《實(shí)戰(zhàn)整合營(yíng)銷(xiāo)學(xué)》完整講稿ile

ComputerOperatingSystemsFANGDingyi(房鼎益)DepartmentofNetworking&CommunicationEng.TEL:88308273(lab);88308114(O)Email:dyf@WordsbeforetheCourse:Textbook:OperatingSystems—InternalsandDesignPrinciples

(3irdor4thedition)，WilliamStalling,PrenticeHall/清華大學(xué)出版社;魏迎梅等譯，電子工業(yè)出版社出版WordsbeforetheCourse:Grade:30%(10%presentation+10%homewwork+10%project)+

30%(midtermexam)+40%(finalexam)Claimoftheexam:allquestionareinEnglishWordsbeforetheCourse:Referenceboobs（inChinese）:1.《計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)》,駱斌等著，高等教育出版社；2.《計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)》,孫雅如、房鼎益著，西電出版社；

3.《計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)》,湯子贏等著，西電出版社；4.《計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)》,何炎祥等著，清華大學(xué)出版社；ComputerSystemOverviewChapter1OperatingSystemExploitsthehardwareresourcesofoneormoreprocessors(充分利用處理機(jī)資源)Providesasetofservicestosystemusers(提供方便用戶(hù)使用的服務(wù))ManagessecondarymemoryandI/Odevices(管理外存與外設(shè))BasicElementsProcessorMainMemoryreferredtoasrealmemoryorprimarymemoryVolatile(易揮發(fā)的—掉電后內(nèi)容丟失)I/OmodulessecondarymemorydevicescommunicationsequipmentterminalsSystembuscommunicationamongprocessors,memory,andI/OmodulesTop-LevelComponentsProcessorRegistersUser-visibleregistersEnableprogrammertominimizemain-memoryreferencesbyoptimizingregisteruseControlandstatusregistersUsedbyprocessortocontroloperatingoftheprocessorUsedbyoperating-systemroutinestocontroltheexecutionofprogramsUser-VisibleRegistersMaybereferencedbymachinelanguageAvailabletoallprograms-applicationprogramsandsystemprogramsTypesofregistersDataAddressIndexSegmentpointerStackpointerUser-VisibleRegistersAddressRegistersIndexinvolvesaddinganindextoabasevaluetogetanaddressSegmentpointerwhenmemoryisdividedintosegments,memoryisreferencedbyasegmentandanoffsetStackpointerpointstotopofstackControlandStatusRegistersProgramCounter(PC)ContainstheaddressofaninstructiontobefetchedInstructionRegister(IR)ContainstheinstructionmostrecentlyfetchedProgramStatusWord(PSW)conditioncodesInterruptenable/disableSupervisor/usermodeControlandStatusRegistersConditionCodesorFlagsBitssetbytheprocessorhardwareasaresultofoperationsCanbeaccessedbyaprogrambutnotalteredExamplespositiveresultnegativeresultzeroOverflowInstructionExecutionTwostepsProcessorreadsinstructionsfrommemoryFetchesProcessorexecuteseachinstructionInstructionCycleInstructionFetchandExecuteTheprocessorfetchestheinstructionfrommemoryProgramcounter(PC)holdsaddressoftheinstructiontobefetchednextProgramcounterisincrementedaftereachfetchInstructionRegisterFetchedinstructionisplacedintheinstructionregisterTypesofinstructionsProcessor-memorytransferdatabetweenprocessorandmemoryProcessor-I/OdatatransferredtoorfromaperipheraldeviceDataprocessingarithmeticorlogicoperationondataControlaltersequenceofexecutionCharacteristicsofaHypotheticalMachineExampleofProgramExecutionDirectMemoryAccess(DMA)I/OexchangesoccurdirectlywithmemoryProcessorgrantsI/OmoduleauthoritytoreadfromorwritetomemoryRelievestheprocessorresponsibilityfortheexchangeProcessorisfreetodootherthingsInterruptsAninterruptionofthenormalsequenceofexecutionImprovesprocessingefficiencyAllowstheprocessortoexecuteotherinstructionswhileanI/OoperationisinprogressAsuspensionofaprocesscausedbyaneventexternaltothatprocessandperformedinsuchawaythattheprocesscanberesumedClassesofInterruptsProgramFlowofControlWithoutInterruptsProgramFlowofControlWithInterrupts,ShortI/OWaitProgramFlowofControlWithInterrupts;LongI/OWaitInterruptHandlerAprogramthatdeterminesnatureoftheinterruptandperformswhateveractionsareneededControlistransferredtothisprogramGenerallypartoftheoperatingsystemInterruptsSuspendsthenormalsequenceofexecutionInterruptCycleInterruptCycleProcessorchecksforinterruptsIfnointerruptsfetchthenextinstructionforthecurrentprogramIfaninterruptispending(待解決的),suspendexecutionofthecurrentprogram,andexecutetheinterrupt-handlerroutineTimingDiagramBasedonShortI/OWaitTimingDiagramBasedonShortI/OWaitSimpleInterruptProcessingChangesinMemoryandRegistersforanInterruptChangesinMemoryandRegistersforanInterruptMultipleInterruptsDisableinterruptswhileaninterruptisbeingprocessedMultipleInterruptsDefineprioritiesforinterruptsMultipleInterruptsMultiprogrammingProcessorhasmorethanoneprogramtoexecuteThesequencetheprogramsareexecuteddependontheirrelativepriorityandwhethertheyarewaitingforI/OAfteraninterrupthandlercompletes,controlmaynotreturntotheprogramthatwasexecutingatthetimeoftheinterruptMemoryHierarchyFasteraccesstime,greatercostperbitGreatercapacity,smallercostperbitGreatercapacity,sloweraccessspeedMemoryHierarchyGoingDowntheHierarchyDecreasingcostperbitIncreasingcapacityIncreasingaccesstimeDecreasingfrequencyofaccessofthememorybytheprocessorLocalityofreferenceSecondaryMemoryNonvolatileAuxiliarymemoryUsedtostoreprogramanddatafilesDiskCacheAportionofmainmemoryusedasabuffertotemporarilytoholddataforthediskDiskwritesareclusteredSomedatawrittenoutmaybereferencedagain.ThedataareretrievedrapidlyfromthesoftwarecacheinsteadofslowlyfromdiskCacheMemoryInvisibletooperatingsystemIncreasethespeedofmemoryProcessorspeedisfasterthanmemoryspeedExploittheprincipleoflocalityCacheMemoryCacheMemoryContainsacopyofaportionofmainmemoryProcessorfirstcheckscacheIfnotfoundincache,theblockofmemorycontainingtheneededinformationismovedtothecacheanddeliveredtotheprocessorCache/MainMemorySystemCacheReadOperationCacheDesignCachesizeSmallcacheshaveasignificantimpactonperformanceBlocksizeTheunitofdataexchangedbetweencacheandmainmemoryLargerblocksizemorehitsuntilprobabilityofusingnewlyfetcheddatabecomeslessthantheprobabilityofreusingdatathathavetobemovedoutofcacheCacheDesignMappingfunctionDetermineswhichcachelocationtheblockwilloccupyReplacementalgorithmDetermineswhichblocktoreplaceLeast-Recently-Used(LRU)algorithmCacheDesignWritepolicyWhenthememorywriteoperationtakesplaceCanoccureverytimeblockisupdatedCanoccuronlywhenblockisreplacedMinimizesmemorywriteoperationsLeavesmainmemoryinanobsoletestateProgrammedI/OI/Omoduleperformstheaction,nottheprocessorSetsappropriatebitsintheI/OstatusregisterNointerruptsoccurProcessorchecksstatusuntiloperationiscompleteInterrupt-DrivenI/OProcessorisinterruptedwhenI/OmodulereadytoexchangedataProcessorsavescontextofprogramexecutingandbeginsexecutinginterrupt-handlerNoneedlesswaitingConsumesalotofprocessortimebecauseeverywordreadorwrittenpassesthroughtheprocessorDirectMemoryAccessTransfersablockofdatadirectlytoorfrommemoryAninterruptissentwhenthetransferiscompleteProcessorcontinueswithotherwork9、靜夜四無(wú)無(wú)鄰，荒居居舊業(yè)貧。。。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,202310、雨雨中中黃黃葉葉樹(shù)樹(shù)，，燈燈下下白白頭頭人人。。。。02:42:4502:42:4502:421/5/20232:42:45AM11、以以我我獨(dú)獨(dú)沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相見(jiàn)見(jiàn)頻頻。。。。1月月-2302:42:4502:42Jan-2305-Jan-2312、故故人人江江海海別別，，幾幾度度隔隔山山川川。。。。02:42:4502:42:4502:42Thursday,January5,202313、乍見(jiàn)翻疑疑夢(mèng)，相悲悲各問(wèn)年。。。1月-231月-2302:42:4502:42:45January5,202314、他他鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)生生白白發(fā)發(fā)，，舊舊國(guó)國(guó)見(jiàn)見(jiàn)青青山山。。。。05一一月月20232:42:45上上午午02:42:451月月-2315、比不了了得就不不比，得得不到的的就不要要。。。一月232:42上午午1月-2302:42January5,202316、行動(dòng)出成成果，工作作出財(cái)富。。。2023/1/52:42:4502:42:4505January202317、做做前前，，能能夠夠環(huán)環(huán)視視四四周周；；做做時(shí)時(shí)，，你你只只能能或或者者最最好好沿沿著著以以腳腳為為起起點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的的射射線線向向前前。。。。2:42:45上上午午2:42上上午午02:42:451月月-239、沒(méi)有有失敗敗，只只有暫暫時(shí)停停止成成功?。?。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,202310、很多事情情努力了未未必有結(jié)果果，但是不不努力卻什什么改變也也沒(méi)有。。。02:42:4502:42:4502:421/5/20232:42:45AM11、成成功功就就是是日日復(fù)復(fù)一一日日那那一一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小小小努努力力的的積積累累。。。。1月月-2302:42:4502:42Jan-2305-Jan-2312、世間成事，，不求其絕對(duì)對(duì)圓滿(mǎn)，留一一份不足，可可得無(wú)限完美美。。02:42:4502:42:4502:42Thursday,January5,202313、不知香積積寺，數(shù)里里入云峰。。。1月-231月-2302:42:4502:42:45January5,202314、意志堅(jiān)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人人能把世世界放在在手中像像泥塊一一樣任意意揉捏。。05一一月20232:42:45上午午02:42:451月-2315、楚楚塞塞三三湘湘接接，，荊荊門(mén)門(mén)九九派派通通。。。。。一月月232:42上上午午1月月-2302:42January5,202316、少少年年十十五五二二十十時(shí)時(shí)，，步步行行奪奪得得胡胡馬馬騎騎。。。。2023/1/52:42:4502:42:4505January202317、空山山新雨雨后，，天氣氣晚來(lái)來(lái)秋。。。2:42:46上上午2:42上上午午02:42:461月-239、楊柳散和風(fēng)風(fēng)，青山澹吾吾慮。。1月-231月-23Thursday,January5,20