(完整word版)專四語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

專四必備語(yǔ)法一■、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：.表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)的形式：(1)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：I'lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來(lái)電話。 (賓語(yǔ)從句)比較：I'lltellhimwhenyouringagain^再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。 (狀語(yǔ)從句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn 'tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式).完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：(1)by/between/upto/till+過(guò)去時(shí)間、since、bythetime/when+表示過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的從句， 主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)(2)by+將來(lái)時(shí)間、bythetime/when+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過(guò)去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如:Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.但在itis+具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.⑸在nosooner…than…，hardly/scarcely 句when?主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)， 然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)， 縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。二、不定式.不定式做主語(yǔ)(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語(yǔ)的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般由介詞 for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做1表語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’sclevoefryoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(2)不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：掌握常用不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth..不定式做賓語(yǔ)掌握要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.3.不定式做定語(yǔ)(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或 next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個(gè)登上月球的女性(2)如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：tendencytodoftendtodo,decisiontodo fdecidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：ambitiontodo干的雄心”-beambitioustodo有雄心干”curiositytodo對(duì)的好奇心”fbecurioustodo寸好奇”abilitytodo做?…，?的能力”-abletodoW"能方做”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspeciesabilitytosurvive’arenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)，這些名詞包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運(yùn)動(dòng))，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved..不定式做狀語(yǔ)不定式做狀語(yǔ)主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，soasto不能置于句首。如：(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough …to3oo故程Wo語(yǔ)。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewas2hardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。常見(jiàn)的不定式動(dòng)詞有 find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo???to,too…notto,but/onlytoo eagetOaWOnreOmMto表示肯定意義。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽(tīng)到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動(dòng)名詞.必須接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago..動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語(yǔ)考生尤其要識(shí)別下列短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer …to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如：四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。在概念上應(yīng)清楚：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。1.分詞做定語(yǔ)，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于省略了的定語(yǔ)從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfaday3beforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.（相當(dāng)于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced …）Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.（相當(dāng)于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedtoTheauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.（相當(dāng)于,,descriptionwhichwasbasedon…）（3）下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一個(gè)逃犯 aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾 anewlyarrivedstudent一個(gè)新來(lái)的學(xué)生.分詞做狀語(yǔ)，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式（1）表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.（complete先于start之前發(fā)生）（2）表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。如：Hewasn’atskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.（3）表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.（4）表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.（5）表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 （同位），置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask..分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ)，否則分詞短語(yǔ)要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個(gè)部分。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn)1.接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法TOC\o"1-5"\h\zmeantodo想要（做某事） proposetodo打算 （做某事 ）meandoing意味（做某事 ） proposedoing建議 （做某事 ）forgettodo忘記 （要做的事 ） remembertodo記得 （要做某事 ）4TOC\o"1-5"\h\zIntheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果 )Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon 'tgotoofarfromthRWerbank.Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(彳矍如 )Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit? (彳矍如 )(3)祈使句表示條件。如： Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou ’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered..讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)復(fù)合連接詞 forallthat和分詞granting/granted(that)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’betseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills..時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)before表示漢語(yǔ)的 只有/必須 才能“。如：Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.(2)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句時(shí)，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時(shí)突然 ”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.⑶whenitcomesto是習(xí)慣用法，意為當(dāng)談到 時(shí)"。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.(4)名詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ) each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起連詞作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically: “Areyoufeelingallright? ”Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth ’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundthinthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.(5)副詞directly,immediately,instantly,now弓I導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句,相當(dāng)于assoona3如：Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.4.原因狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)inthat引導(dǎo)原因從句時(shí) ,有時(shí)翻譯成 “是因?yàn)椤?、“就在于”。?:Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(2)nowthat表示既然"；seeingthat,considerin索示鑒于“、考慮到"。如：Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingthatsheislawfullyol