2012年至2015年英語六級閱讀真題題目及答案

年6月英語六級PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asanyonewhohastriedtoloseweightknows,realisticgoal-settinggenerallyproducesthebestresults.That'spartiallybecauseitappearspeoplewhosetrealisticgoalsactuallyworkmoreefficiently,andexertmoreeffort,toachievethosegoals.What'sfarlessunderstoodbyscientists,however,arethepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofgoal-setting.Newspapersrelaydailyaccountsofgoal-settingprevalentinindustriesandbusinessesupanddownbothWallStreetandMainStreet,yettherehasbeensurprisinglylittleresearchonhowthelong-trumpetedpracticeofsettinggoalsmayhavecontributedtothecurrenteconomiccrisis,andunethical(不道德的)behavioringeneral.“Goalsarewidelyusedandpromotedashavingreallybeneficialeffects.Andyet,thesamemotivationthatcanpushpeopletoexertmoreeffortinaconstructivewaycouldalsomotivatepeopletobemorelikelytoengageinunethicalbehaviors,”saysMauriceSchweitzer,anassociateprofessoratPenn’sWhartonSchool.“Itturnsoutthere’snoeconomicbenefittojusthavingagoalyoujustgetapsychologicalbenefit”Schweitzersays.“Butinmanycases,goalshaveeconomicrewardsthatmakethemmorepowerful.”AprimeexampleSchweitzerandhiscolleaguesciteisthe2004collapseofenergy-tradinggiantEnron,wheremanagersusedfinancialincentivestomotivatesalesmentomeetspecificrevenuegoals.Theproblem,Schweitzersays,istheactualtradeswerenotprofitable.Otherstudieshaveshownthatsaddlingemployeeswithunrealisticgoalscancompelthemtolie,cheatorsteal.Suchwasthecaseintheearly1990swhenSearsimposedasalesquotaonitsautorepairstaff.Itpromptedemployeestooverchargeforworkandtocompleteunnecessaryrepairsonacompanywidebasis.Schweitzerconcedeshisresearchrunscountertoaverylargebodyofliteraturethatcommendsthemanybenefitsofgoal-setting.Advocatesofthepracticehavetakenissuewithhisteam’suseofsuchevidenceasnewsaccountstosupporthisconclusionthatgoal-settingiswidelyover-prescribedInarebuttal(反駁)paper,Dr.EdwinLockewrites:“Goal-settingisnotgoingaway.Organizationscannotthrivewithoutbeingfocusedontheirdesiredendresultsanymorethananindividualcanthrivewithoutgoalstoprovideasenseofpurpose.”ButSchweitzercontendsthe“mountingcausalevidence”linkinggoal-settingandharmfulbehaviorshouldbestudiedtohelpspotlightissuesthatmeritcautionandfurtherinvestigation.“Evenafewnegativeeffectscouldbesolargethattheyoutweighmanypositiveeffects,”hesays.“Goal-settingdoeshelpcoordinateandmotivatepeople.Myideawouldbetocombinethatwithcarefuloversight,astrongorganizationalculture,andmakesurethegoalsthatyouusearegoingtobeconstructiveandnotsignificantlyharmtheorganization,”Schweitzersays.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。52.Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyaboutgoal-setting?A)Itsnegativeeffectshavelongbeenneglected.B)Thegoalincreasepeople’sworkefficiency.C)Itsrolehasbeenlargelyunderestimated.D)Thegoalsmostpeoplesetareunrealistic.53.WhatdoesMauriceSchweitzerwanttoshowbycitingtheexampleofEnron?A)Settingrealisticgoalscanturnafailingbusinessintosuccess.B)Businessesarelesslikelytosucceedwithoutsettingrealisticgoals.C)Financialincentivesensurecompaniesmeetspecificrevenuegoals.D)Goalswithfinancialrewardshavestrongmotivationalpower.54.HowdidSears’goal-settingaffectitsemployees?A)Theywereobligedtoworkmorehourstoincreasetheirsales.B)Theycompetedwithoneanothertoattractmorecustomers.C)Theyresortedtounethicalpracticetomeettheirsalesquota.D)Theyimprovedtheircustomerserviceonacompanywidebasis.55.Whatdoadvocatesofgoal-settingthinkofSchweitzer’sresearch?A)Itsfindingsarenotofmuchpracticalvalue.B)Itexaggeratesthesideeffectsofgoal-setting.C)Itsconclusionisnotbasedonsolidscientificevidence.D)Itrunscountertotheexistingliteratureonthesubject.56.WhatisSchweitzer’scontentionagainstEdwinLocke?A)Thelinkbetweengoal-settingandharmfulbehaviordeservesfurtherstudy.B)Goal-settinghasbecometoodeep-rootedincorporateculture.C)Thepositiveeffectsofgoal-settingoutweighitsnegativeeffects.D)Studyinggoal-settingcanthrowmorelightonsuccessfulbusinesspractices.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Formostofthe20thcentury,Asiaaskeditselfwhatitcouldlearnfromthemodern,innovatingWest.Nowthequestionmustbereversed.WhatcantheWest’soverlyindebtedandsluggish(經(jīng)濟滯長的)nationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?Justafewdecadesago,Asia’stwogiantswerestagnating(停滯不前)underfaultyeconomicideologies.However,onceChinabeganembracingfree-marketreformsinthe1980s,followedbyIndiainthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,astheyopeneduptheirmarkets,theybalancedmarketeconomywithsensiblegovernmentdirection.AstheIndianeconomistAmartyaSenhaswiselysaid,“Theinvisiblehandofthemarkethasoftenreliedheavilyonthevisiblehandofgovernment.”ContrastthismiddlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachgoneideologicallyover-boardintheirownways.Sincethe1980s,AmericahasbeenincreasinglyclingingtotheideologyofuncontrolledfreemarketsanddismissingtheroleofgovernmentfollowingRonaldRegan’sideathat“governmentisnotthesolutiontoourproblem;governmentistheproblem.“Ofcourse,whenthemarketscamecrashingdownin2007,itwasdecisivegovernmentinterventionthatsavedtheday.Despitethisfact,manyAmericansarestillstronglyopposedto“biggovernment.”IfAmericanscouldonlyfreethemselvesfromtheirantigovernmentdoctrine,theywouldbegintoseethattheAmerica’sproblemsarenotinsoluble.Afewsensiblefederalmeasurescouldputthecountrybackontherightpath.Asimpleconsumptiontaxof,say,5%wouldsignificantlyreducethecountry’shugegovernmentdeficitwithoutdamagingproductivity.AsmallgasolinetaxwouldhelpfreeAmericafromitsdependenceonoilimportsandcreateincentivesforgreenenergydevelopment.Inthesameway,asignificantreductionofwastefulagriculturalsubsidiescouldalsolowerthedeficit.Butinordertotakeadvantageofthesecommon-sensesolutions,Americanswillhavetoputasidetheirownattachmenttotheideaofsmallergovernmentandlessregulation.AmericanpoliticianswillhavetodevelopthecouragetofollowwhatistaughtinallAmericanpublic-policyschools:thattherearegoodtaxesandbadtaxes.Asiancountrieshaveembracedthiswisdom,andhavebuiltsoundlong-termfiscal(財政的)policiesasaresult.Meanwhile,Europehasfallenpreytoadifferentideologicaltrap:thebeliefthatEuropeangovernmentswouldalwayshaveinfiniteresourcesandcouldcontinueborrowingasiftherewerenotomorrow.UnliketheAmericans,whofeltthatthemarketsknewbest,theEuropeansfailedtoanticipatehowthemarketswouldreacttotheirendlessborrowing.Today,theEuropeanUnioniscreatinga$580billionfundtowardoffsovereigncollapse.ThiswillbuytheEUtime,butitwillnotsolvethebloc’slargerproblem.57.WhathascontributedtotherapideconomicgrowthinChinaandIndia?A)Copyingwestern-styleeconomicbehavior.B)Heavyrelianceonthehandofgovernment.C)Timelyreformofgovernmentatalllevels.D)Freemarketplusgovernmentintervention.58.WhatdoesRonaldReaganmeanbysaying“governmentistheproblem”(line4,Para.3)?A)Manysocialevilsarecausedbywronggovernmentpolicies.B)Manysocialproblemsarisefromgovernment’sinefficiency.C)Governmentactioniskeytosolvingeconomicproblems.D)Governmentregulationhinderseconomicdevelopment.59.WhatstoppedtheAmericaneconomyfromcollapsingin2007?A)Self-regulatoryrepairmechanismsofthefreemarket.B)Cooperationbetweenthegovernmentandbusinesses.C)Abandonmentofbiggovernmentbythepublic.D)Effectivemeasuresadoptedbythegovernment.60.Whatistheauthor’ssuggestiontotheAmericanpublicinfaceofthepublicgovernmentdeficit?A)Theyurgethegovernmenttoreviseitsexistingpublicpolicies.B)Theydevelopgreenenergytoavoiddependenceonoilimport.C)Theygiveuptheideaofsmallergovernmentandlessregulation.D)Theyputupwiththeinevitablesharpincreaseofdifferenttaxes.61.What’stheproblemwiththeEuropeanUnion?A)Conservativeideology.B)Shrinkingmarket.C)Lackofresources.D)Excessiveborrowing.2012年12月六級英語PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Amidallthejoblosses,there’sonecategoryofworkerthattheeconomicdisruptionhasbeengoodfor:nonhumans.Fromself-servicecheckoutlinesatthesupermarkettoindustrialrobotsarmedwithsawsandtaughttocarveupanimalbodiesinslaughter-houses,theseever-more-intelligentmachinesarenownotjustassistingworkersbutactuallykickingthemoutoftheirjobs.Automationisn’tjustaffectingfactoryworkers,either.Somelawfirmsnowuseartificialintelligencesoftwaretoscanandreadmountainsoflegaldocuments,workthatpreviouslywasperformedbyhighly-paidhumanlawyers.“Robotscontinuetohaveanimpactonblue-collarjobs,andwhite-collarjobsareunderattackbymicroprocessors,”sayseconomicsprofessorEdwardLeamer.Therecessionpermanentlywipedout2.5millionjobs.U.S.grossdomesticproducthasclimbedbacktopre-recessionlevels,meaningwe’reproducingasmuchasbefore,onlywith6%fewerworkers.Tobesure,roboticsarenottheonlyjobkillersoutthere,with

outsourcing

(外包)stealingfarmorejobsthanautomation.

JeffBurnstein,presidentoftheRoboticsIndustryAssociation,arguesthatrobotsactuallysaveU.S.jobs.Hislogic:companiesthatembraceautomationmightusefewerworkers,butthat’sstillbetterthanfiringeveryoneandmovingtheworkoverseas.It’snotthatrobotsarecheaperthanhumans,thoughoftentheyare.It’sthatthey’rebetter.“Insomecasesthequalityrequirementsaresoexactingthatevenifyouwantedtohaveahumandothejob,youcouldn’t,”Burnsteinsays.Samegoesforsurgeons,who’reusingroboticsystemstoperformanever-growinglistofoperations—notbecausethemachinessavemoneybutbecause,thankstothegreaterprecisionofrobots,thepatientsrecoverinlesstimeandhavefewercomplications,saysDr.MyriamCuret.

Surgeonsmaysurvivetherobotinvasion,butothersatthehospitalmightnotbesolucky,asiRobot,makeroftheRoomba,arobotvacuumcleaner,hasbeenshowingoffAva,whichcouldbeusedasamessengerinahospital.Andonceyou’rehome,recovering,Avacouldletyoutalktoyourdoctor,sothere’snoneedtosendsomeonetoyourhouse.That“mobiletelepresence”couldbeusefulattheoffice.Ifyou’reawayonatrip,youcanstillattendameeting.Justconnectviavideoconferencingsoftware,soyourfaceappearsonAva’sscreen.

Isanyjobsafe?Iwashopingtosay“journalist,”butresearchersarealreadydevelopingsoftwarethatcangatherfactsandwriteanewsstory.Whichmeansthatafewyearsfromnow,arobotcouldbewritingthiscolumn.Andwhowillreadit?Well,theremightbealotofushangingaroundwithlotsoffreetimeonourhands.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。52.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstfewparagraphs?A)Theover-useofrobotshasdonedamagetoAmericaneconomy.B)Itishardforrobotstoreplacehumansinhighlyprofessionalwork.C)Artificialintelligenceiskeytofuturetechnologicalinnovations.D)Theroboticindustryhasbenefitedfromtheeconomicrecession.

53.WhatcausedthegreatestlossofjobsinAmerica?A)Usingmicroprocessorsextensively.B)Movingproductiontoothercountries.C)Thebankruptcyofmanycompanies.D)Theinvasionofmigrantworkers.

54.WhatdoesJeffBurnsteinsayaboutrobots?A)Theyhelpcompaniestorevive.B)Theyarecheaperthanhumans.C)Theypreventjoblossesinaway.D)Theycompetewithhumanworkers.

WhyareroboticsystemsreplacingsurgeonsinmoreandmoreoperationsaccordingtoDr.MyriamCuret?A)Theysavelotsofmoneyforthepatients.B)Theybeathumansinprecision.C)Theytakelesstimetoperformasurgery.D)Theymakeoperationslesspainful.

56.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutrobotics?A)Itwillgreatlyenrichliterarycreation.B)Itwillstartanewtechnologicalrevolution.C)Itwillrevolutionizescientificresearch.D)Itwillbeappliedinanyfieldimaginable.

PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.You’venowhearditsomanytimes,youcanprobablyrepeatitinyoursleep.PresidentObamawillnodoubtmakethepointpubliclywhenhegetstoBeijing:theChineseneedtoconsumemore;theyneed—believeitornot—tobecomemorelikeAmericans,forthesakeoftheglobaleconomy.Andit’salltrue.ButtheothersideofthatequationisthattheU.S.needstosavemore.Forthemoment,Americanhouseholdsactuallyaredoingso.Afterthepersonal-savingsratedippedtozeroin2005,theshockoftheeconomiccrisislastyearpromptedpeopletosnapshuttheirwallets.InChina,thehousehold-savingsrateexceeds20%.Itispartlyforpolicyreasons.Aswe’veseen,wageearnersareexpectedtocarefornotonlytheirchildrenbuttheiragingparents.Andthereis,todate,onlythe

flimsiest

(脆弱的)ofpublicly-fundedhealthcareandpensionsystems,whichincreasesincentivesforindividualstosavewhiletheyareworking.ButChinaisasocietythathaslongesteemedpersonalfinancial

prudence

(謹慎).Thereisnochancethatwillchangeanytimesoon,evenifthegovernmentcreatesabettersocialsafetynetandsuccessfullyencouragesgreaterconsumerspending.WhydoestheU.S.needtolearnalittle

frugality

(節(jié)儉)？Becausehealthysavingsratesareoneofthesurestindicatorsofacountry’slong-termfinancialhealth.Highsavingslead,overtime,toincreasedinvestment,whichinturngeneratesproductivitygains,innovationandjobgrowth.Inshort,savingsaretheseedcornofagoodeconomicharvest.TheU.S.governmentthusneedstoactaswell.Byrunningconstantdeficits,itisdis-saving,evenashouseholdssavemore.PeterOrszag,Obama’sBudgetDirector,recentlycalledtheU.S.budgetdeficitsunsustainableandhe’sright.Todate,theU.S.hasseemedunabletoseetheconsequencesofspendingsomuchmorethanistakenin.Thatneedstochange.AndthoughHuJintaoandtherestoftheChineseleadershiparen’tinclinedtolecturevisitingPresidents,hemightgentlyhintthatBeijingisgettingalittlenervousaboutthevalueofthedollar—whichhasfallen15%sinceMarch,inlargepartbecauseofincreasingfearsthatAmerica’sdebtloadisbecomingunmanageable.That’swhathappenswhenyou’retheworld’sbiggestcreditor:yougettodrophintslikethat,whichwouldbeenoughbythemselvestocreateinternationaleconomicchaosiftheywereeverleaked.(EverytimeanyofficialinBeijingdeliberatespubliclyaboutseekinganalternativetotheU.S.dollarforthe$2.1trillionChinaholdsinreserve,currencytradershaveaheartattack.)IfAmericanssavedmoreandspentless,consistentlyovertime,theywouldn’thavetoworryaboutallthat.

57.HowdidtheeconomiccrisisaffectAmericans?A)Theyhadtotightentheirbelts.B)Theirbanksavingsratedroppedtozero.C)Theirleadershipintheglobaleconomywasshaken.D)TheybecameconcernedaboutChina’sfinancialpolicy.

58.WhatshouldbedonetoencourageChinesepeopletoconsume?CA)Changingtheirtraditionalwayoflife.B)Providingfewerincentivesforsaving.C)ImprovingChina’ssocialsecuritysystem.D)Cuttingdowntheexpensesonchild-rearing.

59.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“savingsaretheseedcornofagoodeconomicharvest”(Line4,Para.4)?DA)Themoreonesaves,themorereturnsonewillreap.B)Acountry’seconomyhingesonitssavingspolicy.C)Thosewhokeepsavingwillliveaneasylifeintheend.D)Ahealthysavingsratepromoteseconomicprosperity.60.Inwhatcircumstancesdocurrencytradersbecomescared?A)WhenBeijingallowsitscurrencyexchangeratestofloat.B)WhenChinastartstoreduceitscurrentforeignreserves.C)WhenChinatalksaboutswitchingitsdollarreservestoothercurrencies.D)WhenBeijingmentionsinpublicthehugedebtsAmericaowesChina.61.Whatistheauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassage?A)TourgetheAmericangovernmenttocutdeficits.B)ToencourageChinesepeopletospendmore.C)TotellAmericansnottoworryabouttheireconomy.D)TopromoteunderstandingbetweenChinaandAmerica.2103年12月第一套真題PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TherewasatimenotlongagowhennewsciencePh.D.sintheUnitedStateswereexpectedtopursueacareerpathinacademia(學術界).Buttoday,mostgraduatesendupworkingoutsideacademia,notonlyinindustrybutalsoincareerssuchassciencepolicy,communications,andpatentlaw.Partlythisisaresultofhowbleaktheacademicjobmarketis,butthere'salsoarisingawarenessofcareeroptionsthatPh.D.scientistshaven'ttrainedfordirectly—butforwhichtheyhaveusefulknowledge,skills,andexperience.Still,there'sahugedisconnectbetweenthewaywecurrentlytrainscientistsandtheactualemploymentopportunitiesavailableforthem,andanurgentneedfordramaticimprovementsintrainingprogramstohelpclosethegap.OnecriticalstepthatcouldhelptodrivechangewouldbetorequirePh.D.studentsandpostdoctoralscientiststofollowanindividualdevelopmentplan(IDP).In2002theU.S.FederationofAmericanSocietiesforExperimentalBiologyrecommendedthateverypostdoctoralresearcherputtogetheranIDPmconsultationwithanadviser.Sincethen,severalacademicinstitutionshavebeguntorequireIDPsforpostdocsAndinJune,theU.S.NationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)BiomedicalResearchWorkforceWorkingGrouprecommendedthattheNIHrequireIDPsfortheapproximately32,000postdoctoralresearcherstheysupport.Otherfundingagencies,publicandprivate,aremovinginasimilardirection.IDPshavelongbeenusedbygovernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectortoachievespecificgoalsfortheemployeeandtheorganization.Theaimistoensurethatemployeeshaveanexplicittooltohelpthemunderstandtheirownabilitiesandaspirations,determinecareerpossibilities,andset(usuallyshort-term)goals.Inscience,graduatestudentsandnewPh.D.scientistscanuseanIDPtoidentifyandnavigateaneffectivecareerpath.AfreeWebapplicationforthispurpose,calledmyIDF.hasbecomeavailablethisweek.It'sdesignedtoguideearly-careerscientiststhroughaconfidential,rigorousprocessofintrospection(內(nèi)省)tocreateacustomizedcareerplan.Guidedbyexpertknowledgefromapanelofscience-focusedcareeradvisers,eachtrainee’sself-assessmentisusedtorankasetofcareertrajectories(軌跡).Aftertheuserhasidentifiedalong-termcareergoal.myIDPwalksherorhimthroughtheprocessofsettingshort-termgoalsdirectedtowardaccumulatingnewskillsandexperiencesimportantforthatcareerchoice.AlthoughsurveysrevealtheIDPprocesstobeuseful,traineesreportaneedforadditionalresourcestohelpthemidentifyalong-termcareerpathandcompleteanIDP.Thus,myIDPwillbemosteffectivewhenit’sembeddedinlargercareer-developmentefforts.Forexample,universitiescouldincorporateIDPsintotheirgraduatecurriculatohelpstudentsdiscuss,plan,preparefor,andachievetheirlong-termcareergoals.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。56.WhatdowelearnaboutnewsciencePh.D.sintheUnitedStatestoday?A)Theylacktheskillsandexpertiseneededfortheirjobs.B)Theycanchoosefromawiderrangeofwell-payingjobs.C)Theyoftenhavetoseekjobsoutsidetheacademiccircle.D)Theyareregardedasthenation’sdrivingforceofchange.57.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAmerica’sPh.D.training?A)Itshouldbeimprovedtobettersuitthejobmarket.B)Itiscloselylinkedtofuturecareerrequirements.C)Itshouldbere-orientedtocareersoutsideacademia.D)Itincludesagreatvarietyofpracticalcourses.58.WhatwasrecommendedforPh.D.sandpostdoctoralresearchers?A)Theymeettheurgentneedsofthecorporateworld.B)Along-termcareergoalbesetasearlyaspossible.C)AnIDPbemadeinconsultationwithanadviser.D)Theyacquireanexplicittooltohelpobtainjobs.59.GovernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectoroftenuseIDPsto__________.A)bringintofullplaytheskillsandexpertiseoftheirpostdoctoralresearchersB)helpemployeesmakethebestuseoftheirabilitiestoachievetheircareergoalsC)placeemployeesinthemostappropriatepositionsD)hirethemostsuitablecandidatestoworkforthem60.WhatdoweknowaboutmyIDP?A)Itisaneffectivetoolofself-assessmentandintrospectionforbettercareerplans.B)Itenablespeopletolookintovariouspossibilitiesandchoosethecareertheylove.C)Itpromisesalong-termcareerpath.D)Itispartofthegraduatecurricula.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Justoveradecadeintothe21stcentury,women’sprogresscanbecelebratedacrossarangeoffields.TheyholdthehighestpoliticalofficesfromThailandtoBrazil,CostaRicatoAustralia.AwomanholdsthetopspotattheInternationalMonetaryFund;anotherwontheNobelPrizeineconomics.Self-madebillionairesinBeijing,techinnovatorsinSiliconValley,pioneeringjusticesinGhana—intheseandcountlessotherareas,womenareleavingtheirmark.Butholdtheapplause.InSaudiArabia,womenaren’tallowedtodrive.InPakistan,1,000womendieinhonorkillingseveryyear.Inthedevelopedworld,womenlagbehindmeninpayandpoliticalpower.ThepovertyrateamongwomenintheU.S.roseto14.5%lastyear.Tomeasurethestateofwomen’sprogress.Newsweekranked165countries,lookingatfiveareasthataffectwomen’slives;treatmentunderthelaw,workforceparticipation,politicalpower,andaccesstoeducationandhealthcare.AnalyzingdatafromtheUnitedNationsandtheWorldEconomicForum,amongothers,andconsultingwithexpertsandacademics,wemeasured28factorstocomeupwithourrankings.CountrieswiththehighestscorestendtobeclusteredintheWest,wheregenderdiscriminationisagainstthelaw,andequalrightsareconstitutionallyenshrined(神圣化).Butthereweresomesurprises.Someotherwisehigh-rankingcountrieshadrelativelylowscoresforpoliticalrepresentation.Canadarankedthirdoverallbut26thinpower,behindcountriessuchasCubaandBurundi.Doesthissuggestthatawomaninanation’stopofficetranslatestobetterlivesforwomeningeneral?Notexactly.“Tryingtoquantifyormeasuretheimpactofwomeninpoliticsishardbecauseinveryfewcountrieshavetherebeenenoughwomeninpoliticstomakeadifference,”saysAnne-MarieGoetz,peaceandsecurityadviserforU.N.Women.Ofcourse,noindexcanaccountforeverything.Declaringthatonecountryisbetterthananotherinthewaythatittreatsmorethanhalfitscitizensmeansrelyingonbroadstrokesandgeneralities.Somethingssimplycan’tbemeasured.Andcross-culturalcomparisonscantaccountfordifferenceofopinion.Certainconclusionsarenonethelessclear.Foronething,ourindexbacksupasimplebutprofoundstatementmadebyHillaryClintonattherecentAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationsummit.“Whenweliberatetheeconomicpotentialofwomen,weelevatetheeconomicperformanceofcommunities,nations,andtheworld,”shesaid.“There’sastimulativeeffectthatkicksinwhenwomenhavegreateraccesstojobsandtheeconomiclivesofourcountries:Greaterpoliticalstability.Fewermilitaryconflicts.Morefood.Moreeducationalopportunityforchildren.Byharnessingtheeconomicpotentialofallwomen,weboostopportunityforallpeople.”注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。61.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutwomen’sprogresssofar?A)Itstillleavesmuchtobedesired.B)Itistooremarkabletobemeasured.C)Ithasgreatlychangedwomen’sfate.D)Itisachievedthroughhardstruggle.62.Inwhatcountrieshavewomenmadethegreatestprogress?A)Wherewomenholdkeypostsingovernment.B)Wherewomen’srightsareprotectedbylaw.C)Wherewomen’sparticipationinmanagementishigh.D)Wherewomenenjoybettereducationandhealthcare.63.WhatdoNewsweekrankingsrevealaboutwomeninCanada?A)Theycarelittleaboutpoliticalparticipation.B)Theyaregenerallytreatedasequalsbymen.C)Theyhaveasurprisinglylowsocialstatus.D)Theyareunderrepresentedinpolitics.64.WhatdoesAnne-MarieGoetzthinkofawomanbeinginanation’stopoffice?A)Itdoesnotnecessarilyraisewomen’spoliticalawareness.B)Itdoesnotguaranteeabetterlifeforthenation’swomen.C)Itenhanceswomen’sstatus.D)Itboostswomen’sconfidence.65.WhatdoesHillaryClintonsuggestwedotomaketheworldabetterplace?A)Givewomenmorepoliticalpower.B)Stimulatewomen’screativity.C)Allowwomenaccesstoeducation.D)Tapwomen’seconomicpotential.2013/12月第二套真題PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Callitthe“l(fā)earningparadox”,themoreyoustruggleandevenfailwhileyou’retryingtolearnnewinformation,thebetteryou’relikelytorecallandapplythatinformationlater.Thelearningparadoxisattheheartof“productivefailure”.aphenomenonidentifiedbyresearcherManuKapur.Kapurpointsoutthatwhilethemodeladoptedbymanyteacherswhenintroducingstudentstonewknowledge―providinglotsofstructureandguidanceearlyon,untilthestudentsshowthattheycandoitontheirown―makesintuitivesense,itmaynotbethebestwaytopromotelearning.Rather,it’sbettertoletthelearnerswrestle(較勁）withthematerialontheirownforawhile,refrainingfromgivingthemanyassistanceatthestart.Inapaperpublishedrecently,Kapurappliedtheprincipleofproductivefailuretomathematicalproblemsolvinginthreeschools.Withonegroupofstudents,theteacherprovidedstrong“scaffolding”―instructionalsupport—andfeedback.Withtheteacher’shelp,thesepupilswereabletofindtheanswerstotheirsetofproblems.Meanwhile,asecondgroupwasdirectedtosolvethesameproblemsbycollaboratingwithoneanother,withoutanypromptsfromtheirinstructor.Thesestudentsweren’t