2015職稱英語(綜合類)新增文章及翻譯

第三篇AcrosstheDesertsTheSaharaDesertisthelargestdesertintheworld.ItstretchesacrossAfricafromSenegaltoEgypt.TheSaharaDesertisanunfriendlyenvironment.Duringthedayit'sveryhot,andatnightiverycold.ItisalsodifficulttofindwaterintheSahara.In2006,KevinLin,RayZahab,andCharlieEngledecidedtodosomethingverydifficult.TheymadethedecisiontorunacrosstheSaharaDesert4,300miles(6,920km).Itseemedimpossibletodo,buttheywantedtotry.Thethreemenlikedtotestthemselves,andthiswouldbeaverybigtest.OnthemorningofNovember2,Kevin,Ray,andCharliestartedtheirtripacrosstheSahara.Everymorningtheybeganrunningat5:00.At11a.m.theystoppedandresteduntil5p.m.Thentheyranagainuntil9:30intheevening.Eachdaytheyranabout40miles(64km).Everydayitwasthesamething.Theygotupandran.TheylistenedtomusicontheiriPods,andtheyranandran.Kevin,Ray,andCharlieneededto eatalotoffoodduringtheirtrip.Most peopleneedabout2,000caloriesoffoodeachday.Kevin,Ray,andCharlieneededbetween6,000and9,000calorieseveryThat'salotoffood!Theyalsoneededtodrinkalotofwater.Thethreemenhadsomeproblemsontheirtrip,andmanytimestheywantedtoquitandgohome.Itwasoftenveryhot(140°F/60°C)duringtheday,andtheheatmadethemsick.Theirlegsandfeethurt.Sometimesitwasverywindy,andtheycouldn'tsee.Onetimetheygotlost.Buttheydidn'tquit.After111days,Kevin,Ray;andCharliesuccessfullyfinishedtheirtripacrosstheSaharaDesert.TheyhuggedeachotherandputtheirhandsinthewateroftheRedSea.Thentheyrantoahoteltotakealongshower.詞匯：stretchv.延伸，伸展calorien.卡(路里)，小卡，大卡quitv.注釋：1....madethedecisiontorunacross...：......決正跑步橫跨......穿越沙漠非常熱，晚上有時(shí)又很冷。在撒哈拉沙漠中很難找到水。2006Charlie4300（6920千米）這將是一個(gè)很大的挑戰(zhàn)。112日的早晨，Kevin,RayCharlie5點(diǎn)115940英里（64千米）iPod里的音樂不休停地跑。在旅途中，Kevin,RayCharlie20006000-9000卡路里。那真是很多食物！他們每天也需要喝大量的水。三人在途中也出現(xiàn)了很多問題，很多次他們都想放棄回家。白天通常很熱（140華氏度／60攝氏度），高溫導(dǎo)致他們生病，他們的腿和腳都受了傷。有時(shí)候天刮起了大風(fēng)導(dǎo)致他們什么也看不見。有一次他們迷了路，但是他們沒有放棄。111天以后，Kevin,Ray和Charlie成功完成了他們穿越撒哈拉沙漠的旅途。他們彼此擁抱，把手伸進(jìn)紅海的海水里，然后他們跑進(jìn)旅館好好洗了個(gè)澡。練習(xí)：It’snotalwayshotmtheSaharaA.RightEachdaythemenranforapproximatelyeighthours. B.WrongInthemiddleoftheday:themenusuallystoppedrunning.A.RightTheysometimesfeltsickbecauseitwassohot. A.RightSometimestheycouldn'tseetheroadbecauseitwaswindy. A.RightLuckily,theynevergotlost. B.WrongOntheirtripacrossthedesert:thethreemenranthroughfivecountries.C.mentioned答案與題解：A 文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很熱晚上有時(shí)很冷，所以不是總是很熱。題干表述正確。B 5115910.5個(gè)小時(shí)。題干表述不正確。A 115止跑步。題干表述正確。A 原文中講到高溫使他們生病。所以題干表述正確。A 述正確。B 文中最后一段講到他們有一次迷路了，所以不是從來沒有迷路。題干表述不正確。C 文中只提到他們挎越沙漠的長度，并沒有提到穿過幾個(gè)國家。所以，題干表述文中沒有提到。第六篇NativeAmericanPotteryThereareseveralAmericanIndiangroupsintheSouthwestthatstillmakebeautifulpottery.Someofthispotterymaybesoldatfairlyhighprices.Butthemakersconsidertheirworkasmorethanacommercialenterprise.Byusingmethodshandeddownfor generations,thepottersexpress theirprideintheirinheritance.SomeofthemostinterestingpotteryismadebythePuebloIndians.Thereare21individualpueblosinArizonaandNewMexico.Severalarefamousfortheircraftsmanship.Tomakeapot,thesepottersuseaclaybaseandaddlongthincoilsofclaytoitinaspiralpattern.Whentheyhavereachedthesizetheywant,theyuseanimplementsuchasarockorshelltosmooththesurfacesofthepot.Howapotisdecoratedandfireddependsonthetraditionsofthegroupmakingit.TraditionalpotteryproducedbytheAcoma,whohavelivedforcenturiesonahighmesainNewMexico,isfirstpaintedwithaclayslip.Theresultingpots:whichareprizedfortheirdelicacyandstrength,maybeleftwhite.Theymayalsobepaintedwithblackandwhitepatternsorwithacombinationofblack,orange,andbrown.VerydistinctiveblackpotterycomesfromtheSanIldefonsoandSantaClarapueblos.Theblackcoloristheresultofcarbonbeingreleasedfromtheanimalmanureinwhichthepotisfired.Someartisanshand–rubthiswaretoashinygloss.Otherscutpatternsintoit:resultinginapartshiny:partfiatsurface.PottersatSailIldefonsomakemanytypesofwares.PottersatSantaClaraareespeciallyknownforweddingjars-jarswithtwonecksconnectedbyahandle.OthergroupssuchastheHopiandtheCochitialsomakepottery.Eachgroupusesdistinctivemethodsandproducesdistinctiveformsanddesigns.詞匯：potteryn.陶器distinctiveadj.enterprisen.事業(yè)，產(chǎn)業(yè)，實(shí)業(yè)inheritancen.遺產(chǎn)manuren.肥料，糞肥craftsmanshipn.手藝artisann.注釋：1....handeddownforgenerations………世代相傳……2.…h(huán)and-rubthiswaretoashinygloss………親手揉搓罐子表面，使它光澤平滑……美國本土陶器美國的西南部仍然有許多印第安部落在制作美麗的陶器。其中一些陶器可能會以相當(dāng)高釣價(jià)格賣出。但是制作者考慮到他們的作品不僅用作商業(yè)用途。通過采用世代相傳的制作方法，陶器展示了它們在文化遺產(chǎn)中的驕傲。有一些最有趣的陶器是普韋布洛印第安人制作的。在亞利桑那州和新墨西哥州有21個(gè)獨(dú)立的普韋布洛印第安部落。他們中有一些部落以擅長工藝而聞名。這些制陶工人使用黏土制作底座，再添加又長又薄的黏土將底座按螺旋狀做成罐子。當(dāng)他們做出他們想要的尺寸時(shí)，他們再用一個(gè)工具，比如一塊石頭或貝殼，來把罐子的表面撫平。一個(gè)罐子如何裝飾和燒制取決于制作它的部落的傳統(tǒng)。傳統(tǒng)的陶器最早是用泥漿裝飾，是由阿科馬部落發(fā)明的，他們已經(jīng)在新墨西哥的高平頂ft上住了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)了。用傳統(tǒng)方法燒制的陶器可能只是白色，但其以精美堅(jiān)固得到贊譽(yù)。它們可以被繪制成黑色或白色，或者是黑色、橙色和褐色的結(jié)合。具有特色的黑色陶器是由圣伊爾德豐索部落和圣克拉拉部落的普韋布洛人制作的。黑色是由用于燒制罐子的動物肥料中的碳釋放出來形成的。一些工匠用手揉擦罐子表面，使它光澤平滑。其他人將樣式分開，使得罐子一半表面光澤，一半表面扁平。圣伊爾德豐索部落制作的陶器有多種類型。圣克拉拉部落的陶器尤其以他的婚禮罐子聞名-罐子的兩個(gè)頸部由一只把手連接。其他部落比如霍皮和柯契地族也制作陶器。每個(gè)部落都用獨(dú)特的方法制做出特別形式和樣式的陶器。練習(xí)：Inthefirstparagraphtheword―commercial‖means .havingtodowithadvertisingproductsonTVhavingtodowithadvertisingproductsonTVlarge-D.artisticThesecondparagraphinthepassageisdevelopedmainlythrough A.stepsinaprocessB.descriptionofobjectsC.thetellingofastoryD.examplesTheSailIldefonsopuebloisknownfor A.blackpotteryweddingjarsthinanddelicateshapesblack,brown,andorangepotsTraditionalmethodsofmakingpottery .arerarelyusedanymoretakealotoftimearenotofinteresttopotterycollectorswillsoonbecompletereplacedAnothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe A.HowtoMakeaPotB.LivingonaHighMesaC.TheIndiansofArizonaandNewMexicoD.AnOldArtStillPracticed答案與題解：Bcommercial。AA。ACDAB根據(jù)文中制作的陶器的過程可以推測出制作陶器的過程很復(fù)雜因而費(fèi)時(shí)，選項(xiàng)ACD中均有提及，故可排除。DA、CD。第三篇TheValueofTearsTearscanruinmake-up,bringconversationtoastop,andgiveyouarunnynose.Theycanleaveyouembarrassedandwithoutenergy.However,cryingisafactoflife…andtearsareveryuseful.(1)Thesecreateafilmovertheeye'ssurface.Thisfilmcontainsasubstancethatprotectsyoureyesagainstinfection.Tearsrelievestress,butwetendtofightthemforallsortsofreasons."Peopleworryaboutshowingtheiremotions.They’reafraidthatoncetheylosecontrol,they’llnevergetitback,‖explainspsychologistDorothyRowe.(2)Asadultswestillfeartheconsequencesofshowingemotions.‖Almostanyemotion—goodorbad,happyorsad—cancausetears.Cryingisawaythatwereleasebuilt-upemotions.Tearshelpyouwhenyoufeelyouarereadytoexplodebecauseofverystrongfeelings.(3)Whensomepeoplebecomeverystressed,however,theycan’tcry.Theymaybefeelingshock,anger,fear,orgrief,buttheyrepresstheemotion.―Everyonehastheneedtocry,‖sayspsychotherapistVeraDiamond.Sometimesintherapysessions,patientsparticipateincryingexercise(4)Diamondsaysit’sbesttocryinsafe,privateplaces,likeunderthebedcoversorinthecar.That’sbecausemanypeoplegetuncomfortablewhenotherscryinfrontofthem.Infact,theymayberepressingtheirownneedtocry.Incertainsituations,suchasatwork,tearsarenotappropriate.(5)―Butonceyouaresafelybehindcloseddoors,don'tjustcry,‖Diamondsays,shesuggeststhatyouactoutthewholesituationagainandbeasnoisyandangryasyoulike.Itwillhelpyoufeelbetter.―And,‖sheadds,―onceyourtearshavereleasedthestress,youcanbegintothinkoflogicalwaytodealwiththeproblem.‖Tearsareasignofourabilitytofeel.Youshouldneverbeafraidtocry.詞匯：make-upn.化妝(品)psychotherapistn.runnynose流鼻涕infectionn.感染，傳染releasev.釋放builtup組合的，拼合的注釋：…createafilmovertheeye’ssurface：……在眼睛的表面形成一層薄膜?！璯etitback…：……恢復(fù)………actoutthewholesituationagain………整個(gè)場景重現(xiàn)……眼淚的價(jià)值淚水可以破壞妝容，使對話停止，讓鼻子流涕。它可以讓你毫不費(fèi)力陷入尷尬。但是，哭的確是生活的事實(shí)，眼淚也有很多用處。即使當(dāng)你不哭的時(shí)候，你的眼睛也會產(chǎn)生淚水。這些淚水在眼睛的表面形成一層層薄膜，這個(gè)薄膜包含一種物質(zhì)，可以保護(hù)你的眼睛免受感染。淚水可以緩解壓力，但是人們?yōu)榱烁鞣N原因抵抗流淚。―DorothyRowe幾乎任何情感——好的或者壞的，高興的或者悲傷的——都能導(dǎo)致流淚?？奘俏覀冡尫湃找鎻?qiáng)烈的情感的一種方式。當(dāng)你感覺某種強(qiáng)烈的情感導(dǎo)致你要爆發(fā)時(shí)，眼淚就可以幫助你了。它可以解釋為什么害怕哭的人比自愿哭的人更容易得心臟病。―每個(gè)人都有哭的需要‖，心理治療師VeraDiamond在特定的場景下，比如在工作時(shí)，流淚就不合適了。在進(jìn)行緊張的商業(yè)討論時(shí)抑制住淚水是比較好的。―但是一旦你安全地躲到關(guān)閉的門后，就不要僅僅哭泣‖，Diamond說道。她建議，你可以讓整個(gè)場景重現(xiàn)，并且盡你所愿地吵鬧、生氣。這會讓你感覺更好。―并且，‖她補(bǔ)充道，―一旦你的眼淚把你的壓力釋放出來，你就能開始考慮用合理的方法去解決問題?！鳒I是我們有感知能力的表現(xiàn)。你永遠(yuǎn)不應(yīng)該害怕哭泣。練習(xí)：AItmayexplainwhypeoplewhoareafraidtocryoftensuffermoreheartattacksthanpeoplecrymorefreely.BIt’sgoodtoholdbacktearsduringatensebusinessdiscussion.CCryinghasgoodeffectsonthebody.DEvenwhenyou'renotcrying,youreyesproducetears.ETheypracticecryingsothattheycangetusedtoexpressingemotion.FAschildrenweweresometimespunishedforsheddingtearsorexpressinganger.答案與題解：DtheseDC與前一句話意思重復(fù)。F下文提到作為成人，我們?nèi)匀缓ε铝鳒I，所填的這句應(yīng)該講我們還是孩子時(shí)對流淚的恐懼。所以，答案是選項(xiàng)F。AA比較貼切。EE。B。補(bǔ)全第二十四篇TheRomanceofArthurMostcultureshavesomesortofherowhorepresentsthebestvaluesofwhatitspeoplebelievein.TheunusualthingaboutKingArthuristhatlegendsofhisheroismhavepersistedforseveralcenturiesandspreadfarbeyondEngland,theplacewheretheybegan.TheearlieststoriesofKingArthurrepresenthimasawarriorwhofoughtandsubduedtheinvadingNorsemenintheyearsaroundA.D.700.ThismuchoftheArthuriantaleisprobablybasedonfact.WhethercalledArthurornot,thereisabodyofevidencesupportingtheexistenceofsuchawarrior.Itisthelaterembellishmentsofthetalewhoseauthenticityisquestionable.Accordingtothese,ArthurwasborninacastleinTintagelonthestormywesterncoastofEnglandandbecausehewastheillegitimatesonofKingUtherPendragon,hewasspiritedawaybythemagicianMerlinandhistrueidentitykeptfromhim.HebecamekingafterfreeingtheswordExcaliburfromthestoneintowhichitwasthrust.HemarriedthebeautifulGuinevereandassembledinhiscourtallthenoblestknightsoftheland,includingLancelot,withwhomGuineverewouldlaterbeunfaithfultohim.HewasfinallydefeatedinbattlebyhisillegitimatesonMordred,andhisbodywasspiritedawaytotheisleofAValon.ThisromantictalegreatlyappealedtotheEnglishandtheFrenchintheMiddleAges,whenthecodeofchivalry-idealqualitiesofknighthood-constitutedanimportantpartofmanystories.TalesoftheheroismofGalahad,Percival,Gawain,andmanyotherofArthur'sknightswerecirculatedaswell.InEnglandtoday,therearemanysitesclaimingapieceoftheArthuriananlegend.Thereisaminedcastle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s Guinevere'sbodiesweresupposedlyexhumedinthe12thcentury.Neitheroftheseprovesthatthelegendistrue,buttheydokeepitsmystiquealive.詞匯：Arthurn.亞瑟(中世紀(jì)傳奇故事中的不列顛國王，圓桌騎士團(tuán)的首領(lǐng))authenticityn.可靠性，真實(shí)性偷偷地帶走;;warriorn.戰(zhàn)士，勇士chivalryn.騎士subduev.制服，懾服embellishmentn.mystiquen.神秘氣氛注釋：ThismuchoftheArthuriantale……：許多這類亞瑟王的故事...wasspiritedawayby……被偷偷地帶走……亞瑟的創(chuàng)奇很多文化都有某類能代表他們民族深信的價(jià)值觀的英雄。有關(guān)亞瑟王的不同尋常的事情就是他的英雄主義傳奇已經(jīng)持續(xù)了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，并且影響力早已超越它所誕生的英國。很多文化都有某類能代表他們民族深信的價(jià)值觀的英雄。有關(guān)亞瑟王的不同尋常的事情就是他的英雄主義傳奇已經(jīng)持續(xù)了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，并且影響力早已超越它所誕生的英國。在有關(guān)亞瑟王早期的故事中，他是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)士，他在公元約700年抗擊、震懾入侵的北歐人。許多UtherPendragon的私生子，所Merlin偷偷地帶走，因此他不知道自己的真實(shí)身份。在王者之劍從它刺穿的石頭中拔出Guinevere，并且召集所有貴族騎士來到他的王宮，這其中就包括GuinevereMordred打敗，他的尸體被偷偷地運(yùn)到阿瓦隆島上。這個(gè)傳奇故事對中世紀(jì)的英國人和法國人很有吸引力，那個(gè)時(shí)候騎士精神的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——騎士的理想的品格——是許多故事中很重要的一部分。Galahad，Percival，Gawain，以及其他亞瑟王的騎士的英雄主義故事也都傳播開來。Guinevere12被挖掘出來。這些都不能證明傳奇的真實(shí)性，但是它們卻讓這種神秘氣氛延續(xù)下去練習(xí)：KingArthur’sfamerwas LancelotAvalonMordredUtherPendragonThewriterseemstofeelthatthetruthaboutArthuristhathe .existedwasmarriedtoGuineverehadmanyknightswasbornatTintagaelTheinformationinthesecondparagraphismostlypresentedin .spatialorderorderfromlatesttoearliestorderfromearliesttolatestorderfromleastpersuasiveInthelastparagraphtheword―exhumed‖means dugupfromthegraveburiedquarreledoverbuiltachurcharoundAnothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe KingsintheSeventhCenturyTheKnightsoftheRoundTableRealorLegend?Arthur’sMarriageto第九篇Style,NotFashionStylegoeswaybeyondfashion:Itisthedistinctivewayweputourselvestogether.Itisauniqueblendofspiritandsubstance-personalidentityimposedoilandcreatedthroughtheworldofthings. (1)Itwhatpeoplereallywantwhentheyaspiretobefashionable.(iftheyaren'tjustadorningthemselvesinstatussymbols).Throughclothes,wereinventourselveseverytimewegetdressed.Ourwardrobeisourvisualvocabulary.Styleisourdistinctivepatternofspeech,ourindividualpoetry.Fashion is the least of it.Style is, for starters, one part identity: self-awareness self-knowledge. (2)Andstylerequiressecurity-feelingathomeinyourbody,physicallyandmentally.Ofcourse,likeallknowledge,self-knowledgemustbeupdatedasyougrowevolve;styletakesongoingself-assessment.Styleisalsoonepartpersonality:spirit:verve,attitude,wit,inventiveness.Itdemandsthedesireandconfidencetoexpresswhatevermoodonewishes.Suchvariabilityisnotonlynecessarybutareflectionofaperson'suniquecomplexityas ahumanbeing. (3) Inordertowork,stylemustreflect therealthecharacterandpersonalityoftheindividual;anythinglessappearstobeacostume?Lastly,styleisonepartfashion.It'spossibletohavelotsofclothesandnotanounceofstyle.Butit’salsopossibletohaveveryfewclothesandlotsofstyle.Yes,fashionisthemeansthroughwhichweexpressstyle,butittakesfewerclothestobestylishthanyoumightimagine.Whateverelseitis,styleisoptimismmadevisible.Stylepresumesthatyouareapersonofinterest:thattheworldisaplaceofinterest thatlifeisworthmakingtheeffortfor.Italsoshowsthatyouareresponsible.Itshowsthat youdon'tbuythingsatthewhimofthemarketplaceortheurgingofmarketers. (4)Styleexposespeople'sambivalenceovergoodlooks.Italwaysdemonstratesthatappearancesdocount.Deep