專業(yè)英語修改版

常見的軸承車床的零部件和種類銑床的附件、種類銑削的種類應(yīng)力種類載荷種類震動、共振種類彈簧常見種類鏜床種類鉆床種類磨床種類和附件（砂輪等）機構(gòu)種類（平面連桿機構(gòu)等）磨損種類常見軸承：Journalbearing滑動軸承Rollingbearing滾動軸承Radialbearing向心軸承Thrustbearing推力軸承Angularcontactbearing角接觸軸承Taperedrollerbearing圓錐滾子軸承Thrustballbearing推力球軸承swivel旋轉(zhuǎn)軸承Taperedrollerthrustbearing推理圓錐滾子軸承Linearbearing直線軸承Spindlebearing主軸軸承車床的零部件和種類：Horizontalspindle臥軸Headstock主軸箱Spindle主軸carriage溜板tailstock尾架Leadscrew絲桿feedrod光桿bed床身車床種類Boringmachines鏜床Millingmachines銑床Drillingmachines鉆床planer龍門刨床Shaper牛頭刨床enginelathe普通車床Automaticscrewmachine自動螺紋加工車床Turretlathe轉(zhuǎn)塔車床benchtypelathes臺式車床Automatictracerlathes自動形車床Knee-typemillingtypemachine升降臺式銑床Bed-typemillingmachine床身式銑床Planertypemillingmachine龍門式銑床Jigborer坐標(biāo)鏜床Broachingmachine拉床Verticalboringmachine立式鏜床Horizontalboringmachine臥式鏜床enginelathe普通車床turretlathe轉(zhuǎn)塔車床bed床身headstock主軸箱tailstock尾架carriage溜板箱chuck卡盤spindle主軸feedrod光杠crossslideassembl橫刀架toolpost刀架cuttingtool刀具feedrate進(jìn)給速度depthofcut切削深度銑床的附件、種類Multi-edgetool多刃刀single-pointcutter單刃刀具Plainmillingcutters圓柱銑facemillingcutters端銑刀slittingsaw鋸片銑刀overarm橫梁Arbor刀桿column床身T-slotsT形槽knee升降臺Verticalmillinghead立銑頭dividinghead分度頭universaldividinghead萬能分度頭UniversalTurning銑削Shaping成形加工Drilling鉆孔Plainmillingcutters圓柱銑刀Facemillingcutters端銑刀Slittingsaws鋸片銑刀Sideandfacecutters三面刃銑刀Anglemillingcutters角度銑刀Cutterbody刀體T-slotcuttersT型槽銑刀Endmill立銑刀種類Knee-typemillingtypemachine升降臺式銑床Bed-typemillingmachine床身式銑床Planertypemillingmachine龍門式銑床Horizontalmillingmachine臥式銑床Verticalmillingmachine立式銑床銑削的種類Slabmilling平面銑削facemilling端面銑削Upmilling=Conventionalmilling逆銑Downmilling=climbmilling順銑Peripheralmilling圓周銑削；周銑Heavycut重切削；強力切削應(yīng)力種類stressconcentration應(yīng)力集中Normalstress正應(yīng)力Yieldstress屈服應(yīng)力ultimatestress極限應(yīng)力strain應(yīng)變microstrain微應(yīng)變thermalstress熱應(yīng)力載荷種類sustainedload持續(xù)載荷Impactload沖擊載荷Repeatedload重復(fù)載荷Fatigueloading疲勞載荷alternatingload應(yīng)變載荷elasticmodulus彈性模量Cyclicloading交變/循環(huán)載荷staticload靜載荷fatigueoralternatingload交變載荷vibration/dampingforce振動/阻尼力axialload軸向載荷振動、共振種類transientvibration瞬態(tài)振動steady-statevibrations穩(wěn)態(tài)振動randomvibrations隨機振動naturalandforcedvibration自由振動和強迫振動damp/damper衰減/使衰減drivingforce/resonance/undampedresonance激振力/共振/無阻尼共振infinity無限，無窮大ultimatestrength極限強度side-effect負(fù)作用age老化plannedmaintenance/preventivemaintenance定期維修/預(yù)防維持transducer/chartrecorder/taperecorder傳感器/曲線記錄儀/磁帶記錄儀彈簧常見種類Compressionspring壓縮彈簧extensionspring拉伸彈簧torsionspring扭力彈簧leafspring板彈簧torsionbarspring扭桿彈簧suspensionsystemspring/bumperspring懸掛系統(tǒng)的彈簧/緩沖彈簧鏜床種類Jigborer坐標(biāo)鏜床Broachingmachine拉床Verticalboringmachine立式鏜床Horizontalboringmachine臥式鏜床鉆床種類Bench-typedrillingmachine臺式鉆床uprightdrillingmachine立式鉆床Radialdrill搖臂鉆床electrichanddrill手電鉆twistdrill麻花鉆coredrill擴(kuò)孔鉆carbidetippeddrills硬質(zhì)合金鋼鉆頭磨床種類和附件（砂輪等）surfacegrinder平面磨床internalgrinding內(nèi)圓磨床cylindricalgrinding外圓磨床surfacegrinding表面磨床附件wheelhead磨頭dog夾頭卡箍uppertable上工作臺Lowertable下工作臺headstock主軸承reciprocatingtable往復(fù)式工作臺magneticchuck電磁吸盤Grindingwheel砂輪tailstock尾座driveplate驅(qū)動盤機構(gòu)種類（平面連桿機構(gòu)等）link/rigidlink/linkage/planar/spatiallinkage連桿/剛性構(gòu)體/連桿機構(gòu)/平面連桿/空間連桿kinematicpair運動副lowerandhigherpairs低副與高副kinematicchain運動鏈closedkinematicchain閉式運動鏈openkinematicchain開式運動鏈Crank-rockerlinkage曲柄搖桿機構(gòu)Double-rockerlinkage雙搖桿機構(gòu)Double-cranklinkage雙曲柄機構(gòu)磨損種類Adhesivewear粘著磨損Abrasivewear磨料磨損Corrosivewear腐蝕磨損Fatiguewear疲勞磨損adhesivewear/adhesion/asperitycontact/tangentialforce/shear/interface/strainhardening/wearparticle黏著磨損/粘附/輪廓峰接觸面/切向力/剪開/接觸面/加工硬化/磨損顆粒abrasivewear/microchip/filing/grinding磨料磨損/細(xì)小的切屑/銼削/磨削corrosivewear/electrochemicalreaction腐蝕磨損/電化學(xué)反應(yīng)fatiguewear/cyclicloading/alternatingload/rollingcontact/spalling/pitting/forgingdie疲勞磨損/交變載荷/交變載荷/滾動接觸/剝落/點蝕/鍛模4P12.2theremustbeanappropriatemeldingofmaterials,dimensions,andfasteningstoproducestructuresthatwillperformtheirfunctionsreliablyforareasonablecostoverareasonablelifetime.我們必須選用一定的材料，適當(dāng)?shù)某叽缂昂线m的連接方法去生產(chǎn)制造，這樣加工出的構(gòu)件才能夠在使用壽命期間可靠地完成其功能，且成本合理。P13.4Wewillappreciatethevarioustypesofapproximationsthatareinherentinanyrealproblem在處理現(xiàn)實問題時，我們將會采用各種各樣的近似法6P19.2.becausethetotalpowerdeliveredtotheshaftistakenoffpiecemealatvariouspoints.因為輸入到軸上的動力是由幾個傳動件輸出的P20.3.Criteriaforthelimitingtorsionaldeflectionvaryfrom0.25°permeteroflengthformachineryshaftsto1°permeteror1°inalengthof20diametersfortransmissionshafting.對于機床主軸來說，許用扭轉(zhuǎn)角為每米0.25°，對于傳動軸來說，許用扭轉(zhuǎn)角為每米1°或長度為直徑的20倍時1°。8P29.3.Awidelyusedtypeofbelt,particularlyinindustrialdrivesandvehicularapplications,istheV-beltdrive.在工業(yè)傳動及車輛上廣泛應(yīng)用V帶.P30.2.Sincegearreducersareavailableonlyatdiscretereductionratios,theoutputmustoftenbereducedmorebeforemeetingtherequirementsofthemachine.由于齒輪減速器只能提供不連續(xù)的減速比，所以其輸出的轉(zhuǎn)速必須再降低才能滿足機器的需求。16P61.1.Wearcanbedefinedastheprogressivelossofmaterialfromtheoperatingsurfaceofabodyoccurringasaresultofrelativemotionatthesurface.磨損是由于相對運動使得零件工作表面材料逐漸喪失的現(xiàn)象。24P97.1.Alongthatcolumnisanadditional,slidingtableforfixingtheworkpiecewhichcanbelockedinpositionatanydesiredheight.立柱上有上下滑動的工作臺，用以固定工件，工作臺可以鎖緊在任意需要的高度。26P106.3.Thecuttingoperationisperformedatacertaindesiredperipheralspeedoftheworkpiece,feedrate,anddepthofcut.車削時，工件有一定的圓周線速度，車刀有一定的進(jìn)給速度和切削深度。28P115.1.Inmilling,theworkpieceisfedintoarotatingmillingcutter,whichisamulti-edgetoolasshowninFig.28.1.銑削如圖28.1所示，工件做直線進(jìn)給運動的同時，銑刀做旋轉(zhuǎn)運動進(jìn)行銑削加工，銑刀是多刃刀具。P115..2.Sinceafewofthecuttingedgesareengagedwiththeworkpieceatatime,heavycutscanbetakenwithoutadverselyaffectingthetoollife.由于同時有幾個切削刃進(jìn)行切削，所以銑削屬于強力切削，但不會縮短刀具壽命。P115.3.Asfarasthedirectionsofcuterrotationandworkpiecefeedareconcerned,millingisperformedbyeitherofthefollowingtwomethods.根據(jù)銑刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向與工件的進(jìn)給方向的關(guān)系，銑削分為以下兩種.P116.1.Thistendstolifttheworkpiecefromthetable.逆銑對工件有上抬作用。37P155.4.Long-termexposureofamechanicalsystemtovibrationsoffrequenciesawayfromreasonancecanalsocausedamagethroughthemechanismoffatigue.機械系統(tǒng)長期受到振動作用，即使振動頻率遠(yuǎn)低于共振頻率，也會由于機構(gòu)的疲勞造成破壞4Overview

of

Engineering

Mechanics

Ideally,

however,

every

such

item

has

been

designed

according

to

some

set

of

“functional

requirements”

as

perceived

by

the

designers-that

is,

it

has

been

designed

so

as

to

answer

the

question,

“Exactly

what

function

should

it

perform?”

in

the

world

of

engineering,

the

major

function

frequently

is

so

support

some

type

of

loading

due

to

weight,

inertia,

pressure,

etc.

From

the

beams

in

our

homes

to

the

wings

of

an

airplane,

there

must

be

an

appropriate

melding

of

materials,

dimensions,

and

fastenings

to

produce

structures

that

will

perform

their

functions

reliably

for

a

reasonable

cost

over

a

reasonable

lifetime.

然而，在理想的情況下，每一件產(chǎn)品都是設(shè)計人員根據(jù)其對某些“功能要求”的理解而設(shè)計出來的，也就是說，在設(shè)計過程中，應(yīng)該回答這樣的問題，即“它應(yīng)該具有那種確切的功能？”在工程世界里，主要的功能常常是去支撐一些由重量、慣性、壓力等產(chǎn)生的負(fù)荷。從我們家里的房梁到飛機的機翼，一定有適當(dāng)?shù)牟牧?、尺寸、緊固件的組合應(yīng)用，以制造出在合理的壽命以合理的成本滿足功能要求的結(jié)構(gòu)。In

any

“real”

problem

there

is

never

sufficient

good,

useful

information;

we

seldom

know

theactual

loads

and

operating

conditions

with

any

precision,

and

the

analyses

are

seldom

exact.

While

our

mathematics

may

be

precise,

the

overall

analysis

is

generally

only

approximate,

and

different

skilled

people

can

obtain

different

solutions.

In

the

study

of

engineering

mechanics,

most

of

the

problems

will

be

sufficiently

“idealized”

to

permit

unique

solutions,

but

it

should

be

clear

that

the

“real

world”

is

far

less

idealized,

and

that

you

usually

will

have

to

perform

some

idealization

in

order

to

obtain

a

solution.

對于任何實際的問題，總是缺乏足夠完整和有用的信息。我們很少準(zhǔn)確地知道實際荷載和工作狀態(tài)，因此，所做的分析工作也很少是精確的。雖然我們的數(shù)學(xué)可以準(zhǔn)確，全面的分析一般只能近似，而且不同技術(shù)水平的人能得到不同的解。在工程力學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域，大多數(shù)問題要想得到唯一解就要充分的理想化，但應(yīng)該清楚，“現(xiàn)實世界”遠(yuǎn)不非理想化程度，因此為了得到問題的解決方案不得不進(jìn)行一些理想化假設(shè)。In

engineering

mechanics,

we

appreciate

the

various

type

of

approximations

that

are

inherent

in

any

real

problem:

在工程力學(xué)中，我們非常重視與實際問題本質(zhì)有關(guān)的各種類型的近似方法。

Primarily,

we

will

be

discussing

things

which

are

in

“equilibrium”,

i.

e.,

not

accelerating.

However,

if

we

look

closely

enough,

everything

is

accelerating.

We

will

consider

many

structural

members

to

be

“weightless”

–

but

they

never

are.

We

will

deal

with

forces

that

act

at

a

“point”,

but

all

forces

act

over

an

area.

We

will

consider

some

parts

to

be

“rigid”

–

but

all

bodies

will

deform

under

load.

首先，我們將要討論處于平衡中的物體，也就是說，不是加速的。但是，如果我們仔細(xì)觀察，可以看到一切物體都是運動的。我們會認(rèn)為許多構(gòu)件是沒有重量的-但情況從來不是這樣的。我們會認(rèn)為力作用在某個點上，但所有力都作用在某個區(qū)域上。我們將考慮某些零件是“剛性的”-但是所有機構(gòu)在負(fù)載下變形。8beltdrivesandchaindrivesInadditiontogears,beltsandchainsareinwidespreaduse.Beltsandchainsrepresentthemajortypesofflexiblepowertransmissionelements.Fig.8.1showsatypicalindustrialapplicationoftheseelementscombinedwithagear-typespeedreducer.Thisapplicationillustrateswherebelts,geardrives,andchainsareeachusedtobestadvantage除了齒輪、皮帶、鏈?zhǔn)潜粡V泛應(yīng)用。皮帶與鏈條是柔性元件的主要代表。Fig.8.1顯示一個典型的工業(yè)應(yīng)用這些元件結(jié)合齒輪式減速機。在這個應(yīng)用中說明了皮帶,齒輪傳動,鏈的每個優(yōu)點。Rotarypowerisusuallydevelopedbytheelectricmotor,butmotorstypicallyoperateattoohighaspeedanddelivertoolowatorquetobeappropriateforthefinaldriveapplication.（too……to）Foragivenpowertransmission,thetorqueisincreasedinproportiontotheamountthatrotationalspeedisreduced.Sosomespeedreductionisoftendesirable.Ingeneral,beltdrivesareappliedwheretherotationalspeedsarerelativelyhigh,asonthefirststageofspeedreductionfromanelectricmotororengine.Asmallerdrivingpulleyisattachedtothemotorshaft,whilealargerdiameterpulleyisattachedtoaparallelshaftthatoperatesatacorrespondinglylowerspeed.Pulleysforbeltdrivesarealsocalledsheaves.Thelinearspeedofabeltisusually10-30m/s,whichresultsinrelativelylowtensileforcesinthebelt.旋轉(zhuǎn)功率通常是用于電動機的能量輸出，但是電動機通常進(jìn)行高速運轉(zhuǎn)并且輸出低俗的轉(zhuǎn)矩來適應(yīng)最終的執(zhí)行應(yīng)用裝置。對于一個給定的傳輸功率，經(jīng)過轉(zhuǎn)換來成比例的增加轉(zhuǎn)矩和減少轉(zhuǎn)速。所以一些減速通常是可取的。在一般情況下，帶傳動適用于將高速運動轉(zhuǎn)變成為低速運動。電動機或發(fā)動機的第一級減速。皮帶輪是附屬于電機軸上同時一個大直徑的皮帶輪附屬于一個平行的在做相應(yīng)的低速運動的軸上的。Thesearefourmainbelttypes:flat,round,V,andsynchronous.Flatandroundbeltsmaybeusedforlongcenterdistancesbetweenthepulleysinabeltdrive.Ontheotherhand,Vandsynchronousbeltsareemployedforlimitedshortercenterdistance.Excludingsynchronousbelts,thereissomeslipbetweenthebeltandthepulley,whichisusuallymadeofcastironorsteel.這是四個主要皮帶類型:平皮帶、圓形皮帶、V型帶、同步皮帶。平型和圓形皮帶適用于皮帶傳動中心距較遠(yuǎn)的兩個皮帶輪之間。同時，V型和同步皮帶比較適合于較短中心距的情況。除了同步皮帶在皮帶和皮帶輪之間也會有鑄鐵或者鋼做成的滑輪。Awidelyusedtypeofbelt,particularlyinindustrialdrivesandvehicularapplications,istheV-beltdrive.TheV-beltcausesthebelttowedgetightlyintothegrooveofthesheave,increasingfrictionandallowinghightorquestobetransmittedbeforeslopingoccurs.V型皮帶傳動是一種廣泛使用的皮帶傳動形式,特別是在工業(yè)傳動和車載應(yīng)用中使用。這種V型皮帶讓皮帶緊緊楔入滑輪凹槽中,增加摩擦力并且和力矩用于傳輸，以避免滑動的發(fā)生。FlatbeltdrivesproduceverylittlenoiseandabsorbmorevibrationfromthesystemthaneitherV-beltorotherdrives.Aflatbeltdrivehasanefficiencyofaround98%,whichisnearlythesameasforageardrive.However,theefficiencyofaV-beltdrivevariesbetween70%and96%.在系統(tǒng)中，平帶驅(qū)動比其他的v帶和驅(qū)動器產(chǎn)生更小噪音、吸收更多的振動。一個平帶傳動效率約為98%,這是幾乎與齒輪傳動是一樣的。然而,現(xiàn)有的效率驅(qū)動變化在70%至96%之間。Asynchronousbelt,sometimescalledtimingbelt,hasevenlyspacedteethontheinsidecircumference(seeFig.8/2).Asynchronousbeltdoesnotslipandhencetransmitspowerataconstantangularvelocityratio.同步帶，有時稱為同步齒型帶，在圓周內(nèi)具有均勻間隔的齒（參見圖2）。同步帶不打滑，因此傳輸功率在一個恒定的角速度比例。However,ifverylargeratiosofspeedreductionarerequiredinthedrive,gearreducersaredesirablebecausetheycantypicallyaccomplishlargereductionsinarathersmallpackage.Theoutputshaftofthegear-typespeedreducerisgenerallyatlowspeedandhightorque.Ifbothspeedandtorquearesatisfactoryfortheapplication.Itcouldbedirectlycoupledtothedrivenmachine.然而,如果如果要求傳遞大比率的減速，那么齒輪傳動是代表性的理想方式，它可以在很小的范圍內(nèi)完成大范圍的速度減少，輸出軸如果能滿足速度和轉(zhuǎn)矩要求，還可以直接耦合從動機。16WearandLubricationWearcanbedefinedastheprogressivelossofmaterialfromtheoperatingsurfaceofabodyoccurringasaresultofrelativemotionatthesurface.Theproblemofwearariseswhereverthereareloadandmotionbetweensurface,andisthereforeimportantinengineeringpractice,oftenbeingthemajortypesofweararedescribenext:磨損可定義為物體操作表面材料的累積損失，為表面相對運動結(jié)果所致。哪里的表面有載荷和運動，哪里便有磨損問題出現(xiàn)。因而磨損問題在工程實際中很重要，常是控制機器零件壽命和性能的主要因素。磨損的幾種主要形式介紹如下：24DrillingOperaationsClasssificationofDrillingMachinesDrillingoperationscanbecarriedoutbyusingeitherelectrichanddrillsordrillingmachines.thelatterdifferinshapeandsize.Nevertheless,thetoolalwaysrotatesaroundinaxiswhiletheworkpieceiskeptfirmlyfixed.鉆井作業(yè)可以通過使用手電鉆或鉆孔機。后者的形狀和大小不一。然而，工具總是繞軸，工件被牢固地固定。thisiscontrarytothedrillingoperationonalathe,wheretheworkpieceisheldinandrotateswiththechuck.Followingisasurveyofthecommonlyusedtypesofdrillingmachines.這是在車床上鉆孔操作相反，在工件和卡盤旋轉(zhuǎn)。以下是常用的鉆孔機類型調(diào)查。Bench-typeDrillingMachinesBench-typedrillingmachinesaregeneral-purpose,smallmachinetoolsthatareusuallyplacedonbenches.thistypeofdrillingmachineincludesanelectricmotorasthesourceofmotion,whichistransmittedviapulleysandbeltstothespindle,wherethetoolismounted(seeFig.36.5).Thefeedismanuallygeneratedbyloweringafeedlever,whichisdesignedtolower(orraise)thespindle.臺式機床：臺式鉆床是通用的，通常是放在長凳小型機床。這種類型的鉆孔機，包括電動機作為運動的源，這是通過滑輪和皮帶主軸傳遞，在工具安裝（見fig.36.5）。懸臂是通過降低進(jìn)給桿手動生成的，其目的是降低（或提高）主軸。theworkpieceismountedonthemachinetable,althoughaspecialviseissometimesusedtoholdtheworkpiece.工件安裝在機床工作臺，雖然一個特殊虎鉗有時用于保持工件。UprightdrillingMachinesDependinguponthesize,uprightdrillingmachinetoolscanbeusedforlight,medium,andevenrelativelyheavyworkpieces.立式鉆床根據(jù)大小，立鉆工具可用于輕，中，即使相對較重的工件。Itisbasicallysimilartobench-typemachines,themaindifferencebeingalongercylindricalcolumnfixedtothebase.Alongthatcolumnisanadditional,slidingtableforfixingtheworkpiecewhichcanbelockedinpositionatanydesiresheight.thepowerrequiredforthistypeismorethanthatforthebench-typedrillingmachines.它基本上是類似于臺式機，主要的區(qū)別是一個較長的柱固定在底座。沿柱是一個額外的，用于固定工件可以被鎖定在任何欲望的高度位置滑動表。這種類型所需的高功率比的臺式鉆床。RadialDrillsAradialdrillisparticularlysuitablefordrillingholesinlargeandheavyworkpiecesthatareinconvenienttomountonthetableofanuprightdrillingmachine.Aradialdrillingmachinehasamaincolumn,whichisfixedtothebase.Thecantileverguidearm,whichcarriesthedrillinghead,canberaisedorloweredalongthecolumnandclampedatanydesiredposition.搖臂鉆床搖臂鉆是適用于大型和重型工件的鉆孔，安裝在直立鉆床工作臺不方便。搖臂鉆床具有主柱，這是固定在底座。懸臂導(dǎo)向臂，其攜帶鉆頭，可以提高或降低沿柱和夾在任何所需的位置。Thedrillingheadslidesalongthearmandprovidesrotarymotionandaxialfeedmotion.Again,thecantileverguidearmcanbeswung,thusenablingthetooltobemovedinalldirectionsaccordingtoacylindricalcoordinatesystem.鉆頭滑動臂和提供旋轉(zhuǎn)運動和軸向進(jìn)給運動。再次，懸臂導(dǎo)臂可擺動，從而使該工具可向各方向按圓柱坐標(biāo)系。26MachineTools

Latheslathesaregenerallyconsideredtobetheoldestmachinetoolsandweredevelopedinthe1750s.thebasicoperationscarriedoutonalatheareturning,boring,andfacing.Thebasiccomponentsofthemostcommonlathe(enginelathe)arethebed,headstock,tailstock,andcarriage.Oneendoftheworkpieceisclampedinachuckthatismountedonthespindle,thespindlerotatesintheheadstock.Theotherendoftheworkpieceissupportedbythetailstock.theheadstockcontainsthedrivegearsforthespindlespeeds,andthroughsuitablegearingandthefeedrod,drivesthecarriageandcrossslideassembly.thecarriageprovidesmotionparalleltotheaxisofrotation,andthecrossslideprovidesmotionnormaltoit.acuttingtool,attachedTothecarriage,removesmaterialbytravelingalongthebed.Thecuttingoperationisperformedatacertaindesiredperipheralspeedoftheworkpiece,feedrate,anddepthofcut車床車床通常被視為最古老的機床，其發(fā)明于1750年代，功能包括鏜、車和表面加工。

最普通的機床（配備發(fā)動機的機床）基本構(gòu)件包括床身、床頭箱、床尾箱和刀架。工件的一端夾到主軸的夾具上，主軸由床頭箱帶動旋轉(zhuǎn)。工件的另一端由尾箱支撐固定。床頭箱內(nèi)有驅(qū)動齒輪控制主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，通過合適的齒輪搭配和進(jìn)給，驅(qū)動刀架徑向滑動配合。刀架同時也提供與轉(zhuǎn)動軸平行的運動，徑向進(jìn)給與其動作垂直。刀架上裝配有刀具，在車床上運動切割材料。切割工作通過工件指定的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度、進(jìn)給率和切割深度完成。Afurtherdevelopmentistheautomaticlathe.Themovementsandcontrolsareareactuatedbyvariousmechanicalmeans,suchascamsandnumericalandcomputercontrol,thusreducinglabororrequiringlessskilledlabor.進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展是自動車床。運動控制是通過各種機械方式驅(qū)動，如凸輪、數(shù)值模擬和計算機控制，從而降低勞動或需要較少的熟練勞動力。28MillingOperationsAfterlathes,millingmachinesarethemostwidelyusedformanufacturingapplications.Inmilling,theworkpieceisfedintoarotatingmillingcutter,whichisamulti-edgetoolasshowninFig.28.1.Metalremovalisachievedthroughcombiningtherotarymotionofthemillingcutterandlinearmotionoftheworkpiecesimultaneously.除了車床，銑床是在制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用最廣泛的，銑削時，工件送到旋轉(zhuǎn)的銑刀下，它是一種多刃刀具如fig.28.1。金屬的切削是通過銑刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動與工件的直線運動相結(jié)合實現(xiàn)的。Asfarasthedirectionsofcutterrotationandworkpiecefeedareconcerned,millingisperformedbyeitherofthefollowingtwomethods.至于刀具的旋轉(zhuǎn)和工件的進(jìn)給方向而言，銑削是通過下列兩種方法進(jìn)行。Upmilling(conventionalmilling).Inupmillingthecuttingtoolrotatesintheoppositedirectiontothetablemovement,thechipstartsaszerothicknessandgraduallyincreasestothemaximumsizeasshowninFig.28.2(a).Thistendstolifttheworkpiecefromthetable.Thereisapossibilitythatthecuttingtoolwillrubtheworkpiecebeforestartingtheremoval.However,themachiningprocessinvolvesnoimpactloading,thusensuringsmootheroperationofmachinetool.逆銑（傳統(tǒng)銑削）。在銑削刀具的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向相反的方向運動的表，該芯片啟動零厚度逐漸增加到最大尺寸顯示fig.28.2（一）。這往往使工件從表。有一種可能性，即刀具將磨工件開始之前取消。然而，加工過程中沒有沖