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Chapter11EconomyChapter11EconomContents
HistoryofAmericanEconomyCurrentAmericanEconomy
GeneralIntroductionⅠⅡⅢContentsHistoryofAmericanEUS—thecurrentindustrial,economicandtechnologicalgiantrankingfirstincomputertechnology,spacetechnology,nuclearenergy,andelectronics,etc.;producingamajorportionoftheworld’smachinery,automobiles,oil,electricalenergy,andchemicals.Mixedeconomyemphasizingprivateownershipfederalgovernment—regulatingbusinessesanti-trustlaws
Ⅰ
GeneralIntroductionUS—thecurrentindustrial,ecoPrivatebusinessesproducemostgoodsandservices.Twothirdsoftheoutputgoestoindividuals;Onethirdisboughtbygovernmentandbusiness.“Consumereconomy”
Ⅰ
GeneralIntroductionⅠGeneralIntroductionⅡHistoryofAmericanEconomyTheColonialPeriod
SinceAmericanIndependenceThe20thCentury123ⅡHistoryofAmericanEconomyT
1.TheColonialPeriod
Massachusetts—settledbyPilgrimstoescapereligiouspersecutionOthercolonies—likeVirginiaandPennsylvania,foundedasbusinessventureschartercompanies
contributiontoEngland’scolonizingprocessofthewould-beUnitedStatesKingprovidedacharterorgrantconferringeconomicrightsaswellaspoliticalandjudicialauthority
1.TheColonialPeriod
1.TheColonialPeriod
Englishinvestorsturnedovercolonialcharterstothesettlers.enormouspoliticalimplicationsColonistswerelefttobuildtheirownlives,communities,andeconomy,thatis,toconstructtheirnewnation
1.TheColonialPeriod
Englis
1.TheColonialPeriod
appearanceofsawmills(鋸木場)andgristmills(磨房)shipyards—buildingfishingfleetsandtradingvesselssmallironforges(冶煉廠)Secondaryindustries(二級產(chǎn)業(yè))
1.TheColonialPeriod
appearGristmillIronforge
1.TheColonialPeriod
GristmillIronforge
1.TheColClearregionalpatternsofdevelopmentbythe18thcentury:NewEngland—ship-buildingandsailing;Maryland,Virginia,andCarolinas—tobacco,riceandindigo(靛藍(lán)屬植物);NewYork,Pennsylvania,NewJerseyandDelaware—shippedcropsandfurs;Thefieldwasopenforentrepreneurs(企業(yè)家、創(chuàng)業(yè)者)amongthecoloniststoestablishthemselves.
1.TheColonialPeriod
1.TheColonialPeriod
DisputesovertaxationandothermatterswithBritain:Americans—modification(減輕)oftaxesandregulations;demandformoreself-governmentMountingquarrel—leadingtowaragainsttheBritishandtoindependenceforthecoloniesAmericanRevolution:bolstered(支持、支撐)byanemergingmiddleclassrallyingcry—“inalienablerightstolife,liberty,andproperty”
1.TheColonialPeriod
1.TheColonialPeriod
2.SinceAmericanIndependenceU.S.Constitutionestablishedthenationasaunifiedmarket.notariffsortaxesoninter-statecommerce;Federalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficesandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatents(專利權(quán)、專利品)andcopyrights.“intellectualproperty”2.SinceAmericanIndependenceAlexanderHamilton’seconomicdevelopmentstrategy2.SinceAmericanIndependencenurtureinfantindustriesbyprovidingovertsubsidies(公開的補(bǔ)貼)imposeprotectivetariffs(保護(hù)性關(guān)稅)onimportscreateanationalbankassumepublicdebtsAlexanderHamiltonwasthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasury,aFoundingFather,economist,andpoliticalphilosopher.AlexanderHamilton’seconomicTheIndustrialRevolutionBy1860,onethirdofthenation’sincomecamefrommanufacturing;Cottonclothproductionwastheleadingindustry;Urbanizedindustry—limitedtotheNortheast;ImmigrantworkersBetween1845and1855,some300,000Europeanimmigrantsarrivedannually.2.SinceAmericanIndependence2.SinceAmericanIndependenceUrbanIndustrializationTextilePlant2.SinceAmericanIndependenceUrbanIndustrializationTextileTheSouth—ruralanddependentontheNorthforcapitalandmanufacturedgoodsEconomicpolicyunderPresidentLincoln:2.SinceAmericanIndependenceIn1861,adoptionofaprotectivetariffIn1862,thefirstPacificrailroadwaschartered.In1863and1864,anationalbankcode
(銀行代碼)wasdrafted.2.SinceAmericanIndependenceNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar—ensuredthedestinyofthenationanditseconomicsystemslaverysystemwasabolished,makingsoutherncottonplantationslessprofitable;Northernindustrysurgedahead:Industrialists’dominationinsocialandpoliticalaffairsDisappearanceofthesouthernplanteraristocracy(貴族)2.SinceAmericanIndependence2.SinceAmericanIndependence“Secondindustrialrevolution”—anexplosionofnewdiscoveriesandinventions:Thediscoveryofoil;Thedevelopmentoftypewriter;Theinventionoftelephone,phonograph(速記法),andelectriclight;Refrigeratedrailroadcarscameintouse;Carswerereplacingcarriagesandpeoplewereflyinginairplanesbythedawnofthe20thcentury.2.SinceAmericanIndependence2.SinceAmericanIndependence3.The20thCenturyExperiencedaperiodofprosperityintheearly20thcenturySufferedGreatDepressioninthe1930sWallStreetCrashinOctober1929
3.The20thCenturyExperienced3.The20thCenturyPresidentRoosevelt’sNew
Deal(新政)—interventionofthegovernmentensurethateconomicopportunitiesarefairandaccessibletothepeople;preventflagrant
(公然的)abusesofthesystem;Dampen
(抑制)theeffectsofinflation;stimulategrowth.HisNewDealwaspopularwiththeelectorate(選民)andledtoasuccessfulreelectionin1936.3.The20thCenturyPresidentR
ReaganAdministration’snewmonetarist
(貨幣主義者)policiesintheearly1980scontrolovergovernmentspendingdeficitscuttingtaxestoenhanceeconomicdevelopmentraiseofinterestratesGeorgeH.W.Bush—sloweconomicrecessionClinton—economicrecovery3.The20thCenturyReaganAdministration’snewmIICurrentAmericanEconomyAgriculture1Manufacturing
Industry2ServiceIndustry3High-techIndustry4ForeignTrade5IICurrentAmericanEconomyAgr1.AgricultureConditionsfordevelopingagriculture:vastnessofthelandgenerosityofnaturerainfall,riversandundergroundwaterallowingforirrigationwherenecessaryAverageAmericanfarm—462acres(187hectares)1.AgricultureConditionsfordSuccessofagriculturelargecapitalinvestmentshighlytrainedlabornewmethodsforraisingcrops1.AgricultureModernfarmingdiseaseanddroughtresistantseedsfertilizersandpesticidesspacetechnologyutilizationSuccessofagriculture1.Agric“Agribusiness”avarietyoffarmbusinessesandstructuresfromsmall,one-familycorporationstohugeconglomerates（聯(lián)合企業(yè):由許多不同行業(yè)的公司組成的有不同經(jīng)營范圍的大企業(yè)）ormultinationalfirmsAmericanfarm’slow-costoutputOne-thirdofcropsforexport—Europe,Asia,AfricaandLatinAmericaAgriculturalimportslagfarbehind,leavingasurplusintheagriculturalbalanceoftrade1.Agriculture“Agribusiness”1.AgricultureFarmers—notworkonthefarmsfull-time45percentwithotheroccupations240,000tenantfarmers—rentlandforcashorpaytheownerashareofthecropstheygrowmigrantworkers—hiredonlyforaspecificchoreAgricultureremainsthefoundationuponwhichAmericanwell-beingandprosperityarebased.1.Agriculture1.Agriculture2.ManufacturingIndustryLargemanufacturingindustriesemployingmorethan24millionworkersHighlydevelopedmilitaryindustryAutocompanies—Ford,GeneralMotorsandChryslerBoeingAircraftCompany—commercialairlinersOtherindustries:food,clothing,etc.Americahasformedanindustrialsystemwithlargeproductivity.2.ManufacturingIndustryLarge3.ServiceIndustryTremendousgrowthinemploymentintheservicesectorsincethe1970sthreecategories:servicesfortheaffluent—commercialbanking,lifeinsurance,realestateandlawserviceswelfareservices—healthcare,education,governmentandsocialservicesservicesprovidedbythepoor—servicestobuildingsanddwellings,retailservices3.ServiceIndustryTremendous3.ServiceIndustryAdvancedserviceindustry3.ServiceIndustryAdvancedse4.High-techIndustryHigh-techindustriesrankingfirstintheworldMoreemphasisonspacetechnology,electronics,chemicalsandcomputingSuccessfulflightofthespaceshuttleLeadingcomputercompaniesintheworldLeadingengineeringandinformationtechnology
4.High-techIndustry4.High-techIndustry美國計算機(jī)協(xié)會（AssociationofComputingMachinery，簡稱ACM）是一個國際性的科技教育組織，是世界上第一個科學(xué)性及教育性計算機(jī)學(xué)會。ACM致力于提高信息技術(shù)在科學(xué)、藝術(shù)等各行各業(yè)的應(yīng)用水平。4.High-techIndustry美國計算機(jī)協(xié)會（A5.ForeignTradeUSforeigntradeplaysasignificantroleintheeconomyTradepattern:fromdomestic-orientedtointernationally-orientedReducingtradebarriers
(貿(mào)易壁壘)andcoordinatingtheworldeconomicsystemPromotingbilateral
(雙邊的)andregionaltradetoenhancedomesticstabilityandloyaltyofallies5.ForeignTradeUSforeigntraExports—about10%oftheworld’stotalMostimportantproductsforexport—officemachines,householdappliances,chemicals,metalmanufactures,petroleumproducts,etc.RankingfirstinexportofagriculturalproductsLeadingexporterofcivilaircraft,service,technologyandweapons5.ForeignTradeExports—about10%oftheworldAmerica—biggestpercentageofimportsintheworldimportcapacity—15%oftheworld’stotalmajorproductsforimports—tin,nickel,etc.Industries—builtaroundacontinuoussupplyofessentialrawmaterialsThelargestsingle-countryprovideroftrade-relatedassistance5.ForeignTradeGrowthanddeclineoftheU.S.foreigntradevolumedeterminethetrendoftheworldeconomy.America—biggestpercentageof
Chapter11EconomyChapter11EconomContents
HistoryofAmericanEconomyCurrentAmericanEconomy
GeneralIntroductionⅠⅡⅢContentsHistoryofAmericanEUS—thecurrentindustrial,economicandtechnologicalgiantrankingfirstincomputertechnology,spacetechnology,nuclearenergy,andelectronics,etc.;producingamajorportionoftheworld’smachinery,automobiles,oil,electricalenergy,andchemicals.Mixedeconomyemphasizingprivateownershipfederalgovernment—regulatingbusinessesanti-trustlaws
Ⅰ
GeneralIntroductionUS—thecurrentindustrial,ecoPrivatebusinessesproducemostgoodsandservices.Twothirdsoftheoutputgoestoindividuals;Onethirdisboughtbygovernmentandbusiness.“Consumereconomy”
Ⅰ
GeneralIntroductionⅠGeneralIntroductionⅡHistoryofAmericanEconomyTheColonialPeriod
SinceAmericanIndependenceThe20thCentury123ⅡHistoryofAmericanEconomyT
1.TheColonialPeriod
Massachusetts—settledbyPilgrimstoescapereligiouspersecutionOthercolonies—likeVirginiaandPennsylvania,foundedasbusinessventureschartercompanies
contributiontoEngland’scolonizingprocessofthewould-beUnitedStatesKingprovidedacharterorgrantconferringeconomicrightsaswellaspoliticalandjudicialauthority
1.TheColonialPeriod
1.TheColonialPeriod
Englishinvestorsturnedovercolonialcharterstothesettlers.enormouspoliticalimplicationsColonistswerelefttobuildtheirownlives,communities,andeconomy,thatis,toconstructtheirnewnation
1.TheColonialPeriod
Englis
1.TheColonialPeriod
appearanceofsawmills(鋸木場)andgristmills(磨房)shipyards—buildingfishingfleetsandtradingvesselssmallironforges(冶煉廠)Secondaryindustries(二級產(chǎn)業(yè))
1.TheColonialPeriod
appearGristmillIronforge
1.TheColonialPeriod
GristmillIronforge
1.TheColClearregionalpatternsofdevelopmentbythe18thcentury:NewEngland—ship-buildingandsailing;Maryland,Virginia,andCarolinas—tobacco,riceandindigo(靛藍(lán)屬植物);NewYork,Pennsylvania,NewJerseyandDelaware—shippedcropsandfurs;Thefieldwasopenforentrepreneurs(企業(yè)家、創(chuàng)業(yè)者)amongthecoloniststoestablishthemselves.
1.TheColonialPeriod
1.TheColonialPeriod
DisputesovertaxationandothermatterswithBritain:Americans—modification(減輕)oftaxesandregulations;demandformoreself-governmentMountingquarrel—leadingtowaragainsttheBritishandtoindependenceforthecoloniesAmericanRevolution:bolstered(支持、支撐)byanemergingmiddleclassrallyingcry—“inalienablerightstolife,liberty,andproperty”
1.TheColonialPeriod
1.TheColonialPeriod
2.SinceAmericanIndependenceU.S.Constitutionestablishedthenationasaunifiedmarket.notariffsortaxesoninter-statecommerce;Federalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficesandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatents(專利權(quán)、專利品)andcopyrights.“intellectualproperty”2.SinceAmericanIndependenceAlexanderHamilton’seconomicdevelopmentstrategy2.SinceAmericanIndependencenurtureinfantindustriesbyprovidingovertsubsidies(公開的補(bǔ)貼)imposeprotectivetariffs(保護(hù)性關(guān)稅)onimportscreateanationalbankassumepublicdebtsAlexanderHamiltonwasthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasury,aFoundingFather,economist,andpoliticalphilosopher.AlexanderHamilton’seconomicTheIndustrialRevolutionBy1860,onethirdofthenation’sincomecamefrommanufacturing;Cottonclothproductionwastheleadingindustry;Urbanizedindustry—limitedtotheNortheast;ImmigrantworkersBetween1845and1855,some300,000Europeanimmigrantsarrivedannually.2.SinceAmericanIndependence2.SinceAmericanIndependenceUrbanIndustrializationTextilePlant2.SinceAmericanIndependenceUrbanIndustrializationTextileTheSouth—ruralanddependentontheNorthforcapitalandmanufacturedgoodsEconomicpolicyunderPresidentLincoln:2.SinceAmericanIndependenceIn1861,adoptionofaprotectivetariffIn1862,thefirstPacificrailroadwaschartered.In1863and1864,anationalbankcode
(銀行代碼)wasdrafted.2.SinceAmericanIndependenceNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar—ensuredthedestinyofthenationanditseconomicsystemslaverysystemwasabolished,makingsoutherncottonplantationslessprofitable;Northernindustrysurgedahead:Industrialists’dominationinsocialandpoliticalaffairsDisappearanceofthesouthernplanteraristocracy(貴族)2.SinceAmericanIndependence2.SinceAmericanIndependence“Secondindustrialrevolution”—anexplosionofnewdiscoveriesandinventions:Thediscoveryofoil;Thedevelopmentoftypewriter;Theinventionoftelephone,phonograph(速記法),andelectriclight;Refrigeratedrailroadcarscameintouse;Carswerereplacingcarriagesandpeoplewereflyinginairplanesbythedawnofthe20thcentury.2.SinceAmericanIndependence2.SinceAmericanIndependence3.The20thCenturyExperiencedaperiodofprosperityintheearly20thcenturySufferedGreatDepressioninthe1930sWallStreetCrashinOctober1929
3.The20thCenturyExperienced3.The20thCenturyPresidentRoosevelt’sNew
Deal(新政)—interventionofthegovernmentensurethateconomicopportunitiesarefairandaccessibletothepeople;preventflagrant
(公然的)abusesofthesystem;Dampen
(抑制)theeffectsofinflation;stimulategrowth.HisNewDealwaspopularwiththeelectorate(選民)andledtoasuccessfulreelectionin1936.3.The20thCenturyPresidentR
ReaganAdministration’snewmonetarist
(貨幣主義者)policiesintheearly1980scontrolovergovernmentspendingdeficitscuttingtaxestoenhanceeconomicdevelopmentraiseofinterestratesGeorgeH.W.Bush—sloweconomicrecessionClinton—economicrecovery3.The20thCenturyReaganAdministration’snewmIICurrentAmericanEconomyAgriculture1Manufacturing
Industry2ServiceIndustry3High-techIndustry4ForeignTrade5IICurrentAmericanEconomyAgr1.AgricultureConditionsfordevelopingagriculture:vastnessofthelandgenerosityofnaturerainfall,riversandundergroundwaterallowingforirrigationwherenecessaryAverageAmericanfarm—462acres(187hectares)1.AgricultureConditionsfordSuccessofagriculturelargecapitalinvestmentshighlytrainedlabornewmethodsforraisingcrops1.AgricultureModernfarmingdiseaseanddroughtresistantseedsfertilizersandpesticidesspacetechnologyutilizationSuccessofagriculture1.Agric“Agribusiness”avarietyoffarmbusinessesandstructuresfromsmall,one-familycorporationstohugeconglomerates（聯(lián)合企業(yè):由許多不同行業(yè)的公司組成的有不同經(jīng)營范圍的大企業(yè)）ormultinationalfirmsAmericanfarm’slow-costoutputOne-thirdofcropsforexport—Europe,Asia,AfricaandLatinAmericaAgriculturalimportslagfarbehind,leavingasurplusintheagriculturalbalanceoftrade1.Agriculture“Agribusiness”1.AgricultureFarmers—notworkonthefarmsfull-time45percentwithotheroccupations240,000tenantfarmers—rentlandforcashorpaytheownerashareofthecropstheygrowmigrantworkers—hiredonlyforaspecificchoreAgricultureremainsthefoundationuponwhichAmericanwell-beingandprosperityarebased.1.Agriculture1.Agriculture2.ManufacturingIndustryLargemanufacturingindustriesemployingmorethan24millionworkersHighlydevelopedmilitaryindustryAutocompanies—Ford,GeneralMotorsandChryslerBoeingAircraftCompany—commercialairlinersOtherindustries:food,clothing,etc.Americahasformedanindustrialsystemwithlargeproductivity.2.ManufacturingIndustryLarge3.ServiceIndustryTremendousgrowthinemploymenti
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