選詞與句式變換(碩士版)

英語寫作

選詞與句式變換選詞Informal---formalGood=?Bad=?Very=?Important=?Always=?Know=?So=?Want=?Think=?Many=?Good=helpful,useful,beneficial,favorable,advantageous,positive,favorable,rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superiorGoodpoints=benefits,advantages,merits.Bad=dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的)Problems,badpoints=drawbacks,disadvantages,shortcomings,defectsVery=extremely,intheextreme,intensely,immensely,exceedingly，remarkablyImportant=crucial,significant,vital,indispensableAlways=invariablyKnow=beawareof,befamiliarwithSo=therefore,consequently,asaconsequence,asaresult,leadto,contributeto,attributeto,accordingly

Want=intendto,tendto,beinclinedto,desireThink=consider,believe,holdtheview/opinion/beliefthat,claim,insist,taketheattitudethat,

itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat,argueMany=agreatdealof,amajorityof,mostof,avast/increasingnumberof,aseaof,amultitudeof

Cause=giveriseto,leadto,resultin,triggerPeople=individuals,characters,folksThing=affair,business,matterInmyopinion=formypart,frommyownperspectiveRemember=bearinmindthatAspect=facet,dimension,sphereGet=acquire,gain,obtainDonot=failto,omittogeneral---specificstudents---sophomores/freshmen/juniors/seniorsGo---run/rush/hike/makeone’swaySmile---giggle/grin/chuckleSad-depressed/sorrowful/anxious/regretfulHappy---pleased/joyful/delightfulword---phraseConsider---takeintoaccountGo---makeone’swayAngry---loseone’stemperLaughat---makefunofRemember---keepinmind,learn…byheartRealize---cometrueUseful---ofmuchuseLearn---haveagoodcommandofShould---besupposedtov…Come---isaroundthecornerHappy---beinagoodmoodSad---beinlowspiritsEmphasize---laymuchemphasison…Respect---lookuptoThings---what……common---idiomLikeeverything---loveme,lovemydog.Everythinghastwosides.---Everycoinhastwosides.Everywayisright.----AllRoadsleadtoRome.促進/提高/增強/改善giveaboostto/enhance/motivate/better/promote角色Playanimportant(active,major,central,crucial,essential,integral,prominent,vital)role—Playabigpart---Takealeadingpart---在當代Incontemporarysociety,inpresent-daysociety,inthisdayandage;解決:Solve,dealwith,copewith,handle,resolve,address,tackle—(economiccrisis,deterioratedenvironment,shortagesofwater,unemployment,trafficjams….)培養(yǎng)：：Develop,cultivate,foster,culture—(education—cultivatethespiritofindependence）常用表達認為：maintain,assert,,hold,argue,beconvinced,befirmlyconvinced,消除：Eliminate,clear,remove,clearup,Alleviate—ease;減輕,緩解(就業(yè)壓力,新能源緩解資源緊張;經(jīng)濟增長方式轉變緩解發(fā)展壓力---Anumberofmeasuresweretakentoalleviatetheproblem.)Worsen—deteriorate;aggravate(環(huán)境惡化)適應的形勢/變化：adapt/adjust/accommodate(使適應)oneselftonewenvironment/change;接觸各種思想/經(jīng)歷：beexposedtonewideas/experiences/problemsMake…possible—電腦的使用促使人們在家上班:Theuseofcomputersandotherhigh-techofficeequipmenthasmadeitpossibleformorepeopletoworkfromhome.Enable,encourage,entitle談中國的老年人如何受到社會的尊重—適用于個人/社會類話題InChina,respectforseniorcitizensisshowninthefactthattheyareentitledtomanypublicservicesfreeofcharge.Stop,keep,prevent,prohibit太多的學業(yè)壓力對學生的負面影響—Toomuchacademicpressuredeprivesyoungstudentsoftheopportunitytotakepartinanyextracurricularactivitiesandpreventthemfromenjoyingtheirschoolyears.(hinder---obstruct—hedge)Obviously,thepictureshowsthatacultureofonenationmaybecomeinternational,whichisbeneficialtoallthehumanbeings.show:indicate,reveal,suggest,proveAsthenumbershows,nearly200billiondollarsarelostintobaccoeveryyear.number:figure,statistics避免be形式表達，盡可能選擇表示強有力的行為動詞，寫出生動，簡潔，有力，耐讀和連貫的文章。Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-TanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing.TheTian-Tanparkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.NearmyhousestandsTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.Ecologicalimbalancesisthebiggestthreattothesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants.Ecologicalimbalancesthreatenthesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants,evenhumanbeings.TheInternetmakesmelearnEnglishmoreconveniently.TheInternetfacilitatedmyEnglishstudy.避免一味用Thereis開頭

Therearemoreandmorepeoplewhorealizetherelationbetweenexaminationandteachingmethods.Therelationbetweentheexaminationandteachingmethodsisincreasinglyrecognized.避免一味用People,I,We開頭

Wewillalwaysrememberthesmileonherface.Thesmileonherfacewillbefirmlyrootedinourminds.Wecertainlyshouldoffergoodservice.Goodserviceiscertainlyrequired.It---句型的廣泛使用Itmustbepointedoutthat...必須指出……

Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認……

Itisimaginedthat...人們認為……

Itcannotbedeniedthat...不可否認……

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可知……

Itshouldberealizedthat...必須認識到……

Itis(always)stressedthat...人們(總是)強調……

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...可以毫不夸張地說……短句變長句

受漢語思維習慣影響，很多考生往往會直接將腦子里的意思譯成英語，而忽略句與句之間的聯(lián)系，導致寫出來的句子無法體現(xiàn)英語作為“形合語言”的特點。因此，在平時寫作時，考生要注意前后句子之間是否存在聯(lián)系，善于發(fā)現(xiàn)各個簡單句之間的關聯(lián)，用恰當?shù)倪B接詞將簡單句連接起來，組成準確地道的復雜長句，增加文章的氣勢。【原文】Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.【優(yōu)化】

Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.

長句變短句長句固然能表達出復雜而縝密的思想，但如果片面追求復雜句子，反而會顯得華而不實，成為表達的累贅。寫作中句子的長短應根據(jù)表達的需要而定。短句不僅指句子長度較短，也指句子內部結構精煉，簡潔是寫作的一個重要原則，用詞累贅則是寫作的大忌。①Withthedeepeningofreformandopeningupofourcountry,studyingoverseasisbecominganincreasinglypopularoption.②Peoplewhochoosetofurthertheirstudiesabroadinsistthatiftheygotostudyoverseastheycangetmanybenefitsindifferentways.③First,whentheyliveinaforeigncountry,theycanimprovetheirforeignlanguageskills.④Second,iftheycompletepartoralloftheireducationoverseas,theycangainabroaderordifferentperspectiveontheirfieldofstudy.⑤Third,theycanexperienceadifferentculturefirst-hand.

【提示】將②中的賓語從句改為簡單句，將其中的條件狀語從句改為主語。將③中的時間狀語從句改為現(xiàn)在分詞短語。將④中的條件狀語從句改為主語，該句變?yōu)楹唵尉??！緝?yōu)化】Withthedeepeningofreformandopeningupofourcountry,studyingoverseasisbecominganincreasinglypopularoption.Peoplewhochoosetofurthertheirstudiesabroadinsistthatoverseasstudycanbenefitthemindifferentways.First,livinginaforeigncountry,theycanimprovetheirforeignlanguagesskills.Second,completingpartoralloftheireducationoverseashelpsthemgainabroaderordifferentperspectiveontheirfieldofstudy.Third,theycanexperienceadifferentculturefirst-hand.

①However,therearestillmanypeoplewhofavorstudyingathome.②Theyarguethat,studyingabroadistooexpensiveandthereforedoesnotpayoffandhavenolanguageandculturalbarriers.【提示】將②改成兩句，分別陳述兩個理由?！緝?yōu)化】However,therearestillmanypeoplewhofavorstudyingathome.Theyarguethat,studyingabroadistooexpensiveandthereforedoesnotpayoff.What’smore,therearenolanguageandculturalbarrierswhenstudyinginourcountry.

主動句和被動句變換

與漢語相比，英語更注重動作本身，而不是動作的執(zhí)行者，因此在英語中被動語態(tài)的使用相對多一些，但這并不表明要一味地追求被動語態(tài)的使用。主動變被動不需要體現(xiàn)動作的執(zhí)行者【原文】 Weshouldpaymoreattentiontotheelderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandenergytoourcountry.

【優(yōu)化】

Moreattentionshouldbepaidtotheelderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandenergytoourcountry.

請將劃線部分進行改寫，使其更符合表達需要1.Weknowthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Weshouldadvisepeopletoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements3.Nowadays,publicplacesandadvertisementsofanykindforbidsmoking.4.Thoseinfavorofuniversitymarriagearguethatweshouldgivecollegestudentstherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.1.Itisalmostknownthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Peopleshouldbeadvisedtoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements.3.Nowadays,smokingisforbiddeninpublicplacesandadvertisementsofanykind.4.Thoseinfavorofuniversitymarriagearguethatcollegestudentsshouldbegiventherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.

非謂語和從句變換

非謂語動詞包括不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?！驹摹?WhenIlookintothefuture,IwilltrymybesttoservemyfellowstudentsifIamluckyenoughtobePresidentoftheStudentUnion.【優(yōu)化】

Lookingintothefuture,IwilltrymybesttoservemyfellowstudentsifIamluckyenoughtobePresidentoftheStudentUnion.

請將劃線的部分改為非謂語動詞形式。1.Itmustberealizedthatpeopleshouldbecautiouswhentheydecidewhichbookstheyshouldchoosetoreadsinceiftheyreadbadbooks,itwillbetime-wastingandharmful.2.Becauseoneofmyparentsislaidoff,myfamilycan’tpossiblyaffordallmyexpensesatcollege.3.Thelawcanpunishthosewhoproduceorsellfakecommodities.

1.Itmustberealizedthatpeopleshouldbecautiouswhendecidingwhichbookstoreadsincereadingbadbooksistime-wastingandharmful.2.Withoneofmyparentsbeinglaidoff,myfamilycan’tpossiblyaffordallmyexpensesatcollege.3.Thelawcanpunishthoseproducingorsellingfakecommodities.松散到緊湊變換

如果一篇文章只是具有意義上的連貫，而形式上比較松散，就很難突出主題，較好地表達作者的意圖。為了能夠使文章主題明確、線索明了，而且句式富于變化，句與句之間、段與段之間都需要一定的連接手段。寫作中常用的連接手段有：使用過渡性詞語 表示過渡性的詞語從功能上分，主要可以分為表轉折、表讓步、表層進、表舉例或列舉、表總結、表強調、表比較或對比等連接詞語。過渡詞的使用（1）表并列關系的過渡詞:

and,also,aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonly...butalso,both...and,either...or,neither...nor（2）表遞進關系的過渡詞(承):

besides,inaddition/additionally,moreover,what’smore,moreimportantly,furthermore,what’sworse（更糟糕的是）（3）表轉折對比的過渡詞：

but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary(相反),although,despite,inspiteof,whereas（而）,unlike,nevertheless（然而）,theformer...thelatter,（4）表原因的過渡詞:

because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto（5）表結果的過渡詞:

so,asaresult,then,consequently,thereby,therefore,hence,thus,sothat…,so...that…,such...that…

（6）表時間的過渡詞:

when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards（事后）,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,inthemeantime,suddenly,atthesametime,afterawhile,presently,allofasudden,fromnowon,atpresent,themoment（7）表特定順序關系的過渡詞:

first,firstly,firstofall,foronething,ononehand,

atfirst,inthefirstplace,

tostartwith,primarily,second,secondly,foranother,ontheotherhand,then,next,third,thirdly,finally,intheend,atlast,last,eventually,ultimately,

lastbutnottheleast（8）表換一種方式表達的過渡詞:

inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway（9）表進行舉例說明的過渡詞:

forinstance,forexample,like,suchas,acaseinpoint（10）表條件的過渡詞:

if,unless,onconditionthat（條件是）,as/solongas（只要）(11）表陳述事實的過渡詞:

infact,actually,virtually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth（12）表強調的過渡詞:

certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutany（13）表比較的過渡詞：

like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,similarto

（14）表目的的過渡詞：

forthisreason,forthispurpose(為此),sothat,inorderto,soasto（15）表總結的過渡詞:

inaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary

過渡詞的應用實例

有的學生在作文中使用過多的簡單句，成了簡單句的堆砌；有的寫復雜句時，動輒用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等，這非但達不到豐富表達方式的目的，反而使句子結構松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過使用不同的過渡詞來出現(xiàn)豐富句型，把思想表達得更清楚，意義更連貫。

TVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.Websitesalsohavedifferentsections.Youmaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.

Theyaredifferentinmanyways.MovingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation.Itmakesyoufeelthatyouarejustonthespot.Theprogramschangeeveryday.ProfessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.

Someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime.Notallofitissoupdated.Everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporters.

Everymediumhasitsownfeatures.Itishardtosaywhichisbetter.

學生習作:TVandwebsite

點評：這段文字多用簡單句來表達，它們之間內在的邏輯關系含糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果合理使用過渡詞，將單句前后合并，形成主次關系，就能把一個比較復雜的內容和關系表達得層次清楚、結構嚴謹。

修改后的文章：

TVandwebsiteBothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.SimilartoTV,websitesalsohavedifferentsections,sothatyoumaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.

However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.Aboveall,movingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation,whichmakesyoufeelasifyouarejustonthespot.Then,theprogramschangeeverydayandprofessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.UnlikeTV,someinformationonwebsiteschangesallthetime,butnotallofitissoupdated.Inaddition,everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporters.

Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures,soitishardtosaywhichisbetter.

WhenitcomestothetestofspokenEnglish,people’sopinionsdiffer.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnecessarytoadoptsuchatest.Foronething,fluentspeakingabilityisbadlyneededintoday’ssocietythatisexperiencingreformandopening-up.Foranother,inamorecompetitivesocietysuchasourstoday,fluentspokenEnglishmeansmoreadvantageyouhavetobeatyourrivalincompetingforapositionwithmuchappealtobothofyou.

Somepeople,however,takeadifferentattitude.Theyregardthetestasbeingunnecessary.Intheirviews,fluentspokenEnglishdoesnotnecessarilymeanabetterjob;sometimes,opportunityplaysamoreimportantrole.Furthermore,manypeopledonotusespokenEnglishatallintheirwork.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Iamreallyinfavorofthetest.Ontheonehand,itcanencouragecollegestudentstotryeverymeanstoimprovetheirspokenEnglish.Ontheotherhand,collegestudentswillbenefitendlesslyintheirfuturecareeriftheycanspeakfluentEnglish.SoIdecidetomakeuseofeveryopportunitytopracticemyspokenEnglish,andsurelyitwilldomemuchgood.ALetterinReplytoaFriendDecember27,2008

DearTom,

Iamverypleasedtoknowthatyouaregoingtoapplyforadmissiontooneuniversity.Ithasbeenseveralyearssincewepartedlasttime,andsoonwewillprobablymeetagain.Inmyopinion,youshouldmajorinEnglish.Ononehand,Englishisaverypopularmajoratouruniversityandwehavemodernteachingmethodsandprestigiousprofessors.Ontheotherhand,youseemtohaveagiftforlanguagelearningandyouarereallygoodatEnglish.

AstothepreparationforapplyingfortheEnglishmajorofouruniversity,IsuggestyoupaymoreattentiontospokenEnglish.Ifyoumakeagoodperformanceinoraltest,youwillhavethepriority.Itisunnecessaryforyoutobenervous.Inaddition,whenmakingpreparationyoushoulddomoremodeltests.Iamsureyouwillsucceedintheexam.

PleaseinformmeifthereissomethingIcandoforyou.Iamlookingforwardtomeetingyouonourcampus. Sincerelyyours, LiMing作文中的典型錯誤分析時態(tài)、語態(tài)的誤用:Wehavelittletimetoreadsomebookswhichweinterest.(誤)Mostofthestudentssatisfywiththeserviceinthedinghall.(誤)Manypeoplethoughtthattheinternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.(誤)Wehavelittletimetoreadsomebooksinwhichweareinterested.(正)Mostofthestudentsaresatisfiedwiththeserviceinthedinghall.(正)Manypeoplethinkthattheinternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.(正)謂語與非謂語結構錯誤：Therearemanystudentsthinkcollegeeducationisworthwhile.(誤)Doexerciseinthemorningisgoodforone’shealth.(誤)Therehavesomereasonsaccountforit.(誤)Therefore,theyconsiderthroughtheuniversityrankingcanjudgeaschoolisbadorgood.

(誤)Therearemanystudentswhothinkcollegeeducationisworthwhile.(正)