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推理判斷這類題主要考查學生根據(jù)文章的字面意思, 通過語篇邏輯關系, 研究細節(jié)的暗示,推敲作者的態(tài)度,理解文章的寓意等。 推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題。 做這類題時,考生應在理解全文的基礎上,從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā),運用邏輯思維,同時借助一定的常識進行分析、推理、判斷。提問整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思時,問句中都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest(推斷,暗指)等詞。對付這類題時我們不僅要弄懂文章字面的意思,更重要的是要知道文章潛在的含義,和作者所給的提示。 同時要對文章的含義和作者的暗示作合理的猜測和推論。 關鍵是:意思要靠推斷得出,而不是原文照搬。這就要把握住文章的主題思想和每段的內容;明確作者的觀點及其寫作該文的目的; 分析文章里所給的有關信息; 注意詞匯在詞典的定義和詞典以外的含義; 最后運用自己的知識進行由表及里的邏輯推理, 挖出文章的伏筆,得出正確的推論。這種問題的提問方式通常有:Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat ./WhatcanbeinferredfromtheTOC\o"1-5"\h\zpassage?/Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat .Wecaninferfromthetextthat…/Whatcanwelearnfrom…?/Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat-Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat .Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2080, .Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould .Theauthormentionsthefactthat…toshow .Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin ?Theauthor'sattitudetoward …is ?Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas ?這些提問方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到, 必須根據(jù)提問中的某些關鍵字眼與短文中相應的有關內容加以邏輯推理或演算, 從而得出某些作者并未說明卻已在字里行間所暗含的意思及觀點。具體的說,考生應當注意以下幾點:首先要注意一定要忠實于原文,以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù)。立足已知,推斷未知,遵循“詞不離句,句不離段,段不離篇” 的原則。千萬不能主觀臆想,憑空想象,隨意揣測,更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。要吃透文章的字面意思,從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索,這是推理的前提和基礎。有的推斷,考生完全可以根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細節(jié), 再結合自己所掌握的基礎知識、有關背景知識或常識來幫助進行分析、推敲,從而得出符合文章原意的結論。要對文字的表面信息進行挖掘加工,由表及里,由淺入深,從具體到抽象,從特殊到一般,通過分析、綜合、判斷等,進行深層處理,合乎邏輯地推理。不能就事論事,斷章取義,以偏概全。要把握句、段之間的邏輯關系,了解語篇的結構,同時還要體會文章的基調,揣摩作者的態(tài)度,摸準邏輯發(fā)展方向,悟出作者的言外之意。在解答推理性問題時,一定要注意確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍。應清楚所要解答的問題需要針對某個細節(jié)進行推斷, 還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進行推斷。針對細節(jié)的推斷可運用scanning的方法,迅速在材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍,然后再進行推理判斷。針對主題思想作推斷時,則常常要縱覽全篇文章。以下介紹幾種常見的推理判斷題型:1.細節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇關系,推斷具體細節(jié),如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件、具體信息等。考生要從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā),抓住關鍵的信息詞,運用邏輯思維,并借助一定的常識進行分析、推理、判斷。例題:(2008年全國卷I、IIB篇)MONTREAL(Reuters)-CrossingtheUS-Canadaborder(邊界)togotochurchonaSundaycostaUScitizen$10,000forbreakingWashington'sstrictnews安全ity(ules.TheexpensivetriptochurchwasasurpriseforRichardAlbert,wholivesrightontheCanadianborder.Liketheotherhalf-dozenpeopleofTownship15,crossingtheborderisadailyoccurreneeforAlbert.ThenearbyQuebecvillageofSt.Pamphileiswheretheyshop,eatandgotochurch.59.WelearnfromthetextthatRichardAlbertis .anAmericanlivinginTownship15aCanadianlivinginaQuebecvillageaCanadianworkinginacustomsstationanAmericanworkinginaCanadianchurch答案與解析:選A。根據(jù)第一段中的costaUScitizen$10,000可以推斷出RichardAlbert是美國人,workinginaCanadianchurch與第二段后兩句事實不符。(2010山東A)64.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?Unpackagedproductsareofbadquality.Supermarketscaremoreaboutpackaging.Itisimpropertojudgequalitybypackaging.Otherproductsarebetterpackagedthanfood.Butthisisnotjustaboutsupermarkets.Itisaboutallofus.Wehavelearnedtoassociatepackagingwithquality.Wehavelearnedtothinkethatsomethingunpackagedisofpoorquality.Thisisespeciallytrueoffood.Butitalsoappliestoawiderangeofconsumerproducts,whichoftenhavefarmorepackagingthannecessary.(2010山東C)65.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?Fightingwastefulnessisdifficult.Needlessmaterialismostlyrecycled.Peoplelikecollectingrecyclablewaste.Theauthorisproudoftheirconsumerculture.Therearesignsofhope.Asmoreofusrecycle,wearebeginningtorealisejusthowmuchunnecessaymaterialarecollecting.Weneedtofacethewastefulnessofourconsumerculture,butwehaveamoutaintoclimb.
68.WhatcanwelearnaboutVersed”?aiA.Itconsistsofthreeparts.bouttheAmericanarmy.Thefirsthalfof“Versed”focusesonthedarkforcesItiItisabookpublishedtwodecadesago.D.Itpartlyconcernsthepoet'sownlife.holdoftheUnitedStatesasitfoughtthewaragainstIraq.ThesecondhalflooksatthedarkforcescastingashadowoverherownlifeafterArmantroutwasdiagnosedwithcancerin2006.60Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.ThesummercampwasattractiveSandyVanWeeldengotalegacyformtheHatches.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.thepareThroughtheyears,theHatchespaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhentheirparentscouldnsaystheirfriendyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.Itwasalegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofshouldenrichthewholecommunity(68.WhatcanwelearnaboutVersed”?aiA.Itconsistsofthreeparts.bouttheAmericanarmy.Thefirsthalfof“Versed”focusesonthedarkforcesItiItisabookpublishedtwodecadesago.D.Itpartlyconcernsthepoet'sownlife.holdoftheUnitedStatesasitfoughtthewaragainstIraq.ThesecondhalflooksatthedarkforcescastingashadowoverherownlifeafterArmantroutwasdiagnosedwithcancerin2006.60Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.ThesummercampwasattractiveSandyVanWeeldengotalegacyformtheHatches.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.thepareThroughtheyears,theHatchespaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhentheirparentscouldnsaystheirfriendyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.Itwasalegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofshouldenrichthewholecommunity(社區(qū))andlastfor'taffordit.ndVanWeelden.shandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything,“Theycouldseethingsthe(ytoouidketheHatches'wishthattheirlegacydollarsandcent-generationstocomNeighborshelpingneighbors thatwasIshandArleneHatch'sstory.2?因果推斷題要求考生根據(jù)已知結果推測導致結果的可能原因或根據(jù)已有的原因推斷可能的結果。 考生要準確掌握文章的內涵,理解文章的真正含義。最關鍵的是要找準事物間存在的因果關系信息,根據(jù)已有信息,進行分析判斷推理,從而推出最符合邏輯的原因或判斷出最可能導致的結果。70.Theydecidedtoopenasecondstorebecausethey .hadenoughmoneytodoit.hadsucceededintheirbusinesswishedtomeettheincreasingdemandofcustomerswantedtomakebelievethattheyweresuccessfulDeLucawasmanagingthestoreandgoingtotheUniversityofBridgeportatthesametime.BuckwasworkingathisdayjobasanuclearphysicistinNewYork.They'dneetMondayeveningsandbrainstormideasforkeepingthebusinessrunning. “Weconvincedourselvestoopeiasecondstore.Wefiguredwecouldtellthepublic, ‘Weiresosuccessful,weareopeninga
secondstore.error.tAhnedydid—inthespringof1966.Still,itwasalotoflearningbytrialandsecondstore.error.例題:(2008年全國高考—福建卷A篇)PaulZindel'sdeathonMarch27,2003endedthebrilliantlifeofafamouswriter.NotonlydidPaulZindelwinaPulitzerPrizeaswellasanObiePrizeforhis1970playTheEffectofGammaRaysonMan-in-the-MoonMarigolds,butbewasoneoftheearliestwritersinthefieldofcontemporary(當代的)literatureforyoungadults(成人).ThePigman,publishedin1968,isstilloneofthemostwell-knownandwidely-taughtnovelsinthegenre.TheAmericanLibraryAssociationhasnameditoneofthe100BestoftheBestBooksforYoungAdultspublishedbetween1967and1992,andZindel 'sautobiographyn,TahnedPMigem,waasamongthe100BestoftheBestBookspublishedforteenagersduringthelastpartofthetwentiethcentury.SixofZindel'sbooks,infact,havebeenvotedtheBestBooksforYoungAdults,andmostofhisrecenthorrorbooks-suchasTheDoomStoneandRats-havebeenchosenasQuickPicksforReluctantYoungAdultReaders.Clearly,hewasawriterwhoknewhowtointerestcontemporarychildren.Recognizingthat,theAmericanLibraryAssociationin2002honoredPaulZindelwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrizeforhislifetimeachievements,andlaterthatsameyearhewaspresentedwiththeALANPrizeforhiscontributionstoYoungAdultLiterature.Withhispassing,youngreaders,teachers,andlibrarianshavelostagreatfriend.57.WhywasPaulZindelhonoredwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrize?Hisbookswerewidelyreadbychildren.Hisbookswereinterestingandhelpfultoadults.Hemadegreatcontributionstocontemporaryliterature.Hewroteanumberofhorrorbooksforyoungadults.答案與解析:選C。從第二段第一句中的后半句…butbewasoneoftheearliestwritersinthefieldofcontemporary(當代的)literatureforyoungadults(成人)及倒數(shù)第二句前半句Recognizingthat,theAmericanLibraryAssociationin2002honoredPaulZindelwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrizeforhislifetimeachievements,可知PaulZindel是當代文學領域中最早期的作家之一,2002年美國文學協(xié)會授予他MargaretA.EdwardsPrize以表彰他畢生的成就。綜合兩部分考慮,可知選項C正確。從倒數(shù)第二句后半句andlaterthatsameyearhewaspresentedwiththeALANPrizeforhiscontributionstoYoungAdultLiterature.排除選項D。3.人物性格、心情處境、態(tài)度及觀點等推斷題高考閱讀測試中有些題目考查學生對文章作者的主導思想、被描寫人物語氣、言談話語中流露的情緒、性格傾向和作用或文中人物的態(tài)度、觀點等方面的理解。做這一類題時一定(1) 由表及里地準確把握字里行間的意思,切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點代替作者的思想觀點。(2) 特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言,以及表達感情,態(tài)度觀點的詞語。要特別注意作者在文章中的措辭,尤其是感情色彩的形容詞。(3) 能結合自己平時積累的有關英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風俗習慣等背景知識來識別評價。
C.childlikeD.curiousB.optimistic(2009山東A)59.AccordingtoSandyVanWeelden,theHatcheswere態(tài)度推斷C.childlikeD.curiousB.optimisticA.understandingaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhen“IshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything.Throughtheyears,theHatchaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhen“IshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything.theirparentscouldn 'taffordit.saystheirfriendSandVanWeelden,“Theycouldseethingstheycoulddotomakeyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.(2009山東C)69.Rogers'attitudwardsthelow-incomesmokersmightbethatof態(tài)度推斷A.toleranee B.unconcernC.doubtD.sympathyHalRogers,RepresentativefromKentucky,likethosewhoareagainsthightobaccotaxes,arguesthattheburdenofthetaxfallsonlow-incomeAmericans “whochoosetosmoke.例題:(2008年全國高考一安徽卷E篇)Parentsshouldstopblamingthemselvesbecausethere 'snotalottheycandoaboutit.Imeantheteenager(十幾歲的孩子)problem.Whateveryoudoorhoweveryouchoosetodealwithit,atcertaintimesawonderful,reasonableandhelpfulchildwillturnintoaterribleanimal.I'veseenfriendsdealwithitinallkindsofdifferentways.Onestrictmotherinsistedthatherson,rightfromachild,shouldstandupwheneveranyoneenteredtheroom,opendoorsandshakehandslikeagentleman.IsawhimlastweekwhenIcalledround.Sprawlinghimself(懶散地躺)onthesofainfulllength,hemadenoattempttoturnofftheloudTVhewaswatchingasIwalkedin,andhisgreetingwasnomorethanaquickglaneeatme.Hismotherwasashamed. "Idon'tknowwhattodowithhimthesedays, ”shesaid. "He'sforgottenallthemannerswetaughthim.Hehasn'tforgottenthem.He'sjustdecidedthathe 'snotgoingtousethem.Sheconfessed(坦白)thatshewouldliketocomeupbehindhimandthrowhimdownfromthesofaontothefloor.Anothergoodfriendofminelethertwodaughtersclimballoverthefurniture,reachacrossthetable,stareatmeandsay, "Idon'tlikeyourdress;it 'sugly."tlyOneofthedaughtersbeendrivenoutofschool.Theotherhaslefthome."Wheredidwegowrong?”herparentsarenowverysad.Probablynowheremuch.Atleast,nomorethantherestofthatunfortunaterace,parents.Theboyonthesofawouldmostprobablybedescribedas .lazyB.quietG.unusual D.rudeFromthesecondexamplewecaninferthattheparentsofthetwodaughters .paynoattentiontothem B.aretoobusytolookafterthemC.havecometohatethem D.feelhelplesstodomuchaboutthemWhatistheauthorsopinionaboutthesuddenchangeinteenagechildren?Parentshavenochoicebuttotrytoacceptit.Parentsshouldpaystillsoreattentiontothechange.Parentsshouldworkmorecloselywithschoolteachers.Parentsareatfaultforthechangeintheirchildren.答案與解析:73.選D。此題屬于"人物性格推斷題”。從文中第二段"Onestrictmotherinsistedthatherson,rightfromachild,shouldstandupwheneveranyoneenteredtheroom,opendoorsandshakehandslikeagentleman.”以及其后的細節(jié)描述和該段最后一句話" He'sforgottenallthemannerswetaughthim.”可以看出:一位嚴厲的母親想把她的孩子培養(yǎng)成紳士,但是她的孩子后來對客人的表現(xiàn)卻是很不禮貌。選D。此題屬于"人物心情處境推斷題”。最后一段,Wheredidwegowrong?herparentsarenowverysad.”一句可推測這兩位父母對他們學壞的女兒無可奈何,因此正確答案為 D。選A。此題屬于"態(tài)度及觀點推斷題” ,文中第一句話"Parentsshouldstopblamingthemselvesbecausethere'snotalottheycando'”b就表明了作者的觀點,父母不應當總是為此事而責怪自己。應當采取措施面對這個事情。 然后最后又用了"Probablynowheremuch.Atleast,nomorethantherestofthatunfortunaterace,parents.”做總結,表明父母們不得不接受這個不好的事實。例題2:(2008年全國高考一北京卷C篇)Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments—mostlyforentertainmentpurposes—isfairandrespectful?Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalledzoochosis.Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthatzoochosisiscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.64.Howwouldtheauthordescribetheanimals 'lifeinzoos?Dangerous. B.Unhappy.C.Natural.D.Easy.答案與解析:64.選B。此題屬于“態(tài)度及觀點推斷題”,由本段中的第一句話 keepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments,以及后文當中的Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,禾廿asignofunhappinessandpain.可以推斷出作者認為動物園中的動物的生活不幸福。approvesatisfactionpositiveoptimisticamazing纟見態(tài)庚詞approvesatisfactionpositiveoptimisticamazingdisapprovedissatisfactionnegativepessimisticgloomy負04?篇章結構推斷題根據(jù)不同文章的內容和寫作目的,作者會采取記敘、描寫、議論、說明或應用文體。作者也會采用敘述、例證、 比較對照等不同的組織結構。不同文體的閱讀難度、要求和任務不同,閱讀方法也應不同。增強對篇章結構的理解能力有助于提高閱讀質量。例題1: (2008年全國高考一湖北卷A篇)Haveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssing?Maybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy.Afterall,youprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy.Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy.However,theysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason.Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory.Howdoesthewriterexplainbirds 'singing?Bycomparingbirdswithhumanbeings.Byreportingexperimentresults.Bydescribingbirds'dailylife.Bytellingabird 'sstory.答案與解析:由文章第一、二兩段可知作者是把鳥兒和人類進行對比。例題2:(2008年全國高考一浙江卷C篇)Inthecourseofworkingmywaythroughschool,ItookmanyjobsIwouldratherforget.Butnoneofthesejobswasasdreadfulasmyjobinanappleplant.Theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;and,mostofall,theworkingconditionswereterrible.Firstofall,thejobmadehugedemandsonmystrength…Istayedonthejobforfivemonths,allthewhilehatingthedifficultyofthework,thepoormoney,andtheconditionsunderwhichIworked.BythetimeIleft,Iwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain.
52.Howisthetextorganized?Topic—Argument—ExplanationOpinion—Discussion--DescriptionMainidea—Comparison—SupportingexamplesIntroduction—Supportingexamples—Conclusion答案與解析:選D。本題考查對語篇的結構理解。本文為記敘文的一般結構,本文敘述了作者上學時在一個蘋果加工廠打工的經歷。 作者在第一段提出在蘋果加工廠工作的辛苦,工資低和工作條件差 (Theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;and,mostofall,theworkingconditionswereterrible.),中間三段舉例描述,最后一段得出"再也不愿意做”的結論(BythetimeIleft,Iwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain.)。5?文章結論推斷題由具體到一般,對已知的事實進行歸納總結性推斷稱為結論。60Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.ThesummercampwasattractiveSandyVanWeeldengotalegacyformtheHatches.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.theparents.Throughtheyears,theHatchespaidfotheirparentscouldnsaystheirfrienyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.Itwasalegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofshouldenrichthewholecommunity(社區(qū))andlastfor'taffordit.ndVanWeelden,ocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhenshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything,“TheycouldseethingsthesytoomlalketheHatches'wishthattheirlegacydollarsandcentgenerationstocomeNeighborshelpingneighbors thatwasIshandArleneHatch'sstory.例題:(2008年全國高考一廣東卷D篇)In1837,thehistorianCarlylemadethefirstrecordeduseoftheword"queue"(排隊).HespokeoftheFrenchandtheir"habitofstandinginaqueue".FortyyearslaterPariswasthebestplacetowaitinline.However,queuingbecamepopularinBritaintoo.TheSecondWorldWarwasthegoldenageofqueuing,andpeoplejoinedanylineinthehopethatitwasaqueueforsomethingtobuy.ThiswasthesourceofmanySecondWorldWarjokes:Shopkeepertocustomer:Excuseme,miss,areyoupregnant(懷孕)?Customer:Well,Iwasn 'twhenIjoinedthequeue.Today,accordingtoresearchinAmerica,we(inBritain)canspendupto5yearsofourlivesqueuing-ascomparedtotwelvemonthslookingforthingswehavelost.Butthingsmaybechanging.Butsomepeoplejustlikequeuing.OnemanqueuedallnightforHarrodsfamousJanuarysale,andthenreturnedhomeforbreakfastatnineo'clockthenextmorningwithoutgoingintotheshop.71.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat .queuemanagementdoesn 'tworkwellthereisstillqueuinginEnglandwedon'tseemuchqueuinginParistheFrenchlikequeuingmorethantheBritish答案與解析:?選B。文章結論推斷題。文章最后說了" Butsomepeoplejustlikequeuing.”,該句表明在英國還是有人喜歡排隊,因此排隊仍然存在。6?預測題有些內容文章中沒有明確說明,要求考生根據(jù)語篇,對事件可能的結局或下段可能涉及的內容等進行預測推理。常見的與預測相關的問題主要有:Whatinformationwillprobablybeprovidedfollowingthelastparagraph?Whatdoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?Whatwould…dointheend?對于這類問題的判斷,做這類題時應常常要縱覽全文,把握作者的寫作思路(如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經過描寫,也可能按因果關系、對比關系來敘述),作者往往在前文提出幾個要解決或說明的問題,提出幾種觀點看法, 然后在下文一一解釋說明, 考生可通過文章,找出作者已經闡明了哪些問題或觀點,然后接下去文章將會如何發(fā)展便一目了然了。例題1:(2004全國卷IB篇)GivingBackFairWayTheWestboroughHighSchoolgolfteamhadtakentheofficialphotoswiththestateprize.Theotherteams,disappointed,wereonthebusheadinghome.AndthenWestboroughinstructorGregRotanoticedsomethingwrongononeofthescorecards.A9hadbeenrecordedasa7.Theywerenotthestateprizewinner;WoburnHighhadwon."Noonewouldhaveknown,"saidWoburn'sstructor,BobDoran.ForRota,itwasn'tadifficultdecision:Theprizewasn'tourstotake.”WhatdidGregRota
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