中學(xué)初中英語語法-句子成分以及簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月中學(xué)初中英語語法——句子成分以及簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。(二)主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名詞)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代詞)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(數(shù)詞)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(動名詞)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名詞化的形容詞)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主語從句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)(三)謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、復(fù)合謂語：(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：Wearestudents.(四)表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名詞)Isityours(代詞)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容詞)Thespeechisexciting.(分詞)Threetimessevenistwentyone(數(shù)詞)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(愛好)isplayingfootball.(動名詞)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介詞短語)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副詞)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表語從句)(五)賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者,一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代詞)HowmanydictionariesdoyouhaveIhavefive.(數(shù)詞)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名詞化形容詞)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短語)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(動名詞短語)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(賓語從句)賓語種類：(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補),例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(六)賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補語,才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞(如make等+賓語+賓補)。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名詞)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容詞)Letthefreshairin.(副詞)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短語)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(現(xiàn)在分詞)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介詞短語)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(從句)(七)定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容詞)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分詞)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名詞)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代詞)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短語)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(動名詞)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介詞短語)(八)狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介詞短語)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短語)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分詞短語)Waitaminute.(名詞)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(狀語從句)狀語種類如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix(時間狀語)Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因狀語)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(條件狀語)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地點狀語)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式狀語)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴隨狀語)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的狀語)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(結(jié)果狀語)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(讓步狀語)Iamtallerthanheis.(比較狀語)練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語(—)、謂語(＝)、賓語(～)：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語(—)、狀語(＝)、補語(～)：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChinaWell,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、選擇填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句(一)句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1)陳述句(肯定、否定)：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2)疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意)：DotheylikeskatingHowoldisheIshesixorsevenyearsoldMarycanswim,can’tshe3)祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4)感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1)簡單句：只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列連詞(and,but,or等)或分號(；)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。3)復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.(二)簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主語+不及物動詞：e.g.Wework.3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補)：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。(三)并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.(四)高考考點探討1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多,但是在閱讀中有時需借助于劃分句子成分去理解,在書面表達中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點之一。有時把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個題目,幾個考點,是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢。3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and,but,or,while,以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動詞的時態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起,以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯,時間從句與條件從句中,如果主句是將來時,從句則用一般式表將來,這一點在高考中經(jīng)?？疾椤Ｈ纾篧ewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。練習(xí)二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：Ihopeyouareverywell().I'mfine,buttired().RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm().Augustisthehottestmonthhere().Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.()Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors().WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat().Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm().Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim().Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest().Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden().Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere().Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden().Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell().Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden().MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime().Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy().Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside().It'sgreat()!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion().Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer().Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty().InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates().TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates().InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime().HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina()Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep().Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents().三、選擇填空：1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____A.hasn’theB.isn’theC.isn’titD.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan4.Letuspass,____A.shan’tweB.shallweC.won’tweD.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____A.doIB.don’tIC.isheD.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____A.willyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____.A.Henryhasn’ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.forC.whileD.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I’dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so12.----“____isthetemperaturetoday”----“It’s38degrees.”A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn’tanengineer,ishe----____.A.Yes,heisn’tB.No,heisn’tC.No,heisD.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone!A.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.forD.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yet18.----I’dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.----Ihad,____I’velostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn22.----Idon’tlikechicken____fish.----Idon’tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but23.----