Argumentative-essay-英文議論文寫作(課堂)課件

TheArgumentativeEssay1

TheArgumentativeEssay1Ⅰ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:

Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil2Ⅰ.MaincommunicativepurposesⅡ.BasicfeaturesTheargumentativeessaymusttakeacontroversialissueforanopendebate,i.e.,theissuemustbearguable;Theargumentcannotbegeneralbelief;personalpreference;orfact3Ⅱ.Basicfeatures3Twosidesaregenerallyinvolved:

proponents(thoseinfavoroftheissue)andopponents(thoseagainsttheissue);Thethesismusttakeasideofanissue,andfrequentlyproposesacourseofaction;Theargumentativeessayare

highlypersuasiveandlogical

(oftenexpressedwiththemodal“should”);Goodlogicistheheartoftheargumentativeessay.4TwosidesaregenerallyinvolvⅢ.

StrategiesforlogicalpersuasionBefullyawareofyouraudienceorreader;Asthepurposeofanargumentativeessayistoconvincethereaderofyourposition,youshouldaddressyourreaderbywritingobjectively,logically,andrespectfully.

5Ⅲ.StrategiesforlogicalpersTrytoidentifyandunderstandyouropponent’spointofviewYoucannotjustpresentyourownopinioninargumentation.Thiscanneverconvincethereader.Youhavetoconsiderthepointofviewofyouropponent’s.6Trytoidentifyandunderstand3.Usetwoformsoflogicalreasoning:inductionanddeduction.Induction（歸納）:theprocessofreasoningfromtheparticulardetailstothegeneralconclusion.Itinvolvesexaminingparticulardetailssuchasspecificcases,facts,orexamples.Theconclusionismadebasedontheevidencecomingfromthespecificdetails.73.UsetwoformsoflogicalreDeduction（演繹）:theprocessofreasoningfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itbeginswithageneralizationandisappliedinaspecificcase.Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonageneralization.8Deduction（演繹）:theprocessofDeductioninvolvesathree-stepformofreasoningcalledSyllogism（三段論）:MajorPremise(theinitialgeneralization),MinorPremise(thespecificcase),andConclusion(theresultingstatement).Thisthree-stepformcanbeillustratedasfollows:MajorPremise:Dogsbark.MinorPremise:LittleBrownisadog.Conclusion:Therefore,LittleBrownbarks.9Deductioninvolvesathree-

Tobemorespecific,themajorpremiseisageneralizationthatyouandyourreadercanbothagreeon,whetheritisagenerallyacceptedstatementorwhetheryouhavealreadyproveditearlierintheargument. Theminorpremiseisthepartthatyouneedtoproveinyourargument.

10Tobemorespecific,10e.g.Iftheissueisaboutnuclearpowerplantconstruction,youmaytakethethree-stepformofreasoninglikethis:Majorpremise:Onlysafesourcesofenergyshouldbedeveloped.Minorpremise:Nuclearpowerplantsaresafesourcesofenergy.Conclusion:Therefore,nuclearpowerplantsshouldbeconstructed.

（Notice:Somecomplexissuesrequiremorethanonepremisetobeproved.)11e.g.IftheissueisaboutToavoidbeingillogicalinthisreasoningprocess,youneedtokeepthefollowingpointsinmind:Themajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbetrueiftheconclusionistobevalid;e.g.,Allpeopleliketosuffer.(MaP)Jonnyisaperson.(MiP)Jonnylikestosuffer.(C)

Theabovereasoningprocessappearsillogicalsincethemajorpremiseisnotbasedonthetruth.12ToavoidbeingillogicalinThemajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbesetuptofollowthecorrectlogicalorder;

Thecorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:A=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=AHondaisanautomobile.

∴C=BTherefore,Hondahaswheels.

13ThemajorpremiseandtheminoAnincorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:AllA=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=BHondahaswheels.

∴C=ATherefore,Hondaisautomobile.(Suchanillogicalordermakestheconclusioninvalid,forHondamightbeamotorcycleorawagon.)14AnincorrectlogicalorderiThetermsinonepremisemustbeusedthesamewayintheotherpremise.Lookatthefollowingexamples:

Somevegetarianseateggs.Johnisavegetarian.

∴

Johneatseggs.AllAmericansspeakEnglish.MaryisaSouthAmerican.

∴MaryspeaksEnglish.15ThetermsinonepremisemustⅣ.Planninganargumentativeessay

Whenyouplananargumentativeessay,keepinmindthefollowingpoints:Theargumentativeessayshouldintroduceandexplaintheissueorcase;Theessayshouldofferadequatereasonsandsupportthereasonswithgoodevidence;16Ⅳ.PlanninganargumentativeeTheessayshouldrefuteopposingarguments.Thisisaveryparticularcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesargumentativeessaysfromexpositoryessays.Youmustnotonlypresentyourownpointofviewandproveit,butalsorefuteyouropponent’sviewandprovethat

yoursismorevalidorsuperior.17TheessayshouldrefuteopposiⅤ.Organizinganargumentativeessay(1)IntroductionTomakeagoodbeginningofsuchanessay,youshouldfirstintroducetheproblemandthethesistoclarifythecontroversialissue

toyourreader.Thenyoushouldprovidebackgroundinformation.

18Ⅴ.Organizinganargumentative(2)ThedevelopmentalpartConfirmation(2-3paragraphs)andrefutation(1-3paragraphs)arerequiredindevelopingthemainpartoftheessay.Toconfirmyourpersonalpointofview,youneedtogivereasonstosupportyourthesis;19(2)Thedevelopmentalpart19thereasonsmustbeconvincingevidencewhichisnormallyfromexamplesfactsauthoritativeorexpertopinionsstatisticalfindingspersonalexperienceorobservations20thereasonsmustbeconvincing

Torefuteopposingviews,youshouldconsideryouropponent’spointofviewatthesametime;acknowledgethegoodpointsofopponent’sviewsfirst,explainwhyyouropponent’sviewsarenotgoodenough.

21Torefuteopposingviews,21

Indevelopingthemainpartoftheargumentativeessay,youmaychooseanypattern

orcombinethepatternstofurtherdevelopthethesisaswedealwithcause-and-effectgenrewriting(description,narration,definition,classification,exemplification,causalanalysis,comparison&contrast,etc.)22Indevelopingthemainpar(3)TheConcludingpart

Tobetterconcludetheessay,youshouldrestateyourthesissummarizeyourmainpointsurgeyourreadertotakeactionpredictthefuture

23(3)TheConcludingpart23Ⅵ.SometransitionalwordsandphrasesChronologicalorderfirstofall/first,afterthat/second,then/next,last/finallyExemplification

toillustratethispoint,…canbeillustratedasfollows,agoodcaseinpointis…Additionbesidesthat,apartfromthis,inaddition(to),furthermore,what’smore,moreoverComparison&contrastlikewise/similarly,inthesameway,similarto,conversely/onthecontrary,incontrast(to),ontheotherhand,differentfrom24Ⅵ.SometransitionalwordsandⅦ.SometypicalsentencepatternsforargumentationItcanbearguedthat…Peopleargue/maintain/believethat…Somepeopleargue/claimthat…Butmoreoftenthannot,thereverse/theoppositeisusuallythecase/true.Someassumethat…,however,thisprovestobethecontrary/theopposite/theotherwayaround.Theyarerightin…,but…Itistruethat…,butitdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthat…25Ⅶ.Sometypicalsentencepatte

Writingassignment:

Hasmanafuture?Somepeopleholdtheviewthattheworldwillgetbetterdaybyday.However,asthefastdevelopmentofthemodernsocietyhasbroughtunprecedentedchallengestomankind,thislingeringquestioncontinuestoprovokedeepthought,reflection,doubtorevenfear.Somepeoplebelievethatifseverethreatslikenuclearweaponsandclimatechangeremainuncheckedman’slifewillbegreatlyendangeredand“thedoomsdayclockisonthevergeofstriking”.Discusswithyourpeersandwriteanargumentativeessaywithin600words.Havepeerreviewafteryoufinishyourwriting.Youmayrefertothepeerreviewchecklistinyourhandout(pp.350-351).Submityouressaynexttimefortheclass.26Writingassignment:26TheArgumentativeEssay27

TheArgumentativeEssay1Ⅰ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:

Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil28Ⅰ.MaincommunicativepurposesⅡ.BasicfeaturesTheargumentativeessaymusttakeacontroversialissueforanopendebate,i.e.,theissuemustbearguable;Theargumentcannotbegeneralbelief;personalpreference;orfact29Ⅱ.Basicfeatures3Twosidesaregenerallyinvolved:

proponents(thoseinfavoroftheissue)andopponents(thoseagainsttheissue);Thethesismusttakeasideofanissue,andfrequentlyproposesacourseofaction;Theargumentativeessayare

highlypersuasiveandlogical

(oftenexpressedwiththemodal“should”);Goodlogicistheheartoftheargumentativeessay.30TwosidesaregenerallyinvolvⅢ.

StrategiesforlogicalpersuasionBefullyawareofyouraudienceorreader;Asthepurposeofanargumentativeessayistoconvincethereaderofyourposition,youshouldaddressyourreaderbywritingobjectively,logically,andrespectfully.

31Ⅲ.StrategiesforlogicalpersTrytoidentifyandunderstandyouropponent’spointofviewYoucannotjustpresentyourownopinioninargumentation.Thiscanneverconvincethereader.Youhavetoconsiderthepointofviewofyouropponent’s.32Trytoidentifyandunderstand3.Usetwoformsoflogicalreasoning:inductionanddeduction.Induction（歸納）:theprocessofreasoningfromtheparticulardetailstothegeneralconclusion.Itinvolvesexaminingparticulardetailssuchasspecificcases,facts,orexamples.Theconclusionismadebasedontheevidencecomingfromthespecificdetails.333.UsetwoformsoflogicalreDeduction（演繹）:theprocessofreasoningfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itbeginswithageneralizationandisappliedinaspecificcase.Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonageneralization.34Deduction（演繹）:theprocessofDeductioninvolvesathree-stepformofreasoningcalledSyllogism（三段論）:MajorPremise(theinitialgeneralization),MinorPremise(thespecificcase),andConclusion(theresultingstatement).Thisthree-stepformcanbeillustratedasfollows:MajorPremise:Dogsbark.MinorPremise:LittleBrownisadog.Conclusion:Therefore,LittleBrownbarks.35Deductioninvolvesathree-

Tobemorespecific,themajorpremiseisageneralizationthatyouandyourreadercanbothagreeon,whetheritisagenerallyacceptedstatementorwhetheryouhavealreadyproveditearlierintheargument. Theminorpremiseisthepartthatyouneedtoproveinyourargument.

36Tobemorespecific,10e.g.Iftheissueisaboutnuclearpowerplantconstruction,youmaytakethethree-stepformofreasoninglikethis:Majorpremise:Onlysafesourcesofenergyshouldbedeveloped.Minorpremise:Nuclearpowerplantsaresafesourcesofenergy.Conclusion:Therefore,nuclearpowerplantsshouldbeconstructed.

（Notice:Somecomplexissuesrequiremorethanonepremisetobeproved.)37e.g.IftheissueisaboutToavoidbeingillogicalinthisreasoningprocess,youneedtokeepthefollowingpointsinmind:Themajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbetrueiftheconclusionistobevalid;e.g.,Allpeopleliketosuffer.(MaP)Jonnyisaperson.(MiP)Jonnylikestosuffer.(C)

Theabovereasoningprocessappearsillogicalsincethemajorpremiseisnotbasedonthetruth.38ToavoidbeingillogicalinThemajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbesetuptofollowthecorrectlogicalorder;

Thecorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:A=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=AHondaisanautomobile.

∴C=BTherefore,Hondahaswheels.

39ThemajorpremiseandtheminoAnincorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:AllA=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=BHondahaswheels.

∴C=ATherefore,Hondaisautomobile.(Suchanillogicalordermakestheconclusioninvalid,forHondamightbeamotorcycleorawagon.)40AnincorrectlogicalorderiThetermsinonepremisemustbeusedthesamewayintheotherpremise.Lookatthefollowingexamples:

Somevegetarianseateggs.Johnisavegetarian.

∴

Johneatseggs.AllAmericansspeakEnglish.MaryisaSouthAmerican.

∴MaryspeaksEnglish.41ThetermsinonepremisemustⅣ.Planninganargumentativeessay

Whenyouplananargumentativeessay,keepinmindthefollowingpoints:Theargumentativeessayshouldintroduceandexplaintheissueorcase;Theessayshouldofferadequatereasonsandsupportthereasonswithgoodevidence;42Ⅳ.PlanninganargumentativeeTheessayshouldrefuteopposingarguments.Thisisaveryparticularcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesargumentativeessaysfromexpositoryessays.Youmustnotonlypresentyourownpointofviewandproveit,butalsorefuteyouropponent’sviewandprovethat

yoursismorevalidorsuperior.43TheessayshouldrefuteopposiⅤ.Organizinganargumentativeessay(1)IntroductionTomakeagoodbeginningofsuchanessay,youshouldfirstintroducetheproblemandthethesistoclarifythecontroversialissue

toyourreader.Thenyoushouldprovidebackgroundinformation.

44Ⅴ.Organizinganargumentative(2)ThedevelopmentalpartConfirmation(2-3paragraphs)andrefutation(1-3paragraphs)arerequiredindevelopingthemainpartoftheessay.Toconfirmyourpersonalpointofview,youneedtogivereasonstosupportyourthesis;45(2)Thedevelopmentalpart19thereasonsmustbeconvincingevidencewhichisnormallyfromexamplesfactsauthoritativeorexpertopinionsstatisticalfindingspersonalexperienceorobservations46thereasonsmustbeconvincing

Torefuteopposingviews,youshouldconsideryouropponent’spointofviewatthesametime;acknowledgethegoodpointsofopponent’sviewsfirst,explainwhyyouropponent’sviewsarenotgoodenough.

47Torefuteopposingviews,21

Indevelopingthemainpartoftheargumentativeessay,youmaychooseanypattern

orcombinethepatternstofurtherdevelopthethesisaswedealwithcause-and-effectgenrewriting(description,narration,definition,classification,exemplification,causalanalysis,comparison&contrast,etc.)48Indevelopingthemainpar(3)TheConcludingpart

Tobetterconcludetheessay,youshouldrestateyourthesissummarizeyourmainpointsurgeyourreadertotakeactionpredictthefuture

49(3)TheConcludin