單一或部分反致renvoisimipliciter

絕對(duì)反致codicils遺囑附錄doubleortotalorEnglishrenvoi

雙重反致或完全反致或英國(guó)反致foreigncourtdoctrine

外國(guó)法院說(shuō)materialoressentialvalidity

實(shí)質(zhì)有效性沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)testatrix立遺囑的女人nationallaw

本國(guó)法beseizedofthecase

受理案件intestate

無(wú)遺囑的,未立下遺囑的uniformityofdecision

判決的一致性legitimateexpectation

合理期待successiontomovableonintestacy

無(wú)遺囑動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承titletomovablebytransfersintervivos

生前轉(zhuǎn)讓的動(dòng)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)l(xiāng)egitimationbysubsequentmarriage

通過(guò)(父母)事后結(jié)婚而準(zhǔn)正RecognitionofDivorcesandLegalSeparationsAct19711971年承認(rèn)離婚與判決分居法incidentalquestion

附帶問題又稱先決問題。principalormainquestion

主要問題foreigndivorcedecree

外國(guó)離婚判決Schwebelv.Ungar

施韋貝爾訴安加爾incapacity無(wú)行為能力timefactors

時(shí)間因素又稱時(shí)際法律沖突forum

法庭actionable

可訴的goldclause

黃金條款void

無(wú)效的onceandforallactsorevent

一次性行為或事件expropriate

征用,沒收沖突法專業(yè)英語(yǔ)1.AnalysisTheconflictoflaws,insofarasitisconcernedwiththechoiceoftheapplicablelaw,consistsofonlyasmallnumberofrules;theproblemstendtoarise,asinmostareasofthelaw,withtheexceptions.Butforthemoment,wewillstaywithgeneralrules.Thesecanallbestatedinthesamesimpleform,forexample:(a)theformalvalidityofamarriageisgovernedbythelawoftheplaceofcelebration;(b)capacitytomarryisgovernedbythelawofthepartiesdomiciles;(c)successiontomovablepropertyisgovernedbythethelawofthelastdomicileofthedeceased.(d)successiontoimmovablepropertyisgovernedbythelexsitus.(e)procedureisgovernedbythelexfori;(f)contractsaregoverned(ingeneral)bythelawintentedbytheparties.Someissuearegovernedbymorethanonesystemoflaw,either(i)cumulatively,as:atcommonlawliabilityforallegedtortscommittedabroadisgovernedbyboththelexfori(Englishlaw)andthelawof

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