LITERATURE-REVIEW-Fina教學講解課件

LITERATUREREVIEWAMANWHOREVIEWSTHEOLDSOASTOFINDOUTTHENEWISQUALIFIEDTOTEACHOTHERS.–CONFUCIUSLITERATUREREVIEWAMANWHOREV王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureOneAboutaliteraturereviewCasestudyAssignment

Learningoutcomes:thedefinitionandroleofliteraturereviewthestructureofaliteraturereviewtheevaluationcriteriaforliteraturereviewstrategiesforwritingaliteraturereview2王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureOneLear王勇，歐陽琨，2013AboutaliteraturereviewTheliteraturereviewalwayscomesaftertheintroductionandbeforethemethodchapter.Agoodliteraturereviewiscomprehensive,criticalandcontextualized.Thatmeansthatitwillprovidethereaderwithatheorybase,asurveyofpublishedworksthatpertaintoyourinvestigation,andananalysisofthatwork.

Orderoftypicalelementsincludedinacademicwriting:IntroductionLiteraturereviewResearchmethodResearchresultsDiscussionConclusion3王勇，歐陽琨，2013Aboutaliterature王勇，歐陽琨，2013Aliteraturereviewshouldnotbe…4王勇，歐陽琨，2013Aliteraturereview王勇，歐陽琨，2013Whatisaliteraturereview?Whydoaliteraturereview?Howtostructurealiteraturereview?ALiteratureReview5王勇，歐陽琨，2013ALiteratureRevie王勇，歐陽琨，2013Whatisaliteraturereview?Aliteraturereviewcanbejustasimplesummaryofthesources,butitusuallyhasanorganizationalpatternandcombinesbothsummaryandsynthesis.文獻綜述是對某一學科、專業(yè)或專題的大量文獻進行整理篩選、分析研究和綜合后提煉而成的一種學術論文，是高度濃縮的文獻產(chǎn)品。

6王勇，歐陽琨，2013Whatisaliteratu王勇，歐陽琨，2013Aliteraturereviewis：asurveyanddiscussionoftheliteratureinagivenareaofstudy,whichistheeffectiveevaluationofselecteddocumentsonaresearchtopic.aconciseoverviewofwhathasbeenstudied,argued,andestablishedaboutatopic,anditisusuallyorganizedchronologicallyorthematically.

7王勇，歐陽琨，2013Aliteraturereview王勇，歐陽琨，2013真正意義上的“文獻綜述”，可以理解為“關于文獻的文獻”，是對文獻再加工而成的第三次文獻，即綜述的作者并不需要自己去做第一手的工作，但卻可以憑借自己的學識和判斷力對某一領域的研究做出綜合性的介紹，并加入自己的預測和判斷。文獻綜述寫作主要是作者幫助自己吃透題目、理清思路、找到方向，所以首先應當是寫給自己看的。。文獻綜述(Literature

Review)是對學術觀點和理論方法的整理。具有評論性（review），因此要帶著作者本人批判的眼光

(critical

thinking)

來歸納和評論文獻，而不僅僅是相關領域學術研究的“堆砌”。8王勇，歐陽琨，20138王勇，歐陽琨，2013Whydoaliteraturereview?Aliteraturereviewprovidesyouwithahandyguidetoaparticulartopic.Aliteraturereviewalsoprovidesasolidbackgroundforaresearchpaper’sinvestigation.Comprehensiveknowledgeoftheliteratureofthefieldisessentialtomostresearchpapers.文獻綜述是科學研究過程的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，是寫出高水平論文的重要基礎。9王勇，歐陽琨，2013Whydoaliterature王勇，歐陽琨，2013RequirementsforaliteraturereviewMethodsoforganizingaliteraturereviewHowtostructurealiteraturereview?Sectionsofaliteraturereview10王勇，歐陽琨，2013Requirementsfora王勇，歐陽琨，2013Requirementsforaliteraturereview

Theliteraturerevieworganizesthepreviousresearchinthelightofwhatyouareplanningtodoinyourownproject.Therefore,aliteraturereviewisrequiredtodealwiththefollowingthreeaspects:1.Achievements2.Gaps3.Yourplan11王勇，歐陽琨，2013Requirementsfora王勇，歐陽琨，2013What'sbeendoneinthistopicareatodate?Whatarethesignificantdiscoveries,keyconcepts,arguments,and/ortheoriesthatscholarshaveputforward?Whicharetheimportantworks?Whoaretheinfluentialresearchers?Onwhichparticularareasofthetopichaspreviousresearchconcentrated?Havetherebeendevelopmentsovertime?Whatmethodologieshavebeenused?1.Achievements12王勇，歐陽琨，2013What'sbeendonein王勇，歐陽琨，2013132.GapsArethereanygapsintheresearch?Arethereareasthathaven'tbeenlookedatcloselyyet,butwhichshouldbe?Aretherenewwaysoflookingatthetopic?Arethereimprovedmethodologiesforresearchingthissubject?Whatfuturedirectionsshouldresearchinthissubjecttake?13王勇，歐陽琨，2013132.Gaps13王勇，歐陽琨，2013143.YourplanHowwillyourresearchbuildonordepartfromcurrentandpreviousresearchonthetopic?Whatcontributionswillyourresearchmaketothefield?14王勇，歐陽琨，2013143.Yourplan14王勇，歐陽琨，2013EXAMPLEOFAMEDIOCREREVIEWSexualharassmenthasmanyconsequences.Padgitt(1983)foundthatsomewomenstudentssaidtheyavoidedtakingaclassorworkingwithcertainprofessorsbecauseoftheriskofharassment.Thisstudyalsoconcludedthatmenandwomenstudentsreacteddifferently.Thomson’sstudyinSocialProblems(1982)listsmanyproblemscreatedbysexualharassment.Inhisexcellentbook,TheLecherousProfessor,Dziech(1990)gavealonglistofdifficultiesthatvictimshavesuffered.Victimsofsexualharassmentsufferarangeofconsequences,fromloweredself-esteemandlossofself-confidencetowithdrawalfromsocialinteraction,changedcareergoals,anddepression(Padgitt,1983;Thomson,1982;Dziech,1990).Padgittfoundthat13percentofwomenstudentssaidtheyavoidedtakingaclassorworkingwithcertainprofessorsbecauseoftheriskofharassment.EXAMPLEOFABETTERREVIEW15王勇，歐陽琨，2013EXAMPLEOFAMEDIOC王勇，歐陽琨，2013MethodsoforganizingaliteraturereviewOnecommonwaytoapproachaliteraturereviewistostartoutbroadandthenbecomemorespecific,likeaninvertedtriangle.

Firstbrieflyexplainthebroadissuesrelatedtoyourinvestigation.Thennarrowyourfocustodealwiththestudiesthatoverlapwithyourresearch.Finally,honeinonanyresearchwhichisdirectlyrelatedtoyourspecificinvestigation.16王勇，歐陽琨，2013Methodsoforganizi王勇，歐陽琨，2013Organizingtheliteraturereview17王勇，歐陽琨，2013Organizingthelite王勇，歐陽琨，2013Sectionsofaliteraturereviewintroductionbodyconclusion18王勇，歐陽琨，2013Sectionsofaliter王勇，歐陽琨，2013SectionsofaliteraturereviewAliteraturereviewshouldcontainanintroduction,body,andconclusion.IntheintroductionDefinethetopic,establishinganappropriatecontextforthereasonsforreviewingtheliteratureStatethescopeofwhatliteratureisandisnotincludedPointoutoveralltrends,conflicts,andgapsinresearchandscholarship19王勇，歐陽琨，2013Sectionsofaliter王勇，歐陽琨，2013IntheBodyOrganizetheliteratureaccordingtosomecommonthemesProceedfromthegeneral,widerviewtothespecificproblemProvidethereaderwithstrong“umbrella”sentencesatthebeginningsofparagraphsandbrief“sowhat”summarysentencesasguidepostsatintermediatepointsinthereview20王勇，歐陽琨，2013IntheBody20王勇，歐陽琨，2013IntheconclusionSummarizemajorcontributionsoftheliteratureEvaluatethecurrent“stateoftheart”literaturereviewedOutlineissuespertinenttofuturestudyConcludebyprovidinginsightintotherelationshipbetweenthetopicandthelargerareaofstudy21王勇，歐陽琨，2013Intheconclusion21王勇，歐陽琨，2013Casestudy盡管“流俗詞源”的現(xiàn)象由來以及，且廣泛地存在于各種語言之中，但“流俗詞源”并未受到漢語研究者的重視。依個人所見，最早以漢語流俗詞源為主題進行系統(tǒng)性論述者，應為俞敏《古漢語里的俚俗語源》（1949）一文，該文中依《爾雅》的篇目分類，耙梳了53個出現(xiàn)在《切韶》之前的古漢語流俗詞源，但全文偏重在資料匯整，而欠缺深入地闡發(fā)。俞敏之后，“流俗詞源”的研究便又銷聲匿跡了，直至1990年代以后，隨著文化語言學、認知語言學的興起，學著才又開始關注“流俗詞源”的相關問題，諸如：伍鐵平（1994）、金基石（1994）、王士元（2000）、張韶麒（2000）、譚汝為（2003）等人相繼以“流俗詞源”為研究對象，展開更具理論深度、更多元面向的闡發(fā)。依照傳統(tǒng)的觀點，“流俗詞源”被認為是“土圣人”主觀比附所造成的曲解，因此，如何以科學方法考證出合理、正確的詞源，以辨識流俗詞源之謬誤所在，便成為學著努力的目標。本文則轉換視角，采納認知語言學的觀點重新估量“流俗詞源”的正面價值，將“流俗詞源”現(xiàn)象定位為：詮釋者對模糊的造詞理據(jù)所進行的再創(chuàng)造，體現(xiàn)出詞語內部形式的自組織（self-organization）過程。經(jīng)此轉換之后，研究的重點便不再局限于初始詞源的考證上，而是試圖以“流俗詞源”為窗口，窺探詞語內部形式編碼、湮滅、重構之演變過程。Ageneralintroductiontothetopic.Inthebody,the“l(fā)iteratures”aresummarizedchronologicallywiththenecessary“synthesis”.Theconclusionindicatesthegapsamongtheprevious“l(fā)iteratures”andclarifiesthemajorresearchtopic.22王勇，歐陽琨，2013Casestudy盡管“流俗詞源”王勇，歐陽琨，2013AssignmentDirections:TofinishaliteraturereviewonyourmajorinEnglishwithreferencetotherelevantmethodsinthislecture.

文獻綜述的“口頭陳述”（OralPresentation）

按照“碩士論文的樣式及要求”，用英文完成

23王勇，歐陽琨，2013AssignmentDirection王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureTwoWaystoconductaliteraturereviewCasestudyPresentation&discussionAssignmentcollectionthestagesfordoingaliteraturereview

thestrategiesforwritingaliteraturereviewLearningoutcomes:24王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureTwoLearning王勇，歐陽琨，20131.Waystoconductaliteraturereview文獻綜述的特點是“綜”和“述”－“綜”要求對文獻資料進行綜合分析、歸納整理，使材料更精練明確、更有邏輯層次；“述”則要求對綜合整理后的文獻進行比較專門的、全面的、深入的、系統(tǒng)的、客觀的論述。文獻綜述能夠反映當前某一領域中某分支學科或重要專題的歷史（前人已做工作）、現(xiàn)狀（進展到何程度、有何學術流派等）、最新動態(tài)（國內外相關研究的新趨勢、新方法、新原理等），并提供參考文獻。分析從其歷史到現(xiàn)狀存在的問題，指出可能的研究問題和發(fā)展方向等，并在此基礎上提出自己的見解，預測技術的發(fā)展趨勢，為選題和開題奠定良好的基礎。25王勇，歐陽琨，20131.Waystoconduct王勇，歐陽琨，2013Stagesfordoingaliteraturereview1.WaystoconductaliteraturereviewStrategiesforwritingaliteraturereview

26王勇，歐陽琨，2013Stagesfordoinga王勇，歐陽琨，20131.1StagesfordoingaliteraturereviewWhetherornotyouwriteasectionorchaptercalled“l(fā)iteraturereview”,youareusuallyexpectedtopresentyourresearchwithknowledgeofexistingresearch.Therearesomegeneralstagesindevelopingaliteraturereview:1)Selectingthetopic2)Identifyingsourcesofinformation3)Developingasearchstrategy4)EvaluatingtheInformationsources5)Organizingtheinformation6)Writingtheliteraturereview27王勇，歐陽琨，20131.1Stagesfordoin王勇，歐陽琨，20131)SelectingthetopicThepurposeofproblemformulationistodefinewhichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandtoidentifyitscomponentissues.Itissuggestedthatoneshouldchooseacurrent,well-studiedandspecifictopic.28王勇，歐陽琨，20131)Selectingtheto王勇，歐陽琨，20132)IdentifyinginformationsourcesUseavarietyofsourcesthatarerelevant,currentandauthoritative.Anextensivereviewofrelevantmaterialwillinclude—books,journalarticles,reports,governmentdocumentspamphletsandnewspaperarticles:?ScholarlyJournals?Monographs:Books,researchreports,dissertations?ConferenceProceedings?Media?Unpublishedinformation?Individuals,groups,organizations?Internet29王勇，歐陽琨，20132)Identifyinginfo王勇，歐陽琨，2013對文獻進行篩選，應盡量保留權威文獻，剔除檔次低的文獻。瞄準主流文獻，如該領域的核心期刊，經(jīng)典著作、重要研究報告等，是做文獻綜述的“必修課”。經(jīng)由“經(jīng)典”“順藤摸瓜”，構筑“樹枝狀”“知識網(wǎng)絡”。2)Identifyinginformationsources30王勇，歐陽琨，20132)Identifyinginfo王勇，歐陽琨，20133)DevelopingasearchstrategyThedatacollectionprocessoftenbeginswithanelectronicsearchofacademicdatabasesandtheInternet.Itissuggestedtodevelopasearchstrategyto:31王勇，歐陽琨，20133)Developingasea王勇，歐陽琨，2013中文數(shù)據(jù)庫：中國期刊網(wǎng)鏡像、清華學術期刊網(wǎng)、維普、萬方等。不要忘記INTERNET這個強有力的工具，選擇適當?shù)年P鍵詞和采用有效的搜索引擎（我們推薦Google），可以幫助初學者檢索到大量的文獻，其中亦不乏非常具有價值的論文。

Google作為世界上最優(yōu)秀的搜索引擎，對每個做科研的人來說都必需要掌握Google的使用方法。3)Developingasearchstrategy32王勇，歐陽琨，20133)Developingasea王勇，歐陽琨，20134)EvaluatingtheInformationsourcesDataevaluationinvolvesdeterminingwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingofthetopic.Thefollowingquestionsaboutthematerialareincluded:?Whatisalreadyknownintheareaconcerned??Whataretheexistingtheories??Arethereanyinconsistencies??Whatviewsneedtobefurthertested??Whatevidenceislacking,inconclusive??Whystudy(further)theresearchproblems??Whatconclusionsdidtheauthorsreachaboutthestudyquestion?33王勇，歐陽琨，20134)EvaluatingtheI王勇，歐陽琨，2013文獻閱讀速度的提高是一個循序漸進的過程，隨著對原始資料的熟悉，以及不斷地識別出關鍵論文，閱讀速度也會逐漸提高起來。一般來說，一篇論文的摘要、介紹和結論部分就可以包含前面所涉及問題的大部分信息，一開始就非常詳細地閱讀論文的所有內容是很缺乏效率的。多數(shù)文章看摘要，少數(shù)文章看全文。泛讀和精讀。不是所有的文獻都需要仔細的閱讀，把握“重要、權威、經(jīng)典”六個字。在閱讀外文文獻時，強烈建議先看中文文獻。先掌握本領域中的一些關鍵術語、體系脈絡，在去閱讀外文文獻會有事半功倍的效果。文獻閱讀中一項被忽視的工作：“筆記”。4)EvaluatingtheInformationsources34王勇，歐陽琨，2013文獻閱讀速度的提高是一個循序漸進的過程王勇，歐陽琨，20135)Organizingtheinformation?Referencesidentifiedshouldbereadandsummarizedonseparateindexcards,notebookorcomputer?Summaryshouldeasilyprovidealldataneededforyourreport–Authors,Title,Journal,year,volume,pageetc.–Keywords–Summaryofcontentsrelevanttoyourstudy–Briefanalysisofthecontentrelatingto?Howinformationfromthestudycanbeusedinyourresearch35王勇，歐陽琨，20135)Organizingthei王勇，歐陽琨，2013AuthorTypeofstudySampleDesignDatacollectionapproachKeyfindings

quantitative

qualitative

Makingasummarytablewillhelpyouseecommonthreadsinyourliterature.RobertsandTaylor(2002)givethefollowingheadingsasanexample:36王勇，歐陽琨，2013AuthorTypeofstudy王勇，歐陽琨，2013下載電子版文獻時，盡量把文章題目粘貼為“文件名”或“作者名+文獻名”等。不同主題存入不同文件夾，文件夾的題目要簡短?？催^的文獻歸入子文件夾，最起碼要把有用的和沒用的分開。重要文獻根據(jù)重要程度在文件名前加001，002，003編號，然后按名稱排列圖標，最重要文獻就排在最前了37王勇，歐陽琨，2013下載電子版文獻時，盡量把文章題目粘貼為王勇，歐陽琨，20136)WritingtheliteraturereviewWhilethereisnogeneralstandardforstructuringaliteraturereview,mostformatscontaincommonelementsorganizedinaparticularmanner.?Writeacoherentdiscussioninyourownwords?Doallofthefollowing:–describe–summarize–clarify–evaluateandcritique–synthesizeandintegrate38王勇，歐陽琨，20136)Writingthelite王勇，歐陽琨，2013(1)Organizingtheliteraturereview1.2Strategiesforwritingaliteraturereview(2)Basicelementsinaliteraturereview(3)Organizationalmethodsforaliteraturereview(4)Guidelinesforaliteraturereview39王勇，歐陽琨，2013(1)Organizingthe王勇，歐陽琨，2013(1)OrganizingtheliteraturereviewOnewaythatseemsparticularlyhelpfulinorganizingliteraturereviewsisthesynthesismatrix.Thesamplechartbelowillustrateshowtodothis

SourceNo.1SourceNo.2SourceNo.3MainideaA

MainideaB

40王勇，歐陽琨，2013

SourceNo.1Source王勇，歐陽琨，2013HereisanexampleoforganizingtheliteraturereviewbymeansofsynthesismatrixTopic:WomeninWorldWarTwo

CornelsenStewartBruleyAlterationofwomen’srolesbecauseofWWI-WomenaccreditedtheWASPprogramforopeningnewdoors,challengingstereotypes,andprovingthatwomenwereascapableasmen(p.113)-WAAC(Women’sArmyAuxiliaryCorp)was1stchanceforwomentoserveinarmy,givenfullarmystatusin1943asWAC(p.28)-Womengivenequalopportunities(p.223)Hardshipsandoppositionswomenfaced-“Fromtheoutsetmalepilotsresentedwomen’spresenceinatraditionallymalemilitarysetting”(p.1113-4)-Womeninthemilitarygivenextensivephysicalandmentaltests,butstilldiscriminatedagainst,ridiculed,andconsideredinferiortomen(p.29)

41王勇，歐陽琨，2013Hereisanexample王勇，歐陽琨，2013按照問題來組織文獻綜述在做文獻綜述時，頭腦時刻要清醒：我要解決什么問題，人家是怎么解決問題的，說的有沒有道理。在文獻的叢林中開辟指向問題的“捷徑”。以評述為主，不可羅列文獻。綜述目的不是介紹前沿，而是為了推出自己的論述和模型，是以述帶論，核心功能是定義“gap”，就是說明現(xiàn)有的研究狀況如何，缺在哪里，我準備做的貢獻是什么。應該側重介紹與自己的研究直接相關的文獻。42王勇，歐陽琨，2013按照問題來組織文獻綜述42王勇，歐陽琨，2013(2)BasicelementsinaliteraturereviewIntroduction:Givesaquickideaofthetopicoftheliteraturereview,suchasthecentralthemeororganizationalpattern.Body:Containsyourdiscussionofsourcesandisorganizedeitherchronologically,thematically,ormethodologically(seebelowformoreinformationoneach).Conclusions/Recommendations:Discusswhatyouhavedrawnfromreviewingliteraturesofar.Wheremightthediscussionproceed?43王勇，歐陽琨，2013(2)Basicelements王勇，歐陽琨，2013文獻綜述一般都包含以下部分：前言、主題、總結和參考文獻。主題部分，是綜述的主體，其寫法多樣，沒有固定的格式?？砂次墨I發(fā)表的年代順序綜述，也可按不同的問題進行綜述，還可按不同的觀點進行比較綜述。不管用那一種格式綜述，都要將所搜集到的文獻資料歸納、整理及分析比較。闡明有關主題的歷史背景、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向，以及對這些問題的評述，主題部分應特別注意代表性強、具有科學性和創(chuàng)造性的文獻引用和評述。44王勇，歐陽琨，2013文獻綜述一般都包含以下部分：前言、主題王勇，歐陽琨，2013(3)OrganizationalmethodsforaliteraturereviewItisimportantthatyourliteraturereviewhasalogicalandcoherentstructure,andthatthisstructureisclearlyapparenttothereader.Rememberthatthatthewaythatyouchoosetoorganizeyourreviewwilllargelydependuponthetypeofinformationthatyouhavegatheredandthatsomeliteraturereviewsuseacombinationofstructuralapproaches.45王勇，歐陽琨，2013(3)Organizational王勇，歐陽琨，2013ChronologicalorganizationTopicalorthematicorganizationThe‘Classic’studiesorganizationInvertedpyramidorganizationMethodologicalorganization(3)Organizationalmethodsforaliteraturereview46王勇，歐陽琨，2013Chronologicalorgan王勇，歐陽琨，2013ChronologicalorganizationThediscussionoftheresearch/articlesisorderedaccordingtoanhistoricalordevelopmentalcontext.Itisalsocalleddiachronicalway.Inadiachronicalreview,youwillgroupanddiscussyoursourcesinorderoftheirappearance(usuallypublication),highlightingthechangesinresearchinthefieldandyourspecifictopicovertime,bygivingaseriesofexamplesofkeydevelopmentsandendingwiththedirectionyourresearchwilltake.47王勇，歐陽琨，2013Chronologicalorgan王勇，歐陽琨，2013TopicalorthematicorganizationThematicreviewsofliteratureareorganizedaroundatopicorissue,ratherthantheprogressionoftime.Itisalsocalledasynchronicalway.

Inasynchronicalreview,youwillgroupanddiscussyoursourcesintermsofthethemesortopicstheycover,orresearchersorschoolsinvolved.Bygroupingthemesortopicsofresearchtogether,youwillbeabletodemonstratethetypesoftopicsthatareimportanttoyourresearch.48王勇，歐陽琨，2013Topicalorthematic王勇，歐陽琨，2013The‘Classic’studiesorganizationAdiscussionoroutlineofthemajorwritingsregardedassignificantinyourareaofstudy.(Rememberthatinnearlyallresearchthereare‘benchmark’studiesorarticlesthatshouldbeacknowledged).InvertedpyramidorganizationTheliteraturereviewbeginswithadiscussionoftherelatedliteraturefromabroadperspective.Itthendealswithmoreandmorespecificorlocalizedstudieswhichfocusincreasinglyonthespecificquestionathand.49王勇，歐陽琨，2013The‘Classic’studi王勇，歐陽琨，2013MethodologicalorganizationItfocusesonthe“methods”oftheresearcherorwriter.Amethodologicalscopewillinfluenceeitherthetypesofdocumentsintherevieworthewayinwhichthesedocumentsarediscussed.50王勇，歐陽琨，2013Methodologicalorga王勇，歐陽琨，2013(4)GuidelinesforaliteraturereviewThereareafewguidelinesyoushouldfollowduringthewritingstageaswell.Useevidence.Beselective.Usequotessparingly.Summarizeandsynthesize.Keepyourownvoice.Usecautionwhenparaphrasing.51王勇，歐陽琨，2013(4)Guidelinesfor王勇，歐陽琨，20132.CasestudyWhilethearticlesusedinthisresearchagreethatwomenmademanyadvancesduringtheWordWarIIperiod,itiscrucialtorealizethatnotallthesechangeswerewelcomed.Inmostcaseswomenfaceddiscriminationfromjustabouteveryonearoundthem.Womenintheworkplacewereoftenplacedinpositionsofinferiorityortreatedasbeinglessphysicallyabletodothesameworkthemendid.Manywomenwereoftennottrainedbecausetheywereviewedastemporaryemployeeswhowereonlythereforthedurationofthewar(Bruley,2003,pp.221-222).Womenwereveryrarelygivenequalpayasmen,eventhoughsomeofthemdidthesamework.Womeninthemilitaryfacednotonlymentalabusebutalsophysicalharmfromtheirmalecounterparts.AccordingtoCornelsen(2005),thereweremanyinstanceswherefemaleaviatorswereinjuredorkilledduetobeingmadetoflyill-maintainedaircraftsoraircraftsthathadbeensabotaged.(p.114)Hereisanexamplefromtheliteraturereview:“WorldWarTwoanditsEffectonWomen.”Thisexcerptsynthesizesinformationwithoutsummarizing.Thissampleisanexcellentexampleofhowtosynthesizeinformationadequately.52王勇，歐陽琨，20132.CasestudyWhile王勇，歐陽琨，20133.Presentation&discussionDirections:SomestudentsareinvitedtopresenttheirliteraturereviewswrittenbeforeclasswiththehelpofPPTforfurtherdiscussion.53王勇，歐陽琨，20133.Presentation&d王勇，歐陽琨，20134.AssignmentcollectionDirections:Collectallthestudents’firstassignmentsandgetreadyforthefurtheranalysesandcommentsnextclassperiod.54王勇，歐陽琨，20134.Assignmentcolle王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureThreeLearningoutcomes:thecriteriaforagoodliteraturereviewsometipsforwritingthewaytoanalyzeandcommentaliteraturereviewWritingagoodliteraturereviewCasestudy

Presentation&discussionAssignment55王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureThreeLearni王勇，歐陽琨，20131.WritingagoodliteraturereviewWithineachsectionofaliteraturereview,itisimportanttodiscusshowtheresearchrelatestootherstudiesaswellastodemonstratehowitrelatestoyourownwork.Youraimshouldbetoshowwhyyourresearchneedstobecarriedout,howyoucametochoosecertainmethodologiesortheoriestoworkwith,howyourworkaddstotheresearchalreadycarriedout,etc.56王勇，歐陽琨，20131.Writingagoodl王勇，歐陽琨，2013Generallyspeaking,a“good”literaturereviewisasynthesisofavailableresearchisacriticalevaluationhasappropriatebreadthanddepthhasclarityandconcisenessusesrigorousandconsistentmethods57王勇，歐陽琨，2013Generallyspeaking,王勇，歐陽琨，2013Itissuggestedtoevaluateyourliteraturereviewaccordingtothefollowingcriteria:COVERAGEJustifiedcriteriaforinclusionandexclusionfromreviewSYNTHESISDistinguishedbetweenwhathasbeendoneinthefieldandwhatneedstobedonePlacedthetopicorprobleminthebroaderscholarlyliteraturePlacedtheresearchinthehistoricalcontextofthefieldAcquiredandenhancedthesubjectvocabularyArticulatedimportantvariablesandphenomenarelevanttothetopicSynthesizedandgainedanewperspectiveontheliterature58王勇，歐陽琨，2013Itissuggestedto王勇，歐陽琨，2013METHODOLOGYIdentifiedthemainmethodologiesandresearchtechniquesthathavebeenusedinthefield,andtheiradvantagesanddisadvantagesRelatedideasandtheoriesinthefieldtoresearchmethodologiesSIGNIFICANCERationalizedthepracticalsignificanceoftheresearchproblemRationalizedthescholarlysignificanceoftheproblemRHETORICWaswrittenwithacoherent,clearstructurethatsupportedthereview59王勇，歐陽琨，2013METHODOLOGY59王勇，歐陽琨，2013Inordertowriteagoodliteraturereview,itissuggestedtosetoutyourthinkingonpaperthroughmapsandtreesasfollows:Conceptmap:linksbetweenconceptsandprocesses,orshowsrelationshipbetweenideasandpracticeTreeconstruction:showshowtopicbranchesoutintosubthemesandrelatedquestionsorrepresentsstagesinthedevelopmentofatopic60王勇，歐陽琨，2013Inordertowritea王勇，歐陽琨，2013Herearesometipsonwriting:

Sentences:Expressoneideainasentence.Ensurethatallyoursentenceshaveasubject,verbandobject.Paragraphs:Groupsentencesthatexpressanddeveloponeaspectofyourtopic.Useanewparagraphforanotheraspectoranothertopic.61王勇，歐陽琨，2013Herearesometips王勇，歐陽琨，2013

Consistentgrammar:Usesentencesandparagraphswithappropriateuseofcommas,colonsandsemi-colons.Incorrectuseofpunctuationcanaffectthemeaning.Transitionwords:Usewordsthatlinkparagraphsandwhichshowcontrastanddevelopmenttoyourargumente.g.“hence”,“therefore”,“but”,“thus”,“asaresult”,“incontrast”.62王勇，歐陽琨，201362王勇，歐陽琨，20132.CasestudyUntilrecentlymanyresearchershaveshowninterestinthefieldofcoastalerosionandtheresultingbeachprofiles.Theyhavecarriedoutnumerouslaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservationstoilluminatethedarknessofthisfield.

Theirfindingsandsuggestionsarereviewedhere.JACHOWSKI(1964)developedamodelinvestigationconductedontheinterlockingprecastconcreteblockseawall.AfteraresultofasurveyofdamagescausedbytheseverestormatthecoastofUSA,HOM-MAandHORIKAWA(1964)studiedwaveforcesactingontheseawallwhichwaslocatedinsidethesurfzone.Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresultsconductedtomeasurewavesforcesagainstaverticalwall,…onaverticalwall.SELEZOVandZHELEZNYAK(1965)conductedexperimentsonscourofseabottominfrontofharborseawalls,basingonthetheoreticalinvestigationofsolitarywaveinteractionwithaverticalwallusingBoussinesquetypeequation...SampleOne:readthisliteratureandanswerthefollowingquestions.63王勇，歐陽琨，20132.CasestudyUntil王勇，歐陽琨，2013Whatdoesthisliteraturereviewtell?Thisliteratureoffersasummaryofpreviousresearches.

Whichdoesn’tittell?Thisliteraturereviewdoesn’tevaluatetheresearchitsummarizes,nordoesitshowtherelationshipsbetweenthedifferenttheories,viewsandapproachesitdescribes.

64王勇，歐陽琨，2013Whatdoesthislite王勇，歐陽琨，2013Isitagoodliteraturereview?Why?Itisnotagoodliteraturereview.Itonlygivesasummaryofpreviousresearchbutitdoesnotusetheliteraturetoexplainmoreaboutthewriter’sownresearchproblem.Also,itisnotcritical:afterwereaditwestilldonotknowwhichtheoriesorfindingsareimportant,whattheshortcomingsare,etc.Themainproblemwiththisliteraturereviewisthatitdoesnotshowhowpreviousresearchrelatestothewriter’sownresearchproblem,ortherelationshipbetweendifferentresearchesalreadycarriedout.Giventheorganizationthewriterhasused,thisliteraturereviewcouldnotbeeffectiveliteraturereviewbecausethereislittlescopeforshowingrelationships,drawingcomparisons,ormakingevaluations.65王勇，歐陽琨，2013Isitagoodlitera王勇，歐陽琨，2013SampleTwoDirections:Thisexcerptisselectedfromtheliteraturereviewinadissertation,whichinvolvestheContentanddifferentreviews.Analyzethemindetailandlearntowriteyourliteraturereview.文獻綜述的組織框架：對于學位論文而言，文獻的歸類需要從多角度展開。此處，所選的文獻框架包括：時間順序分類、空間類型、主題類型等。不同研究主題，文獻的歸類應該有所不同，但其最終目的都是為了明確突出選題所意欲闡釋的主要問題。66王勇，歐陽琨，2013SampleTwo文獻綜述的組織框架王勇，歐陽琨，2013簡評提示：該文獻綜述由“引言、正文和結語”構成?！耙浴辈糠旨扔谐浞帧熬C”的內容，也有適當?shù)摹笆鲈u”觀點。文獻綜述部分的寫作順序以“研究主題或視角”為標準，即“語義與形式”。結語要適時、恰當提出本研究的主題與立場。67王勇，歐陽琨，2013簡評提示：67王勇，歐陽琨，20133.Presentation&Discussionaboutageneral

topicDirections:Studentsareinvitedtomakeoralpresentationsindividuallyorasagroupforthefurtherdiscussion.Andthentheteacherissuggestedtopresenttwoselectedsamples(thebestandthepoorest)fromthestudents’assignmentswithnecessarycommentsanddiscussions.

學生（個人或集體）完成本次OralPresentation

教師可著重點評最好和最差的兩篇68王勇，歐陽琨，20133.Presentation&D王勇，歐陽琨，20134.AssignmentDirections:Studentsaresuggestedtofinishaliteraturereviewwiththeformatofjournalpaperonthediscipline-relatedtopicsinEnglishorChinese(preferred).

建議選題與本專業(yè)或研究方向有關，參照期刊論文的模

式，英語或漢語寫作準備下次課做OralPresentation69王勇，歐陽琨，20134.AssignmentDirec王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureFourLearningoutcomes:thesignificanceofagoodliteraturereviewtheproperapproachestoappreciateliteraturereviewSignificanceofagoodliteraturereviewCasestudyAssignmentfeedbacks&presentationAssignmentcollection70王勇，歐陽琨，2013LectureFourLearnin王勇，歐陽琨，20131.SignificanceofagoodliteraturereviewThefocuso