【英語(yǔ)】高三英語(yǔ)閱讀理解科普環(huán)保題20套帶答案

【英語(yǔ)】高三英語(yǔ)閱讀理解（科普環(huán)保）題20套（帶答案）一、高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類.犇犇閱讀理解Asingledose（劑量）ofanexperimentalvaccine（疫苗）canprotectmiceagainsttheZika（寨卡）virus,raisingrenewedhopeofavaccineforhumans,sayscientists.TheUSteamsaytheresults,publishedinNature,are"striking"andshouldencourageresearchefforts.Testsinhumanscouldbegininmonths.Butevenifthesegowell,alicensedvaccineforwidespreadusetoprotectthoseatmostrisk-suchaspregnantwomen-wouldstillbeyearsaway,expertsadvise.ZikahasbeenspreadingacrossCentralandSouthAmericaand,mostrecently,Africa.Morethan60countriesandterritoriesnowhavecontinuingtransmission（傳播）ofthedisease,whichiscarriedbymosquitoes.Theviruscausesseriousbirthdamagesduringpregnancyandhasbeendeclaredaglobalpublichealthemergency.Now,developingavaccineforpregnantwomentoprotecttheirunbornbabiesisaninternationalresearchpriority（優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)）.USscientistsfromtheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch,theBethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenterandHarvardMedicalSchooltestedtwotypesofZikavaccineinmice-onebasedonbitsofgenetic（基因的）codefromthevirusandanotherthatisaninactive（andthereforeharmless）copyofZika.Bothworkedwell,protectingeverymousethatwasimmunisedagainstthevirus.Incomparison,allofthemicenotgiventhevaccinecaughtZikaaftertheywereexposedtoit.Researcherssaytheywillpushaheadwithdevelopingtheneededvirusvaccine.Therearemanyexistingvaccinesforotherdiseasethatusethistypeoftechnology,whiletherearerelativelyfewDNA-basedvaccines.Ofcourse,futuretestswillneedtocheckthevaccineissafeandeffectiveinhumans,aswellashowlongtheimmunitymightlast.Ifthetestsinhumansgosmoothly,—.avaccineforuseinthelaboratorywillbestillbeyearsaway.pregnantwomeninAfricawillbethefirsttobenefitfromthevaccine.alicensedvaccinewillstillnotbeaccessibleinashortterm.TheZikaviruswillcauselessseriousbirthdefectsduringpregnancyinmonths.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?manycountriesareactivelyinvolvedintheresearchoftheZikavaccine.USscientistshavetestedmorethantwotypesofZikavaccineinmice.NoneofthemicegiventhevaccinecaughtZika.Itisstillunknownwhetherthevaccineissafeandeffective.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Zikavaccine'worksverywell'inmiceB.ZikavaccinestillhasalongwaytogoC.InternationalresearchesintoZikahavepaidoffD.MoreattentionhasbeenpaidtoZikavaccine【答案】（1）C（2）BA【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一種實(shí)驗(yàn)性疫苗可以保護(hù)小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵襲。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"Butevenifthesegowell,alicensedvaccineforwidespreadusetoprotectthoseatmostrisk-suchaspregnantwomen-wouldstillbeyearsaway”可知，但是，即使這些進(jìn)展順利，一種廣泛用于保護(hù)高危人群的授權(quán)疫苗仍需數(shù)年時(shí)間，也就是說(shuō)如果人體試驗(yàn)進(jìn)展順利的話，短期內(nèi)仍無(wú)法獲得授權(quán)疫苗，故選C。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"USscientistsfromtheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch,theBethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenterandHarvardMedicalSchooltestedtwotypesofZikavaccineinmice”可知，美國(guó)科學(xué)家在白鼠身上只測(cè)試了兩種而不是兩種以上的寨卡病毒，故選B。（3）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段中的"Asingledose儕U量）ofanexperimentalvaccine（疫苗）canprotectmiceagainsttheZika（寨卡）virus,"可知，一種實(shí)驗(yàn)性疫苗可以保護(hù)小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵襲，由此可知，本文主要介紹的是寨卡病毒疫苗對(duì)小白鼠非常有效，故選A?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推理，歸納，從而選出正確答案。.犇犇閱讀理解IfplastichadbeeninventedwhenthePilgrimssailedfromPlymouth,England,toNorthAmerica-andtheirMayflowerhadbeenstockedwithbottledwaterandplastic-wrappedsnacks,theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.Atlanticwavesandsunlightwouldhavewornallthatplasticintotinybits.Andthosebitsmightstillbefloatingaroundtheworld'soceanstoday,waitingtobeeatenbysomefishoroyster,andfinallyperhapsbyoneofus.Becauseplasticwasn'tinventeduntilthelate19thcentury,anditsproductiononlyreallytookoffaround1950,wehaveamere9.2billiontonsofthestufftodealwith.Ofthat,morethan6.9billiontonshavebecomewaste.Andofthatwaste,asurprising6.3billiontonsnevermadeittoarecyclingbin-thefigurethatshockedthescientistswhopublishedthenumbersin2017.Nooneknowshowmuchunrecycledplasticwasteendsupintheocean,theearth'slastsink.In2015,JennaJambeckaUniversityofGeorgiaengineeringprofessor,caughteveryone'sattentionwitharoughestimatebetween5.3millionand14milliontonsofplasticwasteeachyearjustcomefromcoastalregions.Meanwhile,oceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarine（海洋的）animalseveryyear.Nearly700species,includingendangeredones,areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.Marinespeciesofallsizes,fromzooplanktontowhales,noweatmicroplas-tics,thebitssmallerthanone-fifthofaninchacross."Thisisn'taproblemwherewedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis,"saysTedSiegler,aVermontresourceeconomistwhohasspentmorethan25yearsworkingwithdevelopingnationsongarbage."Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle."It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.WhydoestheauthormentionthePilgrimsinparagraph1?Toproveplasticwasdifficulttoinvent.Tointroducewhatmarineanimalslikeeating.TotellthePilgrimscontributedalottothemarineprotection.Toshowplasticwastehasalastingeffectontheocean.What'sthemaintroublemarineanimalsfaceaccordingtothetext?A.Lackingprotection. B.Beingstuckbyplastics.C.Beingcaughtbyhumans. D.Treatingplasticsasfood.WhatdoesTedSieglerwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?Somepeopledon'tknowthesolutionofplasticswaste.Plasticswillturntheoceanintoasoupofplastic.It'stimetotakemeasurestodealwithplasticwaste.Peopleshouldavoidusingplasticstoprotecttheocean.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.Abiologytextbook. B.Atravelbrochure.C.Anenvironmentalreport. D.Alifestylemagazine.【答案】(1)D(2)B(3)C(4)C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來(lái)的危害。(1)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的"theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.”他們的塑料廢物很可能在四百年后仍會(huì)存在，可知作者提到thePilgrims是為了說(shuō)明塑料廢物對(duì)海洋有持久的影響，故選D。(2)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的"Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.”一些明顯受到傷害，被塑料制成的廢棄物品卡住了。可能有更多的人受到無(wú)形的傷害。可知選B。(3)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的"It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.”他說(shuō)最好在海洋變成塑料湯之前建立一個(gè)必要的機(jī)構(gòu)和制度的問(wèn)題，可推知選C。(4)考查推理判斷?？v觀全文可知，本題介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來(lái)的危害。是一篇環(huán)境保護(hù)類閱讀，因此選C?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。3.閱讀理解Expertsnotethatanunhealthylifestylecanputyouatgreatriskofheartdiseaseandstroke.Sodoctorsurgeustoeathealthyfoods,getexercise,stopsmokingandlimitouralcoholintake.Butthereissomethingelseyoucando.Anditisfreeandeasy.Smile!Dr.Chockalingam,aheartdiseasespecialistinColumbia,adviseshispatientstosmile.Hesaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelpyourheart."Whenwesmile,thebrainwiringchanges.Thechemicalsthatarereleasedaremorepositive."Hesayssmilingisthefirststepinfightingphysicalandemotionalstressanditssometimesharmfuleffectsonhumanhealth.ThisisnotjustNewAgeadvice.Severalstudiessupporthisopinion.Whenyoufeelstressedorunderpressure,yourbodyreleasesmanynaturalhormones荷爾蒙)includingadrenalineandcortisol.Adrenalineincreasesyourheartrateandbloodpressure.Cortisolisthebody'smainstresshormone.Itincreasessugarinthebloodstream.Ifyouaretrulyindanger,thesehormonescanhelpyou.Theyarepartofwhatwecallourfight-or-flightresponse.However,whenwearestressedforalongperiod,thesestresshormonesareever-presentinourbodies.Andthat,medicalresearcherswarn,mayleadtohealthproblems.Researcherssaytheconnectionbetweenstressandheartdiseaseisstillunclear.However,theyclaimthatwhenpeoplearestressedforlongperiodsoftime,theymayhaveanunhealthylifestyle,whichcanleadtohealthproblems.Dr.Chockalingamsaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelp.Hetellshispatientstosmile20timesanhour.Tosome,thatmightseemlikealotofsmiling.Orsomemightevenfeelfoolish...smilingforseeminglynoreason.Butasmiledoesnotinvolvedrugs.Itisnotinvasivelikeasurgicaloperation.Itisfreeandithasnobadsideeffects."Oncepeoplesmile,theyarerelaxing.Thisrelaxationdirectlylowersbloodpressure,improvessugarlevelsintheblood.Ifwearesmiling,wearebreakingthatlinkbetweenstressandhealth."Anditjustmayprovidealittleextraprotectiontoeveryone'shearthealth.WhichofthefollowingagreeswithDr.Chockalingam'sopinion?A.Smilehasthesameeffectsaslaughter.B.Smilecanbeusedtotaketheplaceofmedicine.C.Smileisbetterthananyhealthylifestyletohealth.D.Smilecanmakeourbodyproducebeneficialchemicals.Whatcanweknowaboutthementionedstresshormones?A.Theycanlowerourbloodpressure.B.Theywillsurelyleadtoheartdiseases.C.Theycanbenefituswhenweareindanger.D.Theywillmakeusliveanunhealthylifestyle.WhydoesDr.Chockalingamthinksmilingishelpfultoourhealth?A.Itcanmakeusrelax.B.Itincreasessugarlevels.C.Ithaslittlebadsideeffects.D.Itcanhappenfornoreason.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AThoroughAnalysisoftheCausesofHeartDiseasesB.OneThingYouCanDoRightNowtoHelpYourHeartC.OneThingThatIsCloselyConnectedwithStressHormonesD.TheClearConnectionBetweenUnhealthyLifestylesandHeartDiseases【答案】(1)DCAB【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，哥倫比亞的心臟病專家Chockalingam博士建議多保持微笑，他認(rèn)為微笑可能是幫助心臟的一種方式。同時(shí)說(shuō)明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人們感到壓力時(shí)的身體反應(yīng)等情況。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Whenwesmile,thebrainwiringchanges.Thechemicalsthatarereleasedaremorepositive.”當(dāng)我們微笑時(shí)，大腦的線路會(huì)發(fā)生變化。釋放出的化學(xué)物質(zhì)更積極?？芍?，Chockalingam博士認(rèn)為微笑能使我們的身體產(chǎn)生有益的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Ifyouaretrulyindanger,thesehormonescanhelpyou/如果你真的有危險(xiǎn)，這些荷爾蒙會(huì)幫助你?？芍?，當(dāng)我們處于危險(xiǎn)中時(shí)，壓力荷爾蒙可以幫助我們。故選C。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ifwearesmiling,wearebreakingthatlinkbetweenstressandhealth.Anditjustmayprovidealittleextraprotectiontoeveryone'shearthealth.”如果我們微笑，我們就打破了壓力和健康之間的聯(lián)系。而且它可能會(huì)為每個(gè)人的心臟健康提供一點(diǎn)額外的保護(hù)?？芍?，Chockalingam博士認(rèn)為微笑可以使我們放松，從而有利于我們的健康。故選A。（4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第二段中的 “Dr.Chockalingam,aheartdiseasespecialistinColumbia,adviseshispatientstosmile.Hesaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelpyourheart.”哥倫比亞的心臟病專家Chockalingam博士建議他的病人保持微笑。他說(shuō)，微笑可能是幫助心臟的一種方式。以及結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容主要介紹了微笑能夠讓我們放松進(jìn)而有利于我們的健康，所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以選B。【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。.閱讀理解Anewstudysuggestsalinkbetweenexposuretogreeneryandreduceddesiresforalcoholcigaretteandjunkfood.Thestudyisthefirsttoinvestigatethepossiblerelationshipsbetweenexposuretonatureanddesiresandnegativeemotions.ResearchersattheUniversityofPlymouth'sSchoolofPsychologysurveyed149respondents（應(yīng)答者）aged21o65abouttheproportion（比例）ofgreenspaceintheirneighborhood,thepresenceofgreenviewsfromtheirhome,theiraccesstoagardenandhowoftentheyusepublicgreenspace.Thestudyalsoaskedquestionsaboutexperienceswithdepressionandanxiety,aswellasdesiresforthingslikecaffeine,alcoholandnicotine.Participantsratedtheintensity（強(qiáng)度），imagery,andintrusiveness（侵?jǐn)_性）oftheirdesiresonan11-pointscale.Researchersfoundthepresenceofvisiblegreenspacecontributedtodecreaseddesiresforjunkfood.Theeffectwasparticularlynoticeablewhenmorethan25percentofarespondent'sviewwasgreenery.Previousscholarship(學(xué)術(shù)研究)hasdealtmostlywithexerciseinnature:A2015studyoutoftheUniversityofMichiganfound90-minutegroupnaturewalkswereeffectiveatcombattingdepressionandrelievingothermooddisorders.Butforpeoplewhostrugglewithaccessibilityordon'thavetimefora90-minutewalk,thisnewstudysuggestsjustlookingoutawindowatatreecanhelpfightoffabadhabit."Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatbeingoutdoorsinnatureislinkedtoaperson'swellbeing,"leadauthorLeanneMartinsaidinastatement."Butfortheretobeasimilarassociationwithdesiresfromsimplybeingabletoseegreenspaceaddsanewdimensiontothepreviousresearch."A2018studyfromDenmark'sAarhusUniversityforexample,foundthat.Havingaccesstogreenspacethroughoutchildhooddecreasedaperson'sriskofdevelopingmentalhealthproblemsasanadult.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theresultsofthenewstudy.B.Thepurposeofthenewstudy.C.Thesignificanceofthenewstudy.D.Thecontentofthenewstudy.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"combatting"inparagraph4probablymean?A.Reducing.B.Developing.C.Understanding.D.EncouragingAccordingtothepassage,thenewstudy.A.mainlyreferredtoexerciseinnatureB.hasenrichedthepreviousresearchtosomedegreeC.wascarriedoutbytheUniversityofMichiganD.foundexposuretogreeneryhelpedcurementalproblemsnwhichsectionofanewspapermaythispassageappear?A.EntertainmentB.BusinessWorldC.Tech&ScienceD.Environment【答案】(1)D(2)A(3)B(4)C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了一項(xiàng)新的研究成果---多看綠色植物和吃垃圾食品這兩者看似風(fēng)馬牛不相及，可研究結(jié)構(gòu)卻表明它們之間存在著一種奇妙的關(guān)系：多看綠色植物能幫助人們克制吃垃圾食品的欲望。(1)考查段落大意。根據(jù)第二段中的“Researchers...surveyed149respondentsaged21o65abouttheproportionofgreenspaceintheirneighborhood.”研究人員調(diào)查了年齡在21~65歲之間的149名參與者小區(qū)內(nèi)的綠植比例.…；以及“Thestudyalsoaskedquestionsaboutexperienceswithdepressionandanxiety.」研究中還問(wèn)了與抑郁及焦慮有關(guān)的問(wèn)題……等可知，第二段主要介紹了新研究的調(diào)查內(nèi)容，故選D。（2）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，在大自然中散步對(duì)人體有各種各樣的好處，再結(jié)合句中出現(xiàn)的“relievingothermooddisorders（緩解其他情緒紊亂）”不難推斷出，combattingdepression應(yīng)表示“減輕抑郁”。故選A。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“...addsanewdimension（方面）tothepreviousresearch〃為以前的研究增加了新的方面，可知，新的研究在某種程度上豐富了之前的研究成果。故選B。（4）考查推理判斷?？v觀全文可知，本文介紹了一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究的研究成果，所以該文章最有可能出現(xiàn)在“技術(shù)與科學(xué)〃版塊。故選C?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)，推理判斷和段落大意四個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。.閱讀理解Wordsandthewayweusethemofferararewindowonsocialandculturaltrends.KoryStamperandPeterSokolowskiknowthatbetterthanmost.TheMerriam-Webster（韋氏詞典）lexicographers（詞典編纂者）arepartofateamthateditsthedictionary.Inarecentinterview,SokolowskiandStampertalkedabouttheirjobandwhatthewayweusewordssaysaboutuscollectively.Sotoknowmoreaboutthem,observersofthelanguage,maybeweshouldstartwithsomebackground.Whatisalexicographer?Sokolowski:Alexicographerisapersonwhowritesoreditsadictionary.Thejobofadictionaryeditoristoprepareandpresentresearchaboutlanguage.Oneofourformereditors-in-chiefsaid,"Tellthetruthaboutwords,"andthatsumsitupforme.Whatdoyouguysdoallday?Stamper:Thetwomaindutiesofalexicographerarereadinganddefining.Wereadeverything:books,journals,blogs,phonebooks,take-outmenus,andsoon.Whatwe'relookingforarewordsthatcatchoureye.Werecordthecontextofthesewordsandinformationaboutthesources.Thoserecordsareaddedtoadatabase,andtheyaretherawmaterialweuseinwritingdefinitions.Whenwearewritingorrevisingadictionary,mostofourtimeisspentdefining.Wedefineawordaccordingtohowitisusedintherecordedcontext,decidingwhethertheusagehasbeencoveredbyourdictionary.Oncethisisdone,youlookatthenewwordsandnewsensesanddraftadefinition.Draftingdefinitionsrequiressometraining,someexperienceandalotofconcentration.It'svery,veryquietontheeditorialfloor.Howcloselydothemostlooked-upwordsonyouronlinedictionaryseemtoberelatedtothenewsortrends?Stamper:Whenourdictionarywentonlinebackin1996,wecouldseeforthefirsttimewhichwerethemostlooked-upwordsinEnglish:Affect,effectandubiquitouswerethetopwords.Itwasfascinatingtous-dictionaryeditorsspendsomuchtimewritingdefinitionsbutnevercouldhaveknownifanyoneeverreadthem.Wecouldfollowwhatpeoplewerethinkingaboutaccordingtowhatwordstheywerelookingup.Thankstoouronlinedictionary,wehaddata.Whatdolexicographersdo?Theycollectasmanywordsastheycanandeditthemintoadictionary.Theyinterviewasmanypeopleastheycantocollectnewwords.Theydoresearchaboutlanguageandeditthetruthaboutwords.Theymakedeepstudiesofsocialandculturaltrends.What'sthefunctionoflexicographers'recordsduringtheirreading?Therecordsshowhowlargethedictionaryis.Therecordscontainwhatkindofthingstheyread.Therecordsarethemainthingstoaddtothedatabase.Therecordsoffertherawmaterialtotheeditors.Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderofalexicographerdefiningaword?Writeadraftofthedefinition.Concludetheusageoftheword.Payattentiontothenewwordsandnewsenses.Decidewhethertheusagehasbeencovered.A.adbc B.dbac C.bdca D.cbdaWhatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A.Observersofthelanguage. B.Processofmakingadictionary.C.Developmentoflanguage. D.Experienceofeditingnewwords.【答案】(1)C(2)D(3)C(4)A【解析】【分析】本文主要講述的是語(yǔ)言的觀察者一一詞典編纂者。(1)細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Whatisalexicographer?中Sokolowski:Alexicographerisapersonwhowritesoreditsadictionary.Thejobofadictionaryeditoristoprepareandpresentresearchaboutlanguage.Oneofourformereditors-in-chiefsaid,"Tellthetruthaboutwords,"andthatsumsitupforme.(詞典編纂者是編寫或編輯詞典的人。詞典編輯的工作是準(zhǔn)備和提出關(guān)于語(yǔ)言的研究。我們的一位前主編說(shuō):“說(shuō)出關(guān)于文字的真相，“這就是我的總結(jié)。)可知，詞曲編纂者研究語(yǔ)言，編輯關(guān)于文字的真相。故選C。(2)推理判斷題。根據(jù)Whatdoyouguysdoallday?中Whatwe'relookingforarewordsthatcatchoureye.Werecordthecontextofthesewordsandinformationaboutthesources.Thoserecordsareaddedtoadatabase,andtheyaretherawmaterialweuseinwritingdefinitions.(我們要找的是能引起我們注意的詞。我們記錄這些單詞的上下文和關(guān)于來(lái)源的信息。這些記錄被添加到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，它們是我們編寫定義時(shí)使用的原材料。)可知，詞典編纂者在閱讀過(guò)程中記錄的作用是這些記錄為編輯提供了原始資料。故選D。（3）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段中Wedefineawordaccordingtohowitisusedintherecordedcontext,decidingwhethertheusagehasbeencoveredbyourdictionary.Oncethisisdone,youlookatthenewwordsandnewsensesanddraftadefinition.（我們根據(jù)一個(gè)單詞在記載的上下文中如何使用來(lái)定義它，決定這個(gè)用法是否已經(jīng)被我們的字典所涵蓋。一旦這樣做了，你會(huì)看到新的單詞和新的含義，然后起草一個(gè)定義。）可知，首先是總結(jié)出這個(gè)詞的用法，第二步是決定是否涵蓋了使用情況，第三步是收集新單詞和新含義，然后寫含義，故選C。（4）主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二、三段TheMerriam-Webster（韋氏詞典）lexicographers（詞典編纂者）arepartofateamthateditsthedictionary.Inarecentinterview,SokolowskiandStampertalkedabouttheirjobandwhatthewayweusewordssaysaboutuscollectively.（韋氏詞典編纂者是編輯該詞典的一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員。在最近的一次采訪中，索科洛夫斯基和斯坦普談到了他們的工作，以及我們使用詞語(yǔ)的方式反映了我們的集體特征。）和Sotoknowmoreaboutthem,observersofthelanguage,maybeweshouldstartwithsomebackground.（所以為了更多地了解這些語(yǔ)言的觀察者，也許我們應(yīng)該從一些背景知識(shí)開始。）可知，本文講述的是語(yǔ)言的觀察者一一詞典編纂者。故選A?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】考查閱讀理解。本文涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題和主旨大意題三種常考題型。細(xì)節(jié)理解題可以從原文直接找或歸納答案。推理判斷題結(jié)合上下文綜合推理。主旨大意題找關(guān)鍵詞，找出主題句。6.閱讀短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Plantsareboring.Theyjustsittherephotosynthesizing（光合作用）whileanimalshaveallthefun.Right?Notsomuch.Anewstudyhasfoundthatthereisalonghistoryofinteractionsbetweenantsandplants.Theantandplantco-evolution（協(xié)同進(jìn)化）startedwithantsfeedingonplantsandplantsevolvingant-friendlyfeatures.Plantsmakeanumberofdifferentstructuresthatarespecificforantuse.Someplantshaveevolvedfeaturesthatpersuadeantsintodefendingthemfromattackfromotherinsectsandevenmammals.Theseincludehollowthornsthatantswillliveinside,orextranectar（瓊漿）onleavesorstemsfortheantstoeat.Someantswilljustcheatandtakethenectarandrun,butsomewillstickaroundandattackanythingthattriestohurttheplant.Otherplantsgetantstohelpthemmovetheirseedsaround,byprovidingthemwithrichfoodpacketsattachedtotheseeds.Theantwillpickuptheseedandcarryitaway,eatthefoodpacket,andleavetheseed—ofteninanutrient-richareawhereit'llgrowbetter,andsinceit'sfartherawayfromitsparent,theywon'thavetocompeteforresources.Butscientistsweren'tsurehowtheevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenantsandplantsgotstarted.Ifevolutionisanarmsracebetweenspeciesdevelopingwaystomakeuseoftheirneighbors,thenscientistswantedtoknowwhetherplantsorantsfiredthefirstshot.Itwasachicken-and-eggquestion,whetherthingsstartedwithantsdevelopingbehaviorstotakeadvantageofplants,orplantsevolvingstructurestotakeadvantageofants.Thehistoryofantsandplantsevolvingtogethergoesbacktothetimeofthedinosaurs,andit'snoteasytotellfromfossilswhofiredthefirstshot.However,itisaquestionoflittlesignificance.Scientistssaytheirstudymatersbecauseitprovidesalookathowthesewidespreadandcomplexinteractionsevolved.Someplantsattachfoodpacketstotheirseedsinorderto.A.rewardtheantsmakeafoolofantsprovidenutritionfortheseedsgettheseedsmovedaroundWhatdoesParagraph2mainlytellus?Howplantsandantsinteract.Whatantsdotoprotectplants.Howplantsandantssurviveattacks.Whyplantsandantsneedco-evolution.Whichistrueabouttheevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenantsandplants?A.Antsdependedmoreuponplants.Itcausedaraceforbetterevolution.Howitgotstartedwasuncertain.Itwasoflittlevalueforfuturestudies.What'stheauthor'spurposeofwritingthepassage?A.Tointroduceascienceresearchmethod.Toinformreadersofalatestresearchfinding.Toarousereaders'interestinscienceresearch.Tocriticizepeople'straditionalviewsaboutplants.【答案】(1)D(2)A(3)C(4)B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，螞蟻和植物之間的互動(dòng)有著悠久的歷史。螞蟻和植物的共同進(jìn)化始于螞蟻以植物為食，植物進(jìn)化出對(duì)螞蟻友好的特征。(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"Otherplantsgetantstohelpthemmovetheirseedsaround,byprovidingthemwithrichfoodpacketsattachedtotheseeds.其他植物讓螞蟻幫助它們移動(dòng)種子，方法是在種子上附加豐富的食物包。故選D。(2)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的"Plantsmakeanumberofdifferentstructuresthatarespecificforantuse.”植物有許多不同的結(jié)構(gòu)，這些結(jié)構(gòu)是專門為螞蟻使用的；“Someantswilljustcheatandtakethenectarandrun,butsomewillstickaroundandattackanythingthattriestohurttheplant.Otherplantsgetantstohelpthemmovetheirseedsaround,byprovidingthemwithrichfoodpacketsattachedtotheseeds.”可知，有些螞蟻會(huì)偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些會(huì)留下來(lái)攻擊任何試圖傷害植物的東西。其他植物讓螞蟻幫助它們移動(dòng)種子，方法是在種子上附加豐富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要講了植物和螞蟻如何互動(dòng)，故選A。(3)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"Butscientistsweren'tsurehowtheevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenantsandplantsgotstarted."但是科學(xué)家們并不確定螞蟻和植物之間的進(jìn)化關(guān)系是如何開始的。由此可知C選項(xiàng)描述正確，故選C。(4)考查推理判斷。第一段中的"Anewstudyhasfoundthatthereisalonghistoryofinteractionsbetweenantsandplants.”一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，螞蟻和植物之間的互動(dòng)有著悠久的歷史。是全文的主題句，由此推斷出，作者寫這篇文章的目的是告知讀者最新的研究結(jié)果，故選B?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。7.閱讀短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Throughoutourdailylives,wehaveknownplentyofpeopleandwillknowmore.Buthowcanwetellifsomeoneistrustworthy?InapaperpublishedrecentlyintheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,researchergaveustheanswer.Theresearchersasked401adultsfromtheUnitedStatestofilloutaquestionnairemeasuringtheirguilt-proneness(內(nèi)疚傾向)indifferentsituationsaswellasseveralotherqualities,andthenplayashortonlinegame.Inthisgame,Player1isgiven$1,whichtheycanchoosetogivetoPlayer2.AnymoneygiventoPlayer2isthenautomaticallyincreasedto$2.50.Player2canthendecidewhethertokeepallofthemoneyorbehaveinatrustworthywaybyreturningaportionofthemoneytoPlayer1.Theresearchersfoundmoreguilt-pronepeopleweremorelikelytosharethemoneywithPlayer1.Actually,infollow-upstudies,guilt-pronenesspredictedtrustworthinessbetterthanotherpersonalityqualitiestheresearchersmeasured.Whymightguiltleadtotrustworthybehavior?Theresearchersfoundpeoplewhowereguilt-pronealsoreportedfeelinganobligationtoactinethical(合乎道德的)andresponsiblewayswhileinteracting(互動(dòng))withtheirpartnersinthegame.Peoplewhoareguilt-pronetendtoavoidengaginginbehaviorthatmightharmordisappointothers.Iftheydosomethingbad,guiltencouragesthemtotrytomakethingsrightagain.Then,howcanweusethisresearchtoascertainwhethersomeoneistrustworthy?"Onewaytodothismightbeobservehowtheyrespondtoexperienceregret,"leadauthorEmmaLevine,assistantprofessorattheUniversityofChicagoLevine,explains.Anotherwayistoaskthemtodescribeadifficultdilemmatheyfacedinthepast,suggestsco-authorTayaCohen,associateprofessoratCarnegieMellonUniversity.Thisisparticularlyeffective,Cohenandhercolleagueshavefound,becauseitallowsustoseeifthey'reconcernedabouttheeffectstheiractionshaveonothers.Whatmaymakeothersfeelthatwearereliableaccordingtothetext?A.Ourgoodqualitiestohelpthemout.B.Ourtendencytoexperienceguilt.C.Ourkindattitudetowardsthem.D.Ourteamspiritinthegame.Whatmayconnectguiltwithtrustworthybehavior?Asenseofresponsibility.Afeelingofdisappointment.Thewayoneinteractswithothers.Theabilitytotellrightfromwrong.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"ascertain"inthelastparagraphmean?A.Ask B.Express C.Describe D.DetermineHowisthetextorganizedanddeveloped?Byprovidingbackground.Bymakingalotofcomparisons.Byansweringtheraisedquestions.Byanalyzingeffectsofguilt-proneness.【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）D（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，生活中，我們會(huì)遇到各種各樣的人，那如何確定一個(gè)人是不是值得信任呢？科學(xué)家做了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)疚傾向性格的人更值得信任。內(nèi)疚性格能驅(qū)使人的行為更加合乎道德，具有責(zé)任感。所以看一個(gè)人后悔時(shí)的表現(xiàn)以及通過(guò)讓他描述一個(gè)兩難事件，就可以確定這個(gè)人是否可靠。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Then,howcanweusethisresearchtoascertainwhethersomeoneistrustworthy?"我們?nèi)绾斡眠@個(gè)研究結(jié)果確定某人是不是值得信賴呢？”以及"。門0waytodothismightbeobservehowtheyrespondtoexperienceregret,"給出了答案之一就是觀察他們經(jīng)歷后悔的事情時(shí)的反應(yīng)是什么。所以放在我們身上，我們內(nèi)疚時(shí)的反應(yīng)就能讓別人看出我們是不是可靠。故選B。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"Theresearchersfoundpeoplewhowereguilt-pronealsoreportedfeelinganobligationtoactinethical（合乎道德的）andresponsiblewayswhileinteracting（互動(dòng)）withtheirpartnersinthegame/研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，內(nèi)疚傾向的人在和伙伴玩游戲時(shí)，感覺(jué)自己有義務(wù)采取合乎道德，有責(zé)任感的行為。也就是感到內(nèi)疚，就會(huì)有責(zé)任感，有了責(zé)任感行為就值得信賴。故選A。（3）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)最后一段中的"hen,howcanweusethisresearchtoascertainwhethersomeoneistrustworthy?”我們?nèi)绾斡眠@項(xiàng)研究來(lái)確定那些人是可靠的呢？"ascertain"與首段首句中的"tell"以及"allowustosee"呼應(yīng)，意為“確定"，故選D。（4）考查推理判斷。文章首段提出問(wèn)題：我們?nèi)绾未_定一個(gè)人是否可靠？下文是通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)疚傾向的人行為更加可靠，又從心理學(xué)角度分析了為什么內(nèi)疚傾向的人值得信賴。隨后推薦給我們兩種判斷對(duì)方是否可靠的辦法。最后一段的回答與首段中的問(wèn)題呼應(yīng)。故文章是通過(guò)問(wèn)答方式編排的。故選C?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)和推理判斷三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，從而選出正確答案。8.閱讀理解Hackingisn'tjustforcomputersandsmartphones.Accordingtoastudy,