第45講 名詞及名詞短語201611051112

Lecture4:

NounsandNounPhrasesStructureofanounphraseAlmostallChinesestudentsthinkthatEnglishgrammarisveryimportant.AlmostallChinesestudents

EnglishgrammarAlmostallChinesestudents

Englishgrammardeterminer限定詞modifier修飾語head中心名詞Structureofanounphrasedeterminer+modifier+heade.g:Englishbooksonthetable前置修飾語后置修飾語modifierMaincontents:ModifierNounDeterminerModifier充當前置修飾語planeticketswisestudentsdevelopingcountriesdevelopedcountriesone-sentence-longnovels名詞形容詞-ing

分詞-ed分詞Others充當后置修飾語（長成分）booksonthetablebooksimportantforusbooksconcerningaboutgrammarbookswrittenbyhimbooksIboughtforhim

介詞短語形容詞短語-ing分詞短語-ed分詞短語定語從句Nouns

ClassificationofnounsGenitiveCase(屬格)ClassificationofNouns1)Accordingtowordformation:簡單名詞：復合名詞：派生名詞：boy,girl,man,shipboyfriend,grandfatherarrangement,greatness2)Accordingtolexicalmeaning

普通名詞commonnoun

專有名詞propernoun個體名詞集體名詞有生命的：無生命的：物質名詞抽象名詞人名、地名、國家名、星期、月份、節(jié)日、著作名稱、江河湖泊等等book,student,tree,house,etc.police,team,familyfurniture,food,fruitwater,cotton,air,paperlove,happiness,hope,management3)AccordingtogrammaticalformCountableNounsUncountableNounsCountablevs.uncountable個體名詞有生命的集體名詞 普通名詞無生命的

物質名詞抽象名詞

專有名詞可數名詞不可數名詞可數、不可數之間的轉換物質名詞個體名詞waterawater（一片水域）copperacopper（一個銅板）抽象名詞個體名詞successasuccess(一件成功事情/一位成功人士)experience(經驗)experiences（經歷）relation(關系)relations(親戚)workajob專有名詞個體名詞BrowntheBrowns（一家人）BrownaBrown（一個姓Brown的人）BrowntwoBrowns（兩個同姓Brown的人）Countablevs.uncountable個體名詞可數名詞有生命的集體名詞： 普通名詞無生命的

物質名詞不可數名詞抽象名詞

專有名詞：China,Monday思考：個體名詞（可數名詞）是否可以變?yōu)椴豢蓴得~？Thereis____onyournose.A.aneggB.theeggC.eggD.eggsYouhavegotsome_____onyourshirt.____camethatIwasneededathome.A.AwordB.WordsC.WordD.ThewordCCCCountablevs.uncountableForexample:A:Wouldyoulikeacake?B:No,Idon’tlikecake.A:cake:countable,“一塊蛋糕”；B:cake:uncountable,“蛋糕”的總稱Countablevs.uncountable個體名詞可數名詞有生命的集體名詞： 普通名詞無生命的

物質名詞不可數名詞抽象名詞

專有名詞：China,Monday1a)Ineedsomepapertowritealetteron.1b)Iboughtapaper.2a)Hebrokeaglass.2b)Hebrokeapieceofglass.3a)Shehadgreatbeautyinheryouth.3b)Shewasabeautyinheryouth.4a)Ilikebeer.4b)Twobeersandthreecoffees,please.Practice:總結：可數與不可數是相對的；關鍵在于名詞所表達的意義；意義又是由語境和上下文決定的?？蓴?、不可數之間的轉換Exercise1:Countablevs.UncountableGenitivecase(possessivecase)Maincontents:FormationUsagesMeaningsIndependentgenitivecaseDoublegenitivecaseIFormation(屬格的構成)e.g.:mymother()arrival;thegirls()dormitory;anhourandahalf()walk;mymother-in-law()death;TomandMary’sbook;Tom’sandMary’sbooks’s’’s’s二人共有的書二人各自的書思考：John’stableJohn’slegs能否說atable’slegs?thebook’scover?theclassroom’sstudentsIIUsage(屬格的用法)華盛頓的雕像瑪麗的汽車母愛他妹夫的手表鳥巢政府的決定國家資源GeorgeWashington’sstatueMary’scarmother’slovehisbrother-in-law’swatchbird’snestgovernment’sdecisionthenation’sresourceIIUsage(屬格的用法)中國的人口美國的態(tài)度歐盟的出口太陽的光線月亮的陰影地球的引力China’spopulationtheUnitedStates’attitudetheEuropeanUnion’sexportsthesun’sraythemoon’sshadowtheearth’sgravityIIUsage(屬格的用法)一小時的步行今年的銷售額一個月的工資兩周的時間一美元的肉一噸的鋼鐵anhour’sworkthisyear’ssaleamonth’ssalarytwoweeks’timeonedollar’sworthofmeataton’ssteelIIUsage(屬格的用法)GeorgeWashington’sstatueMary’scarmother’slovehisbrother-in-law’swatchbird’snestgovernment’sdecisionthenation’sresourceNamesPersonalnamesAnimalsCollective

nounsIIUsage(屬格的用法)China’spopulationtheUnitedStates’attitudetheEuropeanUnion’sexportsthesun’sraythemoon’sshadowtheearth’sgravityGeographicalnamesheavenly

bodiesIIUsage(屬格的用法)anhour’sworkthisyear’ssaleamonth’ssalarytwoweeks’timeonedollar’sworthofmeataton’ssteelTime,measure,values小結：名詞屬格（’s）只能放在下列名詞之后：

有生命物的視為有生命物 地理名稱、天體名稱時間、距離、度量、價值思考：John’stableJohn’slegs能否說atable’slegs?thebook’scover?theclassroom’sstudentslegsofatablethecoverofthebookstudentsintheclassroomIIIMeaningsofgenitivecaseForexample,Anelephant’strunk=AnelephanthasatrunkThepresident’sarrival=ThepresidentarrivedThecriminal’spunishment=Sb.punishedthecriminalMary’sletter=aletterfromMaryMen’sshoes=shoesformenAnhour’swork 所有關系主謂關系動賓關系來源分類/類別計量名詞屬格（’s）和of短語互換：Anelephant’strunk AtrunkofanelephantThepresident’sarrival

ThearrivalofthepresidentThecriminal’spunishment Thepunishmentofthecriminal所有關系主謂關系動賓關系名詞屬格表示事物類別或屬性時，不能與of短語轉換。children’spictorial（兒童畫報）*pictorialofchildrenmen’sclothing（男士服裝）*clothingofmenadoctor’sdegree（博士學位）*adegreeofdoctorof短語的使用情況：一、表示無生命物體的所有關系，只能用of結構TherootofthechurchThetitleofthebookThelegofthetable二、有生命名詞后面有短語或從句修飾時，也要用of結構Whatisthenameoftheboysittingnexttoher?IVIndependentgenitivecase

(獨立屬格)Forexample,ThisisMary’sbook,andthatisTom’s.Mary’sbookvs.Tom’s:把中心名詞（如book）省略，只留下屬格（如Tom’s），這樣的情形就是獨立屬格。三種情形要省略：a)Ellipticalgenitive:上下文省略b)Somebody’shouseorresidence（某人的住宅）:e.g.:gotomysister’s

=mysister’shomeIcalledatmyuncle’syesterday.=myuncle’shome獨立屬格：中心名詞在上下文中省略或可以在情境中推斷出來。c)Shopsorchurch:e.g.:atthebaker’s

atthebutcher’satthechemist’satthedoctor’sc)Shopsorchurch:e.g.:atthebaker’s(shop)在面包店atthebutcher’s(shop)在肉鋪atthechemist’s(store)在藥店atthedoctor’s(clinic)在醫(yī)生的診所VDoublegenitive雙重屬格雙重屬格：有兩個屬格Afriendofmyfather’s(camehere)

Oneofmyfather’sfriends

(camehere)Myfatherhasmanyfriends,oneofhisfriendscamehere.

VDoublegenitive雙重屬格雙重屬格：有兩個屬格，只表示所有關系Afriendofmyfather’sindependentgenitiveN+of+(friends)所有關系Forexample:afriendofthedoctor’sadaughterofMrsGreen’sabookofTom’sAportraitofMr.Brown’sabookofTomaportraitofMr.Brown(可表示關于Tom的書)(Brown先生自己的畫像)ExerciseII.GenitivecaseDeterminers

限定詞：the(my)bookabooktwobookssomebooks特指泛指確定數量非確定數量Determiners

限定詞：對名詞中心詞起特指（如the,my）和泛指（如a）、以及表示確定數量（如two）和非確定數量（如some,any）等限定作用的詞。Threetopics:TypesofdeterminersCollocationsbetweendeterminersandnounsWordorderbetweendeterminersTypesofdeterminers

(限定詞的種類)定冠詞，不定冠詞，零冠詞物主限定詞名詞屬格指示限定詞關系限定詞疑問限定詞不定限定詞基數詞，序數詞，分數詞倍數量詞the,a,anmy,your,his,her,their,our,itsthis,that,these,those,suchwhose,whichwhat,which,whosesome,any,each,every,all,bothone,first,two-thirdlotsof,plentyof,alotofJohn’s,Mary’shalf,twicebothworkersafewwordsfewwordeachbookeachbooksalargeamountofmoney（×）（×）Collocationsbetweendeterminersandnounsbothworkersafewwordsfewwordeachbookeachbooksalargeamountofmoney單數名詞限定詞與復數名詞不可數名詞教材60-64頁有詳細的介紹Forexample,AlltheotherEnglishstudentsTheallotherEnglishstudentsOtheralltheEnglishstudentsOthertheallEnglishstudents（√）WordorderbetweendeterminersPositionsofdeterminers:

all

the

otherEnglishstudentspre-centralpost前位中位后位教材64-65頁有詳細的介紹前位限定詞：

表示倍數的：half;double,twice,threetimes等；表示幾分之幾的：one-third,twofifths等;個體形容詞：all,both,such(a/an)e.g.:halfmysalary

allmysalary

bothmysalaries中位限定詞：冠詞：a/an,the,zero;指示形容詞：this,that,these,those;物主形容詞：my,your,her,his,our,their;名詞屬格：Mary’s,hisfather’s,etc.;數量限定詞：some,any,enough;

個體限定詞：no,every,each,either,neither;后位限定詞：基數詞：one,two,three,etc.;序數詞：first,second,etc.;一般序數詞：next,last,other,another;數量限定詞：many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,such,etc.;E.g.:mynextplan,mymanyfriends規(guī)則：前位限定詞之間互相排斥，即只能有一個;E.g.:*allbothstudents；中位限定詞之間互相排斥，即只能有一個；E.g.:*mythatbook,

*thatmybook,*thoseMary’sbook,*Mary’sthosebook；規(guī)則：多個后位限定詞可連用，語序依據意義排列，e.g.:thoselastfewmonths

severalhundredstudents theotherthreegirls小結：限定詞分為前位、中位、后位；前位相互排斥；中位也相互排斥；后位則不受限制。限定詞用法比較（參看教材68-72頁）Every和each的區(qū)別二者都可以做限定詞，表示全體中的“每個”