2016年通用考博英語視頻閱讀精講講義

考博英語—閱讀精（初主講老師：畢歡迎使初階（一Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.PassagePatientscanrecallwhattheyhearwhileundergeneralanestheticeveniftheydon’twakeup,concludesanewstudy.Severalstudiesoverthepastthreedecadeshavereportedthatpeoplecanretainconsciousorsubconsciousmemoriesofthingsthathappenedwhiletheywerebeingoperatedon.Butfailurebyotherresearcherstoconfirmsuchfindingshasledskepticstospeculatethatthepatientswhorememberedtheseeventsmightbrieflyhaveregainedconsciousnessinthecourseofoperations.GittaLubke,PeterSebelandcolleaguesatEmoryUniversityinAtlantameasuredthedepthofanesthesiausingbispectralysis,atechniquewhichmeasureschangesinbrainwavepatterninthefrontallobesmomentbymomentduringsurgery.Beforethisstudy,researchersonlytookanaveragemeasurementoverthewholeoperation,saysLubke.Lubkestudied96traurnapatientsundergoingemergencysurgery,manyofwhomweretooseverelyinjuredtotolerancefullanesthesia.Duringsurgery,eachpatientworeheadphonesthroughwhichaseriesof16wordswasrepeatedfor3minuteseach.Atthesametime,bispectralysisrecordedthedepthofanesthesia.Aftertheoperation,Lubketestedthepatientsbyshowingthemthefirstthreelettersofawordsuchas"lim",andaskingthemtocompleteit.Patientswhohadhadawordstartingwiththeselettersplayedduringsurgery—"limit",forexample—chosethatwordanaverageof11percentmoreoftenthanpatientswhohadbeenplayedadifferentwordlist.Noneofthepatientshadanyconsciousmemoryofhearingthewordlists.Unconsciousprimingwasstrongestforwordsplayedwhenpatientsweremostlightlyanaesthetized.Butitwasstatisticallysignificantevenwhenpatientswerefullyanaesthetizedwhenthewordwasplayed.Thisfinding,whichwillbepublishedinthejournalAnesthesiology,couldmeanthatoperatingtheatrestaffshouldbemovediscreet.Whattheysayduringsurgerymaydistresspatientafterwards,saysPhilipMerikle,apsychologistattheUniversityofWaterloo,Ontario.Scientistshavefoundthatdeep islikelytoaffectcannotblocksurgeons’cancauseseriousdamagestohelpsretainconsciousorsubconsciousBythenewstudy,thetechniqueofbispectralysishelpsthe acquireanaveragemeasurementofbrainwavechangesoverthewholedecidewhetherthepatientwouldretainconsciousorsubconsciousrelatetheirmeasurementsandrecordingstotheverbalsoundsduringassurethedepthofanesthesiaduringTotestthepatientsthe preparedtwolistsofusedninety-sixheadphonesforconductedthewholeexperimentforthreevoicedonlythefirstthreelettersofsixteenwordsduringTheresultsfromthenewstudyindicatethatitwaspossibleforthepatients toregainconsciousnessunderthetolonewordfromanotheraftertorecallwhathadbeenheardduringtooverreacttodeepanesthesiainthecourseofWhatwecaninferfromthe howsurgicalmalpracticecanbewhyasurgeoncannotbetoowhysurgeonshouldholdtheirtonguesduringhowthepostoperativepatientscanretainsubconsciousPassageScientistsusedtobelieveadultbrainsdidnotgrowanynewneurons,butithasemergedthatnewneuronscansproutinthebrainsofadultrats,birdsandevenhumans.UnderstandingtheprocesscouldbeimportantforfindingwaystotreatdiseasessuchasAlzheimer’sinwhichneuronsaredestroyed.Mostneuronssproutinginadulthoodseemtobeinthehippocampus,astructureinvolvedinlearningandmemory.Buttheyrarelysurvivemorethanafewweeks."Wethoughttheywerepossiblydyingbecausetheyweredeprivedofsomesortofinput,"saysElizabethGould,aneuroscientistatPrinceton.Becauseofthelocation,Gouldandhercolleaguesthatlearningitselfmightbolsterthenewneurons’survival,andthatonlytasksinvolvingthehippocampuswoulddothetrick.Totestthis,theyinjectedadultmaleratswithasubstancethatlabelednewbornneuronssothattheycouldbetracked.Later,theygavesomeoftheratsstandardtasks.Oneinvolvedusingvisualandspatialcues,suchaspostersonawell,tolearntofindaplatformhiddenundermurkywater.Inanother,theratslearnttoassociateanoisewithatinyshockhalfasecondlater.Boththesetasksusethehippocampus—ifthisstructureisdamagedratscan’tdothem.Meanwhile,theresearchersgaveotherratssimilartasksthatdidnotrequirethehippocampusfindingaplatformthatwaseasilyvisibleinwater,forinstance.Othermembersofthecontrolgroupsimplypaddledinatubofwaterorlistenedtonoises.TheteamreportinNatureNeurosciencethattheanimalsgiventhetasksthatactivatethehippocampuskepttwiceasmanyoftheirnewneuronsaliveastheothers."Learningopportunitiesincreasethenumberofneurons,"saysGould.ButFredGageandhiscolleaguesattheSalkInstituteforBiologicalStudiesinLaJolla,California,disputethisInthesameissueofNatureNeuroscience,theyreportthatsimilarwatermazeexperimentsonmicedidnothelpnewneuronssurvive.Gouldthinksthedifferencearosebecausethegroupslabelednewneuronsatdifferenttimes.Hergavetheanimalstaskstwoweeksaftertheneuronswerelabeled,whenthenewcellswouldnormallybedying,shethinkstheSalkgroupputtheirmicetoworktooearlyfornewneuronstobenefit"Bythetimethecellsweredegenerating,theanimalswerenotlearninganything,"shesays.Notuntilrecentlydidscientistsfindout newneuronscouldgrowinadultneuronscouldbeman-madeinthelaboratoryC.neuronsweredestroyedinAlzheimer’sdiseaseD.humanscouldproducenewneuronsasanimalsGould’snotionwasthattheshort-lived didsurvivelongerthanwoulddiemuchsoonerthanexpectedcouldactuallybetterlearningandcouldbekeptalivebystimulatingtheWhichofthefollowingcanclearlylthetwogroupsofratsfromeachotherintheThewater B.ThenoisesC.Theneuronsnewly D.ThehippocampusGouldtheorizesthattheSalkgroup’sfailuretoreportthesameresultswasdue thetimingoflabelingnew B.thefrequencyofC.thewronglylabeled D.thetypesoflearningWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitlefortheUseItorLose B.LearntoC.ToBeorNotto D.StayMentallyPassageHere’syetanotherreasontoloseweight.Heavierpeoplearemorelikelytobekilledorseriouslyinjuredinearaccidentsthanlighterpeople.Thatcouldmeancardesignerswillhavetobuildinnewsafetyfeaturestocompensatefortheextrahazardsfacingoverweightpassengers.IntheUS,earmanufacturershavealreadyhadtoredesignairbagssotheyinflatetolowerpressuresmakingthemlessofadangertosmallerwomenandchildren.ButnooneyetknowswhatitisthatputsoverweightpassengersatextraAstudycarriedoutinSeattle,Washington,lookedatmorethan26,000peoplewhohadbeeninvolvedinearcrashes,andfoundthatheavierpeoplewereatfarmorerisk.Peopleweighingbetween100and119kilogramsarealmosttwo-and-a-halftimesaslikelytodieinacrashaspeopleweighinglessthan60kilograms.Andimportantly:thesametrendheldupwhentheresearcherslookedatbodymassindex(BMI)—ameasurethattakesheightaswellasweightintoaccount.Someone1.8meterstallweighing126kilogramswouldhaveaBMIof39,butsowoulda1.5meterstallweighing88kilograms.PeoplearesaidtobeobeseiftheirBMIis30orover.ThestudyfoundthatpeoplewithaBMIof35to39areovertwiceaslikelytodieinacrashcomparedwithpeoplewithBMIsofabout20.It’snotjusttotalweight,butobesityitselfthat’sWhiletheydonotyetknowwhythisisthecase,theevidenceisworthpursuing,saysCharlesMock,asurgeonandepidemiologistattheHarborviewInjuryPreventionandResearchCenterinSeattle,wholedtheresearchteam.Hethinksoneanswermaybeforsafetyauthoritiestouseheaviercrash-testdummieswhencertifyingcarsassafetodrive.Crashtestsnormallyusedummiesthatrepresentstandard-sizedmalesweighingabout78kilograms.Recently,smallercrash-testdummieshavealsobeenusedtorepresentchildreninsidecrashingcars.Butlargerandheavierdummiesaren’tused,theUSNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationinWashington,D.C.toldNewScientist.Thereasonsforthehigherinjuryanddeathratesarefarfromclear.Mockspeculatesthatcarinteriorsmightnotbesuitablydesignedforheavypeople.Orobesepeople,withhealthproblemssuchashighbloodpressureordiabetes,couldbefindingittoughertorecoverfromWhentheyredesignedairbagstoholdlesspressure,theAmericancar foundithardtosetstandardswithoutthedefinitionofincidentallybroughtaboutextrariskstoobesebasedtheirjobontheinformationofcaractuallyneglectedsmallerwomenandWhentheycategorizedtheobesepeople,the showedapreferenceforBMIinachievedalmostthesameresultsasfoundtheunitsofkilogrammoreapplicablethanwereshockedtoknowthenumberofobesepeoplekilledincarToaddresstheproblem, suggestedthatthesafetyauthoritiesuseheaviercrash-testcriedforthestandardizationofcrash-testreducedtheweightsofcrash—testencouragedobesepeopletoloseWhileexploringthereasonforthehigherinjuryanddeathrates,Mockwouldmostprobablysaythat carscanbemadesafertoavoiditiswiseforobesepeoplenottodriveitisnotjusttotalweight,butobesityitselfthatisthemainreasonbehindtheproblemisdrinkersheavyWhichofthefollowingquestionsiscloselyrelatedtotheAreairbagsreallynecessarytobebuiltinArecarscertifiedassafetoArecrash-testdummiestooArecaraccidentsPassageItseemsintuitivethatgoingtoaspecialistphysicianwillresultinmorethoroughandup-to-datecareforwhateverailsyou.Infact,manystudiessupportthisidea—buthealth-careresearcherscautionthattheymaynotlthewholeThefirstquestioniswhosepatientsaresicker?Specialiststendtotreatmorecomplicatedformsofdisease,butgeneralists—familyphysiciansandgeneralpractitioners—aremorelikelytotreatpatientswithseveralcoexistingdiseases.Asecondquestioniswhatcountsasthemostvaluabletreatment?Specialistsaremorefamiliarwithstandardsofcareforthediseasestheytreatregularly,saysHarlanM.KrumholzofYaleUniversity.Ontheotherhand,ageneralistmaydoabetterjobofcoordinatingapatient’scareandkeeaneyeona ’soverallhealthsaysMartinT.DomohoeoftheOregonHealthSciencesUniversityinPortland.Tofurthercomplicatecomparisons,manygeneralistswillconsultwithspecialistsoncomplicatedcases,butmedicalrecordsdonotalwaysshowthat,saysCarolynClancyoftheAgencyforhealthCarepolicyandResearchinRockville,Md.Thatsaid,strokepatientstreatedbyneurologistsaremorelikelytosurvivethanstrokepatientstreatedbygeneralists.Amongabout38,000strokesufferersnationwide,16.1%ofthosetreatedbyaneurologistdiedwithin3months,comparedwith25.3percentofthosetreatedbyfamilyphysicians.Severalstudieshaveshownthatpeoplewithheartdiseasefarebetterwhentheyaretreatedbycardiologists,saysS.NashoftheMountSinaiMedicalCenterinNewYork,butit’shardtofigureoutexactlywhy."Physicianspecialty,inadditiontobeingameasureofformaltraininginthefield,isalsoaproxyforclinicalexperience,"hesays,"It’sverydifficulttoseparateouttheoverlapconcepts:one,thatpracticemakesperfect;two,theeffectoftheeducationalandtimeinvestmentsinaclinicalproblemthephysicianissimplyinterestedin;andthree,theissueofformaltraining."Differencesbetweenspecialistcareandgeneralistcare,however,paleincomparisonwiththefindingthatbothspecialistsandgeneralistsoftenfailtoputthelatestknowledgeintopractice,contendbothDonohoeandClancy.AreportbytheUS.GeneralAccountingOfficeedthatheartattacksurvivorswhosawcardiologistsregularlyweremorelikelytotakecholesterol-loweringdrugsandbetablockers--whichreduceheartrateandbloodpressure--thanthosewhoreceivedcarefromageneralist.Evenso,theselife-prolongingdrugswerenotprescribedtomanypatientswhoappearedtobeeligibleforthem,implyingthatbothgeneralistsandspecialistscoulddobetter."Maybewearefocusingtoomuchenergyonthedifferencesbetweengeneralistandspecialistcare,"saysDonohoe.Perhaps,headds,"weshouldfocusmoreintentlyonimprovingthequalityofcommunicationandcooperationbetweengeneralistsandspecialistsandondeveloandpromotingpracticeguidelinesthatmighthaveamuchbiggereffectontheoverallhealthofAmericans."Whichofthefollowingquestionscanmostprobablycomeoutofthetwoquestionsraisedinthepassage?IsspecialistcareWhatisspecialistcareallwhyisoneunwillingtobeaIsgeneralistcarethefutureofTheanswerstothetwoquestionssuggest generalistsaremorelikelytobeaspecialistcanbeageneralist,orviceneitherofthetwogroupsisbetterthanthepatientshaveeveryreasontogotospecialistAccordingtothepassage,thebettertreatmentofstrokeandheartdiseaseonthepartofspecialists cannotsimplybeascribedtoishardtobejustifiedonthenationwideisenoughtoprovethesuperiorityofspecialisthasmuchtodowiththeamountofformalBothspecialistsandgeneralists,DonohoeandClancycontend,coulddoabetterjob takingadvantageoftheavoidingasmuchmalpracticeasputtingthelatestknowledgeintoeducatingthepublictotheirconsciousnessofDonohoeistryingtoshiftourattention bettercommunicationandcooperationbetweengeneralistsandtherealnatureofspecialistandgeneralistcarethesimilaritiesbetweengeneralistandspecialistthedeclininghealthofPassageChildrenarespendinganincreasingamountoftimeusingcomputers.Computersarenowfoundismostinclassrooms,andinthemajorityofhomes,almostalwayswithinternetaccess.However,manystudiesofchildren’suseofcomputersshowthattherearepossiblenegativeeffects.Thisessaywillexplainthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcomputeruseonchildren,focusingontheeffectsonfamilyandpeerrelationshipsandtheincreasedtendencytowardsviolentComputerusemaynegativelyaffectsocialrelationshipbetweenchildrenandtheirparents.Becausechildrenspendsomuchtimeoncomputers,theyoftenknowmoreaboutadvancedcomputerusethantheirparents.AccordingtoSubrahmanvamandhiscolleagues(2001)thisoftenleadstoarolereversal,wherethechild esateachertotheparent.Inotherworlds,itisoftenthecasethatahighlycomputerliterateteenagerwillteachtheirparentshowtousethemorecomplexfunctionsofcomputertechnology.Thiscanleadtoareductioninparentalauthority.Moreover,withtheanonymityofonlinecommunication,computerusersdonotknowiftheyaretalkingtoachildoranadult,soallusersaretreatedequally(Subrahmanyametal,2001).Childrenmaythenexpectthesameequalityinreallife,furthercontributingtoabreakdownintheparent-childrenrelationship(Subrahmanyametal,2001).Children’speerrelationshipscanalsobenegativelyaffectedbyextensivecomputeruse.Sincecomputersaremorelikelytobeusedinisolationbychildren,theyspendlittletimeinteractingwiththeirpeers(Shields&Behrman,2001).Asaresult,childrenmaynotdevelopthesocialskillstheyneed,orbeabletomaintainfriendshipsintherealworld(Subrahmanyametal,2001).Withtheveryextendedcomputeruse,thisisolationfromtherealworldcanleadtolonelinessandevendepression(Shields&Behrman,2001).Adisturbingpossibleeffectofcomputeruseonchildrenisthelinkbetweencomputergamesand.Currentresearchhasalreadyedastronglinkbetweenviolentfiandevisionandaggressivebehaviorinchildren,soitisreasonabletobelievethatasimilarlinkwillbefoundbetweenviolentbehaviorinchildrenandincomputergames(Subrahmanyametal,2001).However,asShieldsBehrman(2001)pointsout,itisimportanttonotethatalthoughthegamesmayaffectallchildren,childrenwhopreferviolentgamescouldbemostaffected.Inconclusion,usingacomputer,particularlyforextendedperiods,mayaffecttheparent-childrenrelationshipinfamilies.Itcouldalsoresultinchildrennotlearningthesocialskillstheyneedtointeractwithpeersandmaintainfriendships.Moreover,itseemslikelythatplayingviolentcomputergamesislinkedtoinchildren.Althoughtheresearchisnotconclusive,itappearsthatextendeduseofcomputerscouldhaveanegativeeffectonchildren’ssocialdevelopment.Fromtheverybeginning,theauthoristryingtodrawourattention crimesonriseatadeclineinfamilythenegativeeffectsofchildren’soveruseoftheincreasingnumberofinvestigationsonWhichisthebestreasonforthereductionofparentalauthorityaccordingtothe eteacherstotheirParentsarefossilizedinnewChildrenexpectforanequalstatuswiththeirParents’rolesarebeingshrunkbytheWhatdoesShield&Behrmanimplyinthepassage?A.Childrengreatlyvaluethefriendshipwiththeirpeers.B.ChildrenaredoomedtosufferdepressionbyusingC.ChildrenwillbedoomedtobeaffectedbyviolentD.Children’sinclinationtoaggressionmayderivefromviolentWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasthenegativeresultofplayingcomputergamesinthepassage?AlackofsocialIncreasingviolentAdeclineininAbreakdowninfamilyWheremightthepassagebetakenA B.AscienceC.AResearch D.BusinessPassageAresmartpeoplejustnaturallyattractedtostudyartorperformmusic,dance,orOrdoesearlyeducationintheartactuallycausechangesinthebrainthatdevelopimportantcomponentsofcognition?Recentfindingsshowthattheremaybesomesignificantcausalrelationshipsbetweenartstrainingandthebrain’sabilitytolearn.TheDanaFoundation,anorganizationwithinterestinneuroscience,immunology,andartseducation,justreleasedathree-yearstudythatfoundthatearlytrainingintheartsispossiblygoodforyourbrain.Neuroscientistsandpsychologistsatseveraluniversitieshavenowenhancedunderstandingofjusthowtheartsmightimprovethinking,memory,andlanguageskills.Musiceducationislinkedwiththeabilitytocontrolbothshort-termandlong-termmemory,geometricrepresentation,anddevelopmentofreadingskills.Dancetrainingimprovesthinkingthoughmimicryandactingclassesseemtoexpandlanguage.Visualartslessonsoutsidetheclassroominchildhoodarelinkedtoimprovedmathcalculations,inretrospect,IwishIhadmoreartlessonsbeforeItookonthatadvancedmathclassinhighschool.It’snotanewideathattheartscanmakeussmarter.Thenotioncaughtfireinthe1990swhenresearchersshowedthatcollegestudentsdidbetteroncertainmathtestsafterlisteningtoalittlebitofMozart.AndwhilethecurrentreportfromtheDanaFoundationdidnotprovidedefinitivetheoriesastohowartsmakeussmart,whatitdoesisendthepopularnotionthatpeopleareeitherright-orleft-brainlearners.Apparentlyartistsandscientistsarenotthatfundamentallydifferentandperhapsthereisevenanunderlyingconnectionbetweenthecognitiveprocessesthatgiverisetobothartsandsciences.Atthebeginningofthepassage,twoquestionsareraisedtoexploretherelation earlyeducationandtheinligenceandemotionalarttrainingandcognitivethehumanbrainanditscognitiveFrommusiceducationtodancetrainingtovisualartslessons,theresearchersfound earlytrainingintheartsimprovedcognitiveearlyeducationintheartsenhancedthelearningbyarttrainingwaswidelyconductedduringtheartisticeducationtookmanyformsforWhatcanbeinferredabouttheauthor’sartlessonsduringTheyare B.TheyareC.Theyare D.TheyareAccordingtothepassage,thecurrent presenttheworkingmechanismoftherightandleftbrainsB.challengethepopulardivisionofright-orleft-brainlearnersrevealthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenartistsandinterpretthedifferentcognitiveprocessesinscientistsandWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitlefortheBrainy B.LearningC.Arts D.Cognitive初階（二Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.PassageAsthedefiningepidemicofamodemagenotableforoverconsumptionandexcess,obesityishardtobeat.Theincreasedavailabilityofhigh-fat,high-sugarfoods,alongwithmoresedentarylifestyles,hashelpedpushthenumberofobesepeopleworldwideto400millionandthenumberofoverweighttomorethan1.6billion.By2015,thosefiguresarelikelytogrowto700millionand2.3billionrespectively,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization.Giventhehealthimplications—increasedriskofheartdisease,stroke,diabetesandsomecancers—anythingthathelpspeopleavoidpilingonthepoundsmustbeagoodthing,right?Thosewhoagreewillnodoubt ethegrowingsuccessofresearchersstrivingtodevelop"dietpills"thatprovideatechnicalfixforthoseincapableoflosingweightanyotherway.LastweekastudypublishedinTheLancetshowedthattesofensine,whichworksbyinducingasenseoffullness,istwiceaseffectiveasanyotherdrugatenablingpatientstoloseweight.Thereisnoquestionthatadvancessuchasthisaregoodnewsforthosewithastronggeneticpredispositiontoobesity.Butfortherestofusitisdangeroustoseetreatmentasamoreeffectivesolutionthanprevention.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Forastart,thetraditionalwaysofmaintainingasafeweight,suchaslimitingwhatyoueat,increaseconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesandtakingmoreexercise,arebeneficialforourhealthinmanyways.Second,overindulgenceinfattyfoodshasimplicationsfortheentireplanet.Considerthedeleteriousenvironmentaleffectsoftherisingdemandformeat.Asdemonstratedinourspecialissueoneconomicgrowth,technologicalfixeswillnotcompensateforexcessiveconsumption.Third,interferingwiththebraincircuitsthatcontrolthedesireforfoodcanhaveanimpactonotheraspectsofa’salityandtheirmentalandphysicalhealth.Weneedtwoapproaches:moreresearchintothegeneticsofobesitytounderstandwhysomepeoplearemoresusceptible,andgreatereffortstohelppeopleavoideatingtheirwaytoanearlydeath.Cynicswillsaywe’vetriededucationandithasn’tworked.Thatisdefeatist:gettingpeopletochangetheirbehaviortakestimeandeffort,heldbackaswearebyourbiologicaltendencytoeatmorethanweneed,andbythefoodindustry’sruthlessopportunisminexploitingthat.Drugswillbethesavingofafew—asalastresort.Buttheglobalobesityproblemisoneoflifestyle,andthesolutionmustbetoo.Inthefirstparagraphallthefiguressurroundingobesity acloselinkbetweengrowingobeseanddevelotheinevitablediseasesofmodemthewaragainsttheepidemicwehavetheurgencyoftheglobalWhenitcomestotherecentlyreporteddietpills,theauthorwouldsaythat drugsarenoreplacementofthetechnicaladvanceisnotnecessarilygoodthetechnicalfixdoeshelpreversetheobesitythemechanismoftesofensinestillremainstobeWhichofthefollowingcanbereferredtoastheenvironmentaloftheauthor’sargument?BelittlinggoodhealthImposingaheavyburdenonourMakingtroubleforoursocialHavingimplicationsformentalandphysicalTheauthorarguesthatwemakegreatereffortstohelppeoplefightagainst theirbiologicalovereatingtendencyandaggressivelymarketedthedevelopmentofdietpillsasatechnicalfixfortheirexcusesfortheirgeneticsusceptibilitytothedefeatismprevailinginthegeneralWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitlefortheNoQuick B.DiseaseofC.PursuingaTechnical D.AWaronGlobalPassageAnabandonedairfieldnearaformerNaziconcentrationtrampmaysoonfeaturepagodasandTaiChiparks.A$700millionprojectaimstogiveGermanyitsownChinatown22northofBerlininthetownofOrangeburg,housing2,000residentsby2010.TheinvestorgroupbehindtheschemehopesthenewChinatownwillattracttouristsandbusinesstorivalthefamedChinatownsofSanFranciscoandNewYorkbydeliveringan"authenticChineseexperience.""You’llbeabletoexperienceChina,gooutforaChinesemeal, Brandenburg-China-Project-ManagementGmbH.TheprojecthasattractedinvestorsinbothGermanyandChina,reportsChristopheLangofBerlin’sTradeandIndustrypromotionOffice."ChineseinvestorshavealreadyaskedifwehaveaChinatownhere."Hesays."Theculturalenvironmentisveryimportantforthem.YoucannotbuildasyntheticChinatown."Germanyishometoabout72,000Chinesemigrants(2002FederalStatisticalOfficefigures),butthecountryhasnothadaChinatownsincetheearly1930sinHamburg,whenmostofthecity’s2,000ChineseresidentsfledorwerearrestedbytheNazis.German’smore-recenthistorywithanti-foreignerextremismremainsaproblemevenwithintheernment,reportsDeutscheWelle(DW),Germany’sinternationalbroadcaster.DWnotesthatNationalDemocraticPartylawmakerHolgerApfel’sxenophobic(恐外的)commentsabout"state-subsidizedOrientalmega-families"atfirstwentlargelyuncriticized."EveryfourthGermanharborsanti-foreignersentiments,”DWquotesMiriamGruss,aFreeDemocraticPartyparliamentarian."Right-wingextremismisclearlyrootedinthemiddleofsociety.It’snotaminorphenomenon.“TheGermanernmentinitiatedaspecialyouthforDemocracyandToleranceprograminJanuary2007aspartofitstolerance-buildingWhileitisnotclearhow-manyChinesemigrantswillultimaysettleinthenewGermanChinatown,developershopetheprojectwillincreaseGermans’understandingforChinaandChineseculture.Ifsetup,accordingtothepassage,thenewGermanChinatownwillprobably A.arivaltotheChinatownsofSanFranciscoandNewB.mainlymadeofpagodasandTaiChiC.locatedinthenorthsuburbsofD.thebiggestoneinWhenhesaysthatyoucannotbuildasyntheticChinatown,Lang therealimportedgoodsmadeintheauthoritativepermissionforthetheimportanceofthelocationforatheauthenticenvironmenttoexperienceChineseBymentioningthepopulationofChinesemigrantsinGermany,theauthormostprobablymeansthat itistoolatetobuilda B.itistheirdesiretosaveaC.itisimportanttocreatejobsfor D.itisnecessarytohaveaChinatownAccordingtothepassage,Germananti-foreigner canseethenewcommunitywith B.couldbeanobstacletotheC.willabsoluykillthe D.isgrowingfortheThemessagefromtheplanis tobuildanew B.tofightagainstright-wingC.topromotemoreculturalunderstanding D.toincreaseChinese’sunderstandingofPassageTheAmericanresearchuniversityisaremarkableinstitution,longasourceofadmirationandwonder.Theidyllic(田園詩的),woodedcampuses,thediversityandenergyofthestudentpopulations,and,mostofall,thesheervolumeofpublicandprivateresourcesavailabletorunthem,havemadethemtheenvyoftheworld.Seenfromtheinside,however,everythingisnotquitesorosy.Settingasidethehabitualcomplexityofmedicalschools,whichhaveseparatehealthcareandfinanceissues,thestructureoftheseinstitutionsisstraightforwardandconsistent.Thebedrockofeachuniversityisasystemofdiscipline-spe