2011年考研英語(二)真題完整版1

2011年考研英語（二）真題完整版2011-1-1614:46教育在線SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblackandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers，ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas」acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly.3?Lastmonth，HowardSchmidt，thenation‘scyber-czar，offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech50faphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled_6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential^toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto_8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould_9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense」0bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforuserstolljustoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofaJ_3community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”。Still,theadministration‘splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet.19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.riddenA.forB.withinC.whileD.thoughA.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helplessA.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposalA.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalentA.byB.intoC.fromD.overA.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.comparedA.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improveA.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realizeA.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.deliveredA.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.loginA.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.IncontrastA.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competingA.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patienceA.onB.afterC.beyondD.acrossA.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.unitedA.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventuallyA.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasmA.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisibleA.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）Text1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs‘sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee；howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm‘sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.[A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimesWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.[A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisersAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector‘ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto.[A]becomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuitsItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirmTheauthor‘sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper？Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America‘sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationDevelopment（OECD）。InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”（Lines3-4，Para.1），theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituationSomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.[A]readersthreatenedtopayless[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproductsComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms[C]arelessdependentonadvertising[D]arelessaffectedbyreadershipWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness？[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.[A]AmericanNewspapers：StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers：GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers：AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers：AHopelessStoryText3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth，withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions，goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses，itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar，Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless，andthatrestraint，incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture，madesmall，efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“l(fā)essismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman，thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe，wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus，aschoolofdesign，emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture，butnonemoresothatMies.Mies‘ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration，properlyorganized，hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance，hebelieved，didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects，heemployedmetal，glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient，ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago‘sLakeShoreDrive，forexample，weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1，000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls，theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings‘detailsandproportions，thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“l(fā)ess”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1，200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArtsArchitecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“l(fā)essismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape，newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife-fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans‘.[A]prosperityandgrowth[B]efficiencyandpracticality[C]restraintandconfidence[D]prideandfaithfulnessWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus？[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.[A]wasrelatedtolargespace[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiencyWhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago‘sLakeShoreDrive？[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”？[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit？Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject‘sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt，populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems，theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore，the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone‘seconomies，weakerorstronger，willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency，whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope‘ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers，F(xiàn)ranceandGermany，agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone，butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness，barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry‘svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub，amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour；intheinnercorealone，Germanyfears，asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent：“Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated，thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers，viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally，figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured，curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization：e.g.，curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld‘slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest，theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal：builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries，itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods，capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization，andmakecapitalismbenign.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarketsevenitssupportersbegintofeelconcernedsomeofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuroitintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluationThedebateovertheEU‘ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers.arecompetingfortheleadingpositionarebusyhandlingtheirowncrisesfailtoreachanagreementonharmonizationdisagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegrationTosolvetheeuroproblem，Germanyproposedthat.EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreasedstricterregulationsbeimposedonlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordinationvotingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteedTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat.[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds[B]strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries[C]loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries[D]richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobondsRegardingthefutureoftheEU，theauthorseemstofeel.[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopefulPartBDirections：Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonihcdebareoverthe?^vcmmcnCsroleinpromaiingpublichealthbydemandingthatnumstersimpose"fai(axes1*onuiihcalihyfoodandmirodu^cigarctic-fil'lcwarningstochildrenaboutthedingers.ofapoordieiThedemandsfblloucommentsmadeIasiweekbythehealthsecretarj'.AndrewLansky,v4fcoinsistedthegovernmtntcouldn-oiforcepeopletomakehealthychoices33KlpromisedlufreebLionesses,frompubitchejilthreguEiMns但utseniornicdicalGgureswanlioslopfasi-ibodauilrisapeiuikgnearschools,rcistnciadvenisingofprudnets,highinfat,sailorsugar,andlimitspouseirshipofspoutseventsbylast-foodproducersBudtaxMcl^)nald's.Theyarguerh』igovernmentactionisnecessarylocurbBrHaiifsaddictiontaunhi：ahhyfoodandh^lphahspindlingratqsofobesity,drubcU-sandhcaridisettsefrftfirssorlercncuStcplienson.presiduntci13ieRo、HColJeyeofHaediaEticsdudChildHealth,saidlitattheconsumption<4unhealthyfw>dshouldZseengbvjusl;isdajnagingitssmokingorexcessive-dnnLiny.liThirtyyear?ag%i\wouldhavebteninconceivablelahaveimaginedabmionsmokinf!intheworkplaceorinpubs,and\eithatewhaiwlhavenow.Arewewillingtob<justascoumg+susinrespettofc?tcsil>?Iwouldsuggtsiihiiiwtshouldbe/'saidtheleaderoriheUK'schildren'sdocior5.Ljaislcyhasalarmedhcalihcurnp謂ignecsbysuggesdnjhewantsindusiryratherthan日。nEmiugniio(akcihelead,He$aidthaimanuiaenirct!：n「crispsandcandiescoulJphyacciitralroleindieChwigf4Li每campaigri^(hecenirepicceofgovemincnieffortstoboosiheakhyeatingandfitness.HehasalsocriticisedthecdebritychefJamieOliver'shi]i-pn>H兀antmp!loimproveschtxilhirchcsinEnglandananexampieofhou"lecturing"peoplewaslicitthehesiway(ochangetheirKim-MurSfcphenso-nsuggestedpotentialrtstiiciiomicouldincludebanningTVadvertisetftnfoodshighinfal,sd]ggu皆虹Kfwt9pm鈿idlimilin￡ihuni?？赽illboordboiincineindis.Ci[fwewere1e2.ilybeid.wcimgjicevenbegin10thinkcfhigh-calQriefoodmihesameway越cigarctics-bys^Uuigstrictlimitsonudvertising,productptaccnicnlandsponsorshipofsponsevents.hea日Suchan^ovc?qui口allbccfimis.suchasMeDoi聞if札whichsponsorstheyomlis眥hi鳴schemerunhy由《Fm岫總IAss?i-aEtoivFi?4fr&ddli^jnsshouldM卻ggppfTfrnng''LilduccTmeral5'*a曲a5|oys.cute^nitnnls小記llldb-ikphoiiccreditcol(ircyoungcusiomcrs,Stcphens&nsaidPmfessOTDineshBlw^rxpresidentoftheKoyatCe1leg.eofPsychiMtis嗎said:FfchildrenareEad^hiabendihc6】產(chǎn)亡1ihalkx?d.has。作du:ir群守\黨|].artdihatiQni《由ingatMha/ni,atka^cinlrmiaijonisavailabkupfrom."Henlwur^cd.enuntikloimpo虻■酎txUfrvicsuaiics,'aroundsciioalsmidh&spiiaE$-ajeaswilTithwhichTak^ws^scannotapenADepatlrfttmoPh號gl