勃朗特三姐妹-Bronte-Sisters

B08801SaraEngland'sliteraryfolle-----TheBronteSistersTheBronteSisters

CharlotteBronteEmilyBront?AnneBront?(1816-1855)(1820-1849)(1818~1848)CharlotteBronteLifeWorksWritingstyleInfluenceLifeofBronteSistersTheywerebornatThornton&livedinHaworthW.Yorkshire.

PatrickBrontetheirfatherwasaYorkshireclergymanwithIrishorigins,andbroughthisfamilytotheparsonageatthetopofthehillofHaworthvillageontheedgeofthemoorin1820.

MrsBrontediedthenextyearandthesixchildrenwerecaredforbyhersister,ElizabethBranwell.

Thiswasthechildren'shomeuptotheirshortlivedlives.

CharlotteandEmilyweresenttoClergyDaughters'School

atCowanBridgeinLancashire,buttheyreturnedwithinayear.ThetreatmentatCowanBridgewasconsideredharsh,andCharlottelatermodelledLowoodSchool(JaneEyre)afterit.lifeForthenextfewyears,theBrontechildrenweretaughtathome.

Theyinventedgamesandtoldimaginarystoriestoeachother.

CharlotteattendedMissWooler'sschoolatRoeHeadforoneyearin1831,thenreturnedhomeandtaughthersisters.Charlotte

returnedtoRoeHeadasateacherin1835,butaftersufferingfromdepressionandillhealth,sheresignedfromherposition.ItwasatRoeHeadthatCharlottemetherlifelongfriendEllenNussey.

HermanyletterstoNusseyhaveservedasthebestdocumentation(文件；文書資料；文獻)ofherlife.lifeTheBrontesistersworkedinvariousschoolsduringthenextfewyears.

Anneworkedbrieflyasagoverness(家庭女教師

)in1839andfrom1841-1845.

EmilyspentseveralmonthsteachingatMissPatchett'sschoolatLawHill.

CharlotteandEmilyhadplanstoopentheirownschoolatHaworth,andin1842,theytravelledtoBrusselsattheiraunt'sexpensetolearnGermanandimprovetheirFrench.

Whentheirauntdied8monthslater,thesistersreturnedforthefuneral.

EmilyneverreturnedtoBrussels,butCharlottereturnedasapupil-teacher.

HertimeinBelgiumwasnothappy,inpartbecauseofherattractiontohermarriedemployer.

CharlottereturnedtoHaworththenextyear.Thedreamofopeningaschoolwasneverrealised.lifeIntheautumnof1845,CharlottediscoveredsomepoemswrittenbyEmily.Charlotte,Emily,andAnnesoonrealisedtheyhadallbeensecretlywritingverse.

Thenextyear,theypublishedabookofpoemsattheirownexpenseentitledPoemsbyCurrer,Ellis,andActonBell.

Thepseudonymswerechosentomatchthefirstletteroftheirnames.

Theyonlysoldtwocopiesofthebook,buteachsisteralreadyhadadditionalwritingplansintheworks.Charlotte'sfirstattemptatthenovelwasentitledTheProfessor,butthestorywasrejectedbypublishers.

HersecondattemptwaspublishedinOctober,1847.

JaneEyre:anautobiography,itwasanimmediatesuccess.

life

SeveralmonthslaterAnne'sAgnesGreyandEmily'sWutheringHeightswerepublishedtogetherinthreevolumes.

ThepopularityoftheBrontenovelsallowedAnne'sTheTenantofWildfellHalltobepublishedshortlythereafter.

ThenextyearwasoneoftragedyfortheBrontesisters.

TheirbrotherBranwell,anunstablemanwithahistoryofdrunkennessandopiumusediedinSeptember1848.

Emilythenfellillanddiedoftuberculosis(肺結(jié)核)December19,1848.

Annesoonfollowed,contractingtuberculosisthatsameyearanddied

May28,1849

inScarborough.

ShewasburiedinSt.Marty'schurchyardScarborough,YorkshireandwasvisitedbyCharlottein1852.lifeCharlottewasleftalonewithherfather,butlatermarriedinHaworthChurch,herfather'scurateArthurBellNicholls.

Theyenjoyedabriefhappiness.

CharlottefellillduringpregnancyanddiedMarch31,1855.

Whatalosstoliteraturethatsuchgiftedchildrenshouldalldiebeforetheirfather.

Theyweregeniuses;withafantasticimagination,arobustmelodramatic(聳人聽聞的

)viewofwhatagoodstoryoughttobe,andanunderstandingofthedarkersideofthehumansoul.（JaneEyre）《簡·愛》1847（Shirley）《雪莉》1849（Villette）《維萊特》1853（TheProfessor）《教師》1857MasterpiecePlotSummary

JaneEyreisafamousandinfluentialnovelbyEnglishwriterCharlotteBronte.ItwaspublishedinLondon,Englandin1847.

JaneEyreisafirst-personnarrativeofthetitlecharacter,asmall,plain-faced,intelligentandhonestEnglishorphan.

Thenovelgoesthroughfivedistinctstages:

1.)Jane'schildhoodatGateshead,wheresheisemotionallyabusedbyherauntandcousins;

2.)HereducationatLowoodSchool,wheresheacquiresfriendsandrolemodelsbutalsosuffersprivations;

3.)HertimeasthegovernessofThornfieldManor,whereshefallsinlovewithherByronicemployer,EdwardRochester;

4.)HertimewiththeRiversfamilyatMarsh'sEnd(orMoorHouse)andMorton,wherehercoldclergyman-cousinStJohnRiversproposestoher;

5.)HerreunionwithandmarriagetoherbelovedRochesterathishouseofFerndean.主要人物關(guān)系簡愛（JaneEyre）——羅切斯特（Rochester）（戀人/夫妻）——瘋女（夫妻）海倫－－簡愛（孤兒院好友）布洛克爾赫斯特——壞人，孤兒院主持圣約翰——簡愛（表兄妹，簡愛的追求者之一）戴安娜和瑪麗－－簡愛的表姐，圣約翰的胞妹愛麗思·費爾菲克斯－－羅切斯特的女管家，簡愛的朋友阿黛勒－－羅切斯特的朋友的女兒，羅切斯特是她的監(jiān)護人，簡愛的學(xué)生英格拉姆小姐－－羅切斯特的追求者Shirley一八四九年五月，妹妹安妮·勃朗特離世。在死亡的陰影和困惑下，夏洛蒂·勃朗特堅持完成了《雪莉》，寄托她對妹妹的哀思，書中描寫有英國早期自發(fā)的工人運動，獲得至高評價。Villette本書是夏洛蒂·勃朗特的最后一部作品，無論從創(chuàng)作思想或藝術(shù)手法上都比以前的作品更為成熟。本書的女主人公從許多方面來說，就是作者本人的真實寫照，作者借本書展示了自己的主要經(jīng)歷，向世人傾訴自己的心聲。TheProfessor《教師》（TheProfessor），創(chuàng)作于《簡·愛》之前，不過因為許多出版社拒絕出版，所以直到夏洛蒂死后1857年才出版。Writingstyle夏洛蒂·勃朗特巧妙改造早期的男式風(fēng)格羅曼司（騎士文學(xué)）而成的婦女專有文學(xué)形式。在勃朗特的小說里，“高貴的男性模式”被淡化，那種手持鋒利的寶劍，身穿閃閃的盔甲的騎士已經(jīng)不是羅曼司的主要畫面，取而代之的是女主人公的行動背景、感情世界、生活行為。從女性文學(xué)的角度看，簡·愛的出走正體現(xiàn)了夏洛蒂·勃朗特那隱約表露的女權(quán)主義傾向，然而，她的這種意識卻并沒有“革命徹底”。在寫作風(fēng)格上，夏洛蒂也獨樹一幟。她文筆簡潔而傳神，質(zhì)樸而生動，加之第一人稱的敘述語言，使得小說貼近讀者，貼近現(xiàn)實。同時，小說又體現(xiàn)了歐洲浪漫主義文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的特點，顯示出作者豐富的想象力和詩人的氣質(zhì)。作者在敘述中自然地使用了夢境、幻覺、預(yù)感和象征、隱喻等手法，使小說的“自然”境界撲朔朦朧，情節(jié)扣人心弦。Influence夏洛蒂·勃朗特雖然一生僅寫了四部小說（即：《教師》、《簡·愛》、《謝利》和《維萊特》，其中《教師》在她去世后才出版），但她在文學(xué)史上卻有著相當重要的地位。在她的小說中，最突出的主題就是女性要求獨立自主的強烈愿望。這一主題可以說在她所有的小說中都頑強地表現(xiàn)出來，而將女性的呼聲作為小說主題，這在她之前的英國文學(xué)史上是不曾有過的——她是表現(xiàn)這一主題的第一人。此外，她的小說還有一個特點，那就是人物和情節(jié)都與她自己的生活息息相關(guān)，因而具有濃厚的抒情色彩。女性主題加上抒情筆調(diào)，這是夏洛蒂·勃朗特創(chuàng)作的基本特色，也是她對后世英美作家的影響所在。后世作家在處理女性主題時，都不同程度地受到她的影響，尤其是關(guān)心女性自身命運問題的女作家，更是尊她為先驅(qū)，并把她的作品視為“現(xiàn)代女性小說”的楷模。HaworthW.YorkshireHaworthW.Yorkshire勃朗特故居ClergyDaughters'SchoolClergyDaughters'SchoolEmilyBront?LifeWorksWritingstyleInfluenceWutheringheights

Plot

Prologue(chapters1to3)MrLockwood,arichmanfromthesouth,hasrentedThrushcrossGrangeinthenorthofEnglandforpeaceandrecuperation(恢復(fù);挽回

).Soonafterarrival,hevisitshislandlord,MrHeathcliff,wholivesintheremotemoorland(荒野;高沼地

)farmhousecalled"WutheringHeights".HefindstheinhabitantsofWutheringHeightstobeastrangegroup:MrHeathcliffappearsagentlemanbuthismannersandspeechsuggestotherwise;themistressofthehouseisinhermidteens,anattractivebutreserved,evenrudewoman;andthereisayoungmanwhoappearstobeoneofthefamilyalthoughhedressesandtalkslikeaservant.Beingsnowedin,hehastostaythenightandisshowntoanunusedchamberwherehefindsbooksandgraffiti(涂鴉)fromaformerinhabitantofthefarmhousecalled"Catherine".Whenhefallsasleep,hisdreamsarepromptedbythispersonandhehasanightmarewhereheseesherasaghosttryingtogetinthroughthewindow.Hewakesandisunabletoreturntosleepso,assoonasthesunrises,heisescortedbacktoThrushcrossGrangebyHeathcliff.Thereheaskshishousekeeper,EllenDean,totellhimthestoryofthefamilyfromtheHeights.TheChildhoodofHeathcliff(chapters4to17)

ThestorybeginsthirtyyearsbeforewhentheEarnshawfamilylivedatWutheringHeightsconsistingof,aswellasthemotherandfather,Hindley,aboyoffourteen,andsix-year-oldCatherine,thesamepersonthathehaddreamtaboutandthemotherofthepresentmistress.Inthatyear,MrEarnshawtravelstoLiverpoolwherehefindsahomeless,gypsyboyofaboutsevenwhomhedecidestoadoptashisson.Henameshim"Heathcliff".Hindley,whofindshimselfexcludedfromhisfather'saffectionsbythisnewcomer,quicklylearnstohatehimbutCatherinegrowsveryattachedtohim.SoonHeathcliffandCatherineareliketwins,spendinghoursonthemoorstogetherandhatingeverymomentapart.Becauseofthisdiscord,Hindleyiseventuallysenttocollegebuthereturns,threeyearslater,whenMrEarnshawdies.Withanewwife,Frances,hebecomesmasterofWutheringHeightsandforcesHeathclifftobecomeaservantinsteadofamemberofthefamily.HeathcliffandCathycontinuetorunwildand,inNovember,afewmonthsafterHindley'sreturn,theymaketheirwaytoThrushcrossGrangetospyontheinhabitants.AstheywatchthechildishbehaviourofEdgarandIsabellaLinton,thechildrenoftheGrange,theyarespottedandtrytoescape.Catherine,havingbeencaughtbyadog,isbroughtinsideandhelpedwhileHeathcliffissenthome.Fiveweekslater,CatherinereturnstoWutheringHeightsbutshehasnowchanged,lookingandactingasalady.ShelaughsatHeathcliff'sunkemptappearanceand,thenextdaywhentheLintonsvisit,hedressesuptoimpressher.ItfailswhenEdgarmakesfunofhimandtheyargue.Heathcliffislockedintheatticwhere,intheevening,Catherineclimbsovertherooftocomforthim.HevowstogethisrevengeonHindley.Inthesummerofthenextyear,Francesgivesbirthtoachild,Hareton,butshediesbeforetheyearisout.ThisleadsHindleytodescendintoalifeofdrunkennessandwaste.TwoyearsonandCatherinehasbecomeclosefriendswithEdgar,growingmoredistantfromHeathcliff.OnedayinAugust,whileHindleyisabsent,EdgarcomestovisitCatherine.ShehasanargumentwithEllenwhichthenspreadstoEdgarwhotriestoleave.Catherinestopshimand,beforelong,theydeclarethemselveslovers.Later,CatherinetalkswithEllen,explainingthatEdgarhadaskedhertomarryhimandshehadaccepted.ShesaysthatshedoesnotreallyloveEdgarbutHeathcliff.Unfortunatelyshecouldnevermarrythelatterbecauseofhislackofstatusandeducation.ShethereforeplanstomarryEdgarandusethatpositiontohelpraiseHeathcliff'sstanding.UnfortunatelyHeathcliffhadoverheardthefirstpartaboutnotbeingabletomarryhimandfleesfromthefarmhouse.Hedisappearswithouttraceand,afterthreeyears,EdgarandCatherinearemarried.Sixmonthsafterthemarriage,Heathcliffreturnsasagentleman,havinggrownstrongerandricherduringhisabsence.CatherineisdelightedtoseehimalthoughEdgarisnotsokeen.Isabella,noweighteen,fallsmadlyinlovewithHeathcliff,seeinghimasaromantichero.Hedespisesherbutencouragestheinfatuation,seeingitasachanceforrevengeonEdgar.WhenheembracesIsabellaonedayattheGrange,thereisanargumentwithEdgarwhichcausesCatherinetolockherselfinherroomandfallill.HeathcliffhasbeenstayingattheHeights,gamblingwithHindleyandteachingHaretonbadhabits.Hindleyisgraduallylosinghiswealth,mortgagingthefarmhousetoHeathclifftorepayhisdebts.WhileCatherineisill,HeathcliffelopeswithIsabella,causingEdgartodisownhissister.ThefugitivesmarryandreturntwomonthslatertoWutheringHeights.HeathcliffhearsthatCatherineisillandarrangeswithEllentovisitherinsecret.Intheearlyhoursofthedayaftertheirmeeting,Catherinegivesbirthtoherdaughter,Cathy,andthendies.ThedayafterCatherine'sfuneral,IsabellafleesHeathcliffandescapestothesouthofEnglandwheresheeventuallygivesbirthtoLinton,Heathcliff'sson.HindleydiessixmonthsafterhissisterandHeathclifffindshimselfthemasterofWutheringHeightsandtheguardianofHareton.TheMaturityofHeathcliff(chapters18to31)

Twelveyearson,Cathyhasgrownintoabeautiful,high-spiritedgirlwhohasrarelypassedoutsidethebordersoftheGrange.EdgarhearsthatIsabellaisdyingandleavestopickuphersonwiththeintentionofadoptinghim.Whileheisgone,CathymeetsHaretononthemoorsandlearnsofhercousinandWutheringHeights'existence.EdgarreturnswithLintonwhoisaweakandsicklyboy.AlthoughCathyisattractedtohim,HeathcliffwantshissonwithhimandinsistsonhavinghimtakentotheHeights.Threeyearslater,EllenandCathyareonthemoorswhentheymeetHeathcliffwhotakesthemtoWutheringHeightstoseeLintonandHareton.HisplansareforLintonandCathytomarrysothathewouldinheritThrushcrossGrange.CathyandLintonbeginasecretandinterruptedfriendship.InAugustofthenextyear,whileEdgarisveryill,EllenandCathyvisitWutheringHeightsandareheldcaptivebyHeathcliffwhowantstomarryhissontoCathyand,atthesametime,preventherfromreturningtoherfatherbeforehedies.Afterfivedays,EllenisreleasedandCathyescapeswithLinton'shelpjustintimetoseeherfatherbeforehedies.WithHeathcliffnowthemasterofbothWutheringHeightsandThrushcrossGrange,CathyhasnochoicebuttoleaveEllenandtogoandlivewithHeathcliffandHareton.Lintondiessoonafterwardsand,althoughHaretontriestobekindtoher,sheretreatsintoherself.ThisisthepointofthestoryatwhichLockwoodarrives.Afterbeingillwithacoldforsometime,LockwooddecidesthathehashadenoughofthemoorsandtravelstoWutheringHeightstoinformHeathcliffthatheisreturningtothesouth.Epilogue(chapters32to34)InSeptember,eightmonthsafterleaving,LockwoodfindshimselfbackintheareaanddecidestostayatThrushcrossGrange(sincehistenancy(租賃；租約；租用權(quán)

)isstillvaliduntilOctober).HefindsthatEllenisnowlivingatWutheringHeights.Hemakeshiswaythereandshefillsintherestofthestory.EllenhadmovedtotheHeightssoonafterLockwoodhadlefttoreplacethehousekeeperwhohaddeparted.InMarch,Haretonhadhadanaccidentandbeenconfinedtothefarmhouse.Duringthistime,afriendshiphaddevelopedbetweenCathyandHareton.ThiscontinuesintoAprilwhenHeathcliffbeginstoactverystrangely,seeingvisionsofCatherine.Afternoteatingforfourdays,heisfounddeadinhisroom.HeisburiednexttoCatherine.Lockwooddepartsbut,beforeheleaves,hehearsthatHaretonandCathyplantomarryonNewYear'sDay.CharactersHeathcliff:Found,andpresumablyorphaned,onthestreetsofLiverpool,heistakentoWutheringHeightsbyMr.Earnshawandreluctantlycaredforbytherestofthefamily.HeandCatherinelatergrowclose,andtheirlovebecomesthecentralthemeofthefirstvolume;hisrevengeanditsconsequencesarethemainthemeofthesecondvolume.HeathcliffistypicallyconsideredaByronichero(拜倫式英雄),butcriticshavefoundhischaracter,withacapacityforself-invention,tobeprofoundlydifficulttoassess.Hispositioninsociety,withoutstatus(Heathcliffservesasbothhisgivennameandsurname),isoftenthesubjectofMarxistcriticism(馬克思批判主義)CatherineEarnshaw:FirstintroducedinLockwood'sdiscoveryofherdiaryandetchings,Catherine'slifeisalmostentirelydetailedinthefirstvolume.Sheseeminglysuffersfromacrisisofidentity,unabletochoosebetweennatureandculture(and,byextension,HeathcliffandEdgar).HerdecisiontomarryEdgarLintonoverHeathcliffhasbeenseenasasurrendertoculture,andhasimplicationsforallthecharactersofWutheringHeights.ThecharacterofCatherinehasbeenanalysedbymanyformsofliterarycriticism,including:psychoanalytic(心理分析的

)andfeminist(男女平等主義者

)EdgarLinton:IntroducedasachildoftheLintonfamily,whoresideatThrushcrossGrange,Edgar'slifeandmannerismsareimmediatelycontrastedwiththoseofHeathcliffandCatherine,andindeedtheformerdislikeshim.Yet,owingmuchtohisstatus,CatherinemarrieshimandnotHeathcliff.Thisdecision,andthedifferencesbetweenEdgarandHeathcliff,havebeenreadintobyfeministcriticisms.NellyDean:Thesecondandprimarynarratorofthenovel,NellyhasbeenaservantofeachgenerationofboththeEarnshawandLintonfamilies.Sheispresentedasacharacterwhostraddlestheideaofa'cultureversusnature'divideinthenovel:sheisalocaloftheareaandaservant,andhasexperiencedlifeatWutheringHeights.However,sheisalsoaneducatedwomanandhaslivedatThrushcrossGrange.Thisideaisrepresentedinherhavingtwonames,Ellen—hergivennameandusedtoshowrespect,andNelly—usedbyherfamiliars.WhetherNellyisanunbiasednarratorandhowfarheractions,asanapparentbystander,affecttheothercharactersaretwopointsofhercharacterdiscussedbycriticsIsabellaLinton:IntroducedaspartoftheLintonfamily,Isabellaisonlyevershowninrelationtoothercharacters.SheviewsHeathcliffasaromantichero,despiteCatherine'swarningheragainstsuchaview,andbecomesanunwittingparticipantinhisplotforrevenge.AfterbeingmarriedtoHeathcliffandabusedatWutheringHeights,sheescapestoLondonandgivesbirthtoLinton.Suchabusivetreatmenthasledmany,especiallyfeministcritics,toconsiderIsabellathetrue/conventional'tragicromantic'figureofWutheringHeights.HindleyEarnshaw:Catherine'sbrotherwhomarriesFrances,anunknownwomantothefamily,andonlyrevealsthiswhenMr.Earnshawdies.HespiralsintodestructivebehaviourafterherdeathandruinstheEarnshawfamilywithhisdrinkingandgambling.HaretonEarnshaw:ThesonofHindleyandFrances,initiallyraisedbyNellybutpassedovertoineffectJosephandHeathcliff.TheformerworkstoinstillasenseofprideinEarnshawheritage,eventhoughHaretonhasnorighttothepropertyassociatedwithit.ThelatterstrivestoteachhimallsortsofvulgaritiesasawayofavenginghimselfonHareton'sfather,Hindley.HaretonspeakswithasimilaraccenttoJosephandworksasaservantinWutheringHeights,unawareofhistruerights.HisappearanceregularlyremindsHeathcliffofCatherine.CatherineLinton:ThedaughterofCatherineEarnshawandEdgarLinton,sheisaspiritedgirl,thoughunawareofherparents'history.EdgarisveryprotectiveofherandasaresultsheisconstantlylookingbeyondtheconfinesoftheGrange.LintonHeathcliff:ThesonofHeathcliffandIsabella,heisaveryweakchildandhischaracterresemblesHeathcliff's,thoughwithoutitsonlyredeeming(買回;贖回

)feature:love.HemarriesCatherine,butonlyunderthedirectionofhisfather,whomhediscoversonlyasheentershisteens.Joseph:AservantatWutheringHeightswhoisadevoutChristian.Hespeakswithanalmostunintelligibleaccent,thoughBrontehasbeenoftencommendedonherveryaccuratetranscriptionofit.Lockwood:Thenarratorofthebook,hecomestorentThrushcrossGrangefromHeathclifftoescapesocietybutfinallydecideshepreferscompanyratherthanendupasHeathcliff.Frances:Agenerallyamiablecharacter,hermarriagetoHindleyisunrevealeduntilMrEarnshawdies.Kenneth:AdoctorinthenearbyvillageofGimmerton.Zillah:AservanttoHeathcliffatWutheringHeightsinthetimeafterCatherine'sdeath.歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)是研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉的一個重要課題，艾米莉·勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng)，同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力，將現(xiàn)實與超現(xiàn)實融為一體，給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度、新鮮活力，達到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一，使《呼嘯山莊》具有永恒的藝術(shù)魅力。

Writingstyle1.主題與哥特傳統(tǒng)艾米莉的《呼嘯山莊》也繼承了哥特傳統(tǒng)，大量采用了哥特手法。首先，其主題就涉及了仇恨、陰謀和繼承權(quán)的爭奪。棄兒希刺克厲夫被“呼嘯山莊”的主人歐肖收養(yǎng)，歐肖的女兒凱瑟琳與他從小友愛，產(chǎn)生了熾烈的愛情。而莊主的兒子辛德禮卻仇恨他。老歐肖死后，把他降為奴仆，百般凌辱。凱瑟琳為了得到“畫眉田莊”主人林頓的財產(chǎn)資助希刺克厲夫而嫁給了林頓。希刺克厲夫得知后憤然出走。幾年后，希刺克厲夫致富歸來，使辛德禮傾家蕩產(chǎn)，并誘騙林頓之妹與他成婚，恣意虐待。凱瑟琳終因不能同希刺克厲夫結(jié)合而凄然病逝。對這樣一個故事情節(jié)，評論家卻有種種不同的解釋。有的認為作者借這部作品表達了愛情的主題，還有人把它作為一部神秘小說來看待。筆者認為，作者借這一故事情節(jié)深刻地揭示了人性這一重大主題。人性原本是美好的，和諧的，但這種美好與和諧卻會被某種因素打破，而打破之后，人性就會喪失。對我們每個人來說，人性的喪失是可怕的。面對喪失人性的人，我們往往是恐懼的，這種恐懼是源自心靈深處的。但在我們的心靈深處，還存在另一層意念，那就是希望人性的回歸。這部探索人性的小說就是從人性的凍結(jié)狀態(tài)入手，為我們展現(xiàn)人性喪失的全過程，最后，在大家的期待之中，我們迎來了人性的回歸。2．人物刻畫與哥特傳統(tǒng)艾米莉·勃朗特在哥特人物的刻畫方面大大地超越了傳統(tǒng)的哥特體模式。她沖破慣有的哥特模式，進一步對主人公的心理深度進行了開拓?！逗魢[山莊》中的人物各具個性，栩栩如生，尤其是兩個主要人物的塑造，更是給讀者留下了不可磨滅的印象。讓人既愛又恨的希刺克厲夫就源自哥特傳統(tǒng)中的“惡棍英雄”形象。凱瑟琳的性格發(fā)展大大超越了以往的哥特人物。她是一個矛盾的統(tǒng)一體。在對希刺克厲夫和林頓做出取舍時，一方面她認為:“林頓將要很有錢，我愿意做附近最了不起的女人，而我有這么一個丈夫就會覺得很驕傲”；另一方面，她又感到非常愛希刺克厲夫，認為“他比我更像我自己”，而“現(xiàn)在，嫁給希刺克厲夫就會降低我的身份”。這種矛盾的、充滿心理沖突的婚姻態(tài)度使凱瑟琳被這種不同的愛撕扯著。當林頓逼迫她做出選擇時，凱瑟琳的心理沖突達到了高潮。凱瑟琳在痛苦和幻象中掙扎的心理狀態(tài)，她的心已經(jīng)游離到昔日她和希刺克厲夫在一起的歡樂時光中去了。這種瀕于心理崩潰的痛苦和充滿病態(tài)的囈語為哥特體裁開拓了新的發(fā)展空間。它標志著小說從陳舊的解釋和反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到對人性的內(nèi)在現(xiàn)實和心理深度的探索，從而賦予了小說以新的特色，使我們在被強大的超自然力震撼的同時，感受到人物的血肉豐滿、栩栩如生。對哥特人物進行深層次的心理探索修正了傳統(tǒng)的哥特小說較為粗淺的制造恐怖的技巧，對原始、單純的恐怖感起到了一定的緩沖作用。它要求讀者在體驗驚險感和緊張感的同時對作品人物做出更成熟、更復(fù)雜、更抽象的反應(yīng)和判斷。這大大加強了哥特小說的思想深度和審美意識。3.環(huán)境刻畫與哥特傳統(tǒng)艾米莉的《呼嘯山莊》在環(huán)境刻畫方面采用典型的哥特手法，鉛云密布、狂風(fēng)大作的荒原是一幅灰黑色調(diào)的油畫。艾米莉酷愛荒原，“在她眼中，最幽暗的石楠叢會開放出比玫瑰還要嬌艷的花；在她心里，鉛灰色的山坡上一處黑沉沉的溪谷，會變成人間樂園，她在荒涼寂寥的處所找到許多開懷的樂趣”。故事發(fā)生在一個地獄般的環(huán)境里。山莊外面是一望無際、晦暗凄涼、毫無生氣的荒原，日夜經(jīng)受著風(fēng)暴的侵襲。山莊里面則因為缺少光線而昏暗陰森，荊棘、樅樹、雪、霧作為整個故事的背景，渲染出一種哥特式的悲涼氣氛。進入莊園之前，首先映入眼簾的是“房屋前面大量的稀奇古怪的雕刻”，走進屋內(nèi)，讀者看到的是“壁爐臺上雜七雜八的老式難看的槍，椅子是高背的，老式的結(jié)構(gòu)，涂著綠色”。凱瑟琳的幻影出現(xiàn)在洛克烏德夢中那一幕被拉爾夫·?？怂狗Q為“整個英國文學(xué)中最動人的場面，”一張蒼白的臉孔，從外邊靠在玻璃上，還有一只血跡斑斑的手，伸進打破的窗玻璃，要求進屋來。于是夢中的洛克烏德“把她的手腕向碎玻璃上拉，玻璃窗上，來回的摩擦，直到淌下來的血水浸透了被褥”。這大概是小說中最為殘忍的意象。艾米莉把鬼魂出沒、幽靈游蕩、夢魘奇想和尸首同眠等令人觸目驚心、毛骨悚然的可怕場面渲染到極致，使這部奇作更具有了神秘、粗獷、陰郁和悲壯之美。4．情節(jié)描寫與哥特傳統(tǒng)

在情節(jié)構(gòu)成上，哥特式作品總是充滿神秘與暴力。整個故事充滿了哥特式的情節(jié)。希刺克厲夫聽到凱瑟琳小姐和耐莉的對話后離開家庭。凱瑟琳在對話中表現(xiàn)出對虛榮的贊揚，認為為了財產(chǎn)而嫁到畫眉田莊對于她和希刺克厲夫都是最好不過的。雖然言談中表現(xiàn)出她深愛希刺克厲夫，甚至也是為了幫助希刺克厲夫而嫁給埃德加·林頓。希刺克厲夫聽到這里的時候悄然離去，他沒有聽到凱瑟琳后面對他的愛情訴說。希刺克厲夫離開呼嘯山莊的時間是夏季的夜晚，小說中的形容是“那倒真是一個非常黑的夜晚，陰云密布，很像要有雷雨”，甚至“起了一陣狂風(fēng)，打了一陣霹雷，不知是風(fēng)還是雷把屋角的一棵樹劈倒了”。非常恐怖的氣氛讓讀者感到一陣陣心悸，擔(dān)心希刺克厲夫在大雨滂沱之夜流落何處？書中的人物對希刺克厲夫的出走表現(xiàn)各不相同，呼嘯山莊的主人開始并不知情，但他一向憎惡希刺克厲夫；凱瑟琳小姐認為希刺克歷夫的出走完全是因為她說的那些話，便把這次出走的責(zé)任包攬到自己的身上；耐莉是忠實的女仆，雖然對希刺克厲夫有所嫌惡，但始終保持中立觀點并懷著善良的心對希刺克厲夫的安危有所關(guān)心。3年后回來的希刺克厲夫大變模樣，已經(jīng)改變了經(jīng)濟地位的他甚至在賭場上贏回了呼嘯山莊。這是希刺克厲夫重回畫眉田莊從他已改變的氣質(zhì)上告訴人們的。但是，對希刺克厲夫三年出走卻沒有一個真切的說法。這就是哥特式情節(jié)不急于表達本質(zhì)，而是給予細絲一樣的線索，耐人尋味的特點。哥特傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)在《牛津簡明英國文學(xué)史》中有這樣的描述：哥特式小說“這一批評式術(shù)語涵蓋了大量的反常性作品，這些作品表現(xiàn)了自然力和超自然力的聚合與沖突。這類小說在18世紀的最后幾年進入繁榮期，它的影響的余波，它的聳人聽聞的手法的重要方面，從勃朗特到狄更斯時期直至當代的英語文學(xué)，可以連續(xù)的被感受到”。哥特一詞來自日爾曼民族一個部落的名稱。該部落人以野蠻、驃悍著稱。在羅馬帝國滅亡一千多年后，意大利人法薩里用哥特一詞來指中世紀的一種建筑風(fēng)格——“高聳的尖頂、厚重的石壁、狹窄的窗戶、染色的玻璃、幽暗的內(nèi)部、陰森的地道甚至地下藏尸所等”。在文藝復(fù)興思想家的影響下，哥特一詞被賦予了“野蠻、恐怖、落后、神秘、黑暗時代、中世紀”等多種含義。這部小說的副標題就是“一個哥特故事”(AGothicStory)。這種小說的故事通常發(fā)生在過去或遙遠的中世紀;以陰森恐怖的古堡、廢墟或者荒原為背景;主人公大多為性格孤傲的叛逆式邊緣人物。Byronichero“拜倫式英雄