Lecture-8-News-report3文體學(xué)新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)課件

1LectureEightNewsReport1LectureEight2Newsreportreferstoageneralvarietyoflanguagewhichfunctionstoinformpeoplewhatishappeningintheregion,countryandtheworldbymassmedia.23Field:varied—politics,militaryaffairs,economy,culture,medicine,scienceentertainment…Mode:oralorwrittenPersonalTenor:jounalistvsmasses,distantAnAnalysisonField,TenorandMode3Field:varied—politics,milit4functionaltenor:Thegeneralfunctionofallnewspapersistosendnewstothemassesaccuratelyandquickly.Differentnewspapersdiffergreatly:--formalandofficial:targettedatwell-educatedreadership.Thefocusisonaccuracyandobjectivity.--light,humorousandentertaining:toappealtocommonreaderswithinterestingevents,anecdotes,stangeevents,etc.4functionaltenor:58.1GeneralFeaturesWhetherinoralorwrittenform,duetolimitedtimeandspace,newsreporthastouseaslittletimeorspaceaspossibletoconveyasmuchinformationaspossible,forthatpurpose,ithasto

compresstheinformationandselectthemostimportantpartand58.1GeneralFeaturesWhetheri6arrangetheselectedinformationfromgeneraltoparticular,first,thesummaryoftheevent,andthenthemoredetailedaccountofthestorybeclearandinterestinginordertoattracttheaudience.6arrangetheselectedinfo78.2SemanticFeaturesComparedwithothervarietiesoflanguage,newsreporthasdistinctsemanticfeaturesasfollows:1.WiderangeofcoverageNewsreportcancoveranyeventinanyfield,whetherspecializedornon-specialized.Thereisvirtuallynothingthatcannotbeanewsfocus.78.2SemanticFeaturesCompared82.Stressonobjectivity“Totellthetruth”istheprincipleandgoalofnewsreport.Therefore,onthesurface,newsreportappearstobepartialorneutralintoneandstressfacts.However,newsreportcanstillconveytheattitude,theviewpointandevenprejudiceofnewsreporteroreditorthroughthearbitrarychoiceofmaterial,aswellascarefulchoiceofwords.82.Stressonobjectivity93.MeaningcontractionanddeductivemethodTheneedtoconveythemostmeaningwithintheleastspaceandtimemakesmeaningcontractionnecessaryandimportantdeviceinnewsreport.Itemploysdeductivemethod,i.e.firstprovidingthegeneralknowledgeandthentheparticularanddetailedinformation.93.Meaningcontractionandde104.Clarityand

Simplewayoftransition

Onthewhole,thetransitioninnewspaperisclearandsimpleforsmoothreadingandunderstandingofreaders.Thisisachievedbydirectlyexpressingthemeaningandthroughtheobviousrelatedenessbetweenparagraphswithinastory,orwiththeuseofconnectivessuchasalso,ontheotherhand,meanwhile,etc.104.ClarityandSimplewayof11byreferencetoprevioussubjectmatter,asisshownin[7.1]onP111APhilippineAirlinesplane…TheAirbusA320…Theplane……andseveralpeopleweretakentoahospital…Somehaveonlyanxietyreaction…11byreferencetoprevious128.3DistincitiveTextStructures8.3.1.Three-partstructureandsequenceoflogicalorderTheprominentcharacteristicofnewsreportintermsoftextstructureisitsthree-partstructure:headline;introduction/guide/leadthebody.Seeexample[7.1]onP111128.3DistincitiveTextStruct13Intermsofsequence,newsreportalwaystellsthemostimportantthingsfirst.Theeventsareseldomlyarrangedintimeorder.Instead,theyareintheorderoftheir“newsworthiness”,withthemostnoteworthyflashedbeforethereaderintheheadlineandtheguide/lead,ascontrastedwiththebodyofthestory.1314Therefore,therelationshipamongthethreeisfromgeneraltoparticular.Theheadlineismoregeneralthantheguide/lead,whichismoregeneralthanthemainbody.Inotherwords,theguide/leadcanbeseenasfurtherexplanationoftheheadline,andatthesametimeasasummaryofthemainbody.Theevenmoredetailedinformationisprovidedbythemainbody.14Therefore,therelationship15Thiswayofwritingiscalled‘HighlightingMethod’,andtheorderinwhichnewsworthyfactsareorgabnizediscalled‘logicalorder’.Theorderofimportanceismeasuredbyreaderappeal.Thisistheessentialdifferencebetweenjournalisticwritingandordinarynarrativeprose.(Thenarrativeprosewriterusurallyfollowstimeorderandgraduallybuildsaclimax.)15Thiswayofwritingiscalle161.HeadlineAnynewsmustcontainaheadline.Sometimes,asubtitleisaddedtotheheadlineasanoptionalelement.Seeexamples[7.2]--[7.4]onP112161.Headline17Thebasicstructureoftheheadlineisasentence,simpleorcomplex([7.6]onP112).Itisveryimportanttomakeheadlinenovel,simple,uniqueandimmediatesoastoarousereaders’interestinreadingon.forthatpurpose,headlinesaremostnotedfor:1)frequentoccurrenceofminorsentences,including17Thebasicstructureoftheh18

ellipiticalsentencessoastoshortenthelengthandtobemoreconciseandcomprehensive.Theommittedpart(s)include:subject-predicate:asin[7.7]onP112predicate:asin[7.8]onP113articles,linkverborauxiliaryverb:asin[7.9],[7.10]onP11318ellipiticalsentencess19Moreexamples:ChinaLaunches(a)SpaceSatelliteNavyHarrassmentProbe(was)Stymied(TheNumberof)Homicide(NowStands)3TimesNationalAverage19Moreexamples:20

ing-forms:E.g.CuttingThroughtheGobbledygookHittingtheBooks,BeatingtheOlds

infinitiveforfuturehappeningsRaintoContinueThroughTomorrowChineseRelicstoBeShowninEurope20ing-forms:212)usingpresenttensetoconveyasenseoffreshnessandimmediacyofanevent:ThirdGraderDiesasCarjumpsBurbatO’HareFatBabiesCryLess,SaysDoctorSailorSavesWomeninCrash[7.11]onP113212)usingpresenttensetoco223)wideuseofrhetoricaldevices:see[7.12]onP113NoFunny,NoMoney(parody)StrongMessage,WrongMessenger(antithesis)Surviving—andThriving:Williedancingat1000(rhyme)BritonsRejoiceatBirthofRoyalBoy(alliteration)223)wideuseofrhetoricalde23ThePoisonofProfessionalPoliticsItDoesn’tRock,RattleorRollReagan’s‘GangofFour’MovesinontheFed(alluding)Twinkle,Twinkle–ThatistheStar(aboutthetabloidStar’saccusationofBillClinton’sinfidelity)(alluding)MenRecommendedMoreClubsforWives(pun)23ThePoisonofProfessionalP242.theGuide/lead

Theguide/leadreferstotheopeningparagraphofthenews.Ideallyeverynewsstoryshouldanswerthequestions:who?What?When?Where?Why?andHow?.Andtheyshouldbeansweredasquicklyaspossible.However,theguide/leadtendstofocusononeortwo“Ws”whicharemoreimportantthantheothers.242.theGuide/lead25Theguidehasthefollowingcharacteristics:

Compactsyntacticstructure:see[7.13],[7.14]onP114

nominalization:aclauseiscontractedintoanounphrasewithalotofmodificationsE.g.TraderelationsbetweentheEuropeanCommunityandtheClintonAdministration…see[7.15],[7.16]onP11425Theguidehasthefollowing263.Mainbody

Generalpattern:

fromgeneraltospecificintheorderofdescendingnewsworthiness

shortparagraphs:oneortwosentencesineachparagraphSeeexample[7.17]onP114-115263.Mainbody278.4GrammaticalFeature1.meaningcontractionthroughnominalizationThisfeatureisespeciallyprominentwithguide,i.e.theclausesarecontractedintoaphrasebyconvertingtheverbintotheheadnounandalltheotherelementsintomodifiers.278.4GrammaticalFeature1.me28Example[7.20]onP117canberewrittenintothefollowing:[7.20a]ThecompanySearwasforcedtoretreattoitscoreretailbusinessbecauseshoppingmallsanddiscountstorescompettedfiercelywithitandbecauseitsownmanagementrespondedtorpidlytothecompetition.However,analystspredictedthatthiswouldnotprosper.28Example[7.20]onP117canb29Duetonominalization,theresultingnominalphrasebecomesmuchcomplexwithlongpre-andpost-modificationE.g.[7.20]onP117.Andconsequently,themeaningishighlycontracted.29Duetonominalization,ther30[7.21]canbere-writtenasfollows:[7.21a]Thedarknessofthecompany’sofficebuildingthatislocatedattheedgeofthetowncastsshadowoverMr.Colub,thetopleaderofthecompanywhichhasbeensetupfor142years,whowasborninBrookynandwhocouldonlyspeakbluntly(whentalkingaboutthecompany’sfuture.)Thepunsusedinthesentencealsohelptomakeitcontractedinmeaningandshouldbegivenattentiontolater.30[7.21]canbere-writtenas312.ObjectivityInthemainbodyofthenews,thefollowinggrammaticaldevicesareadoptedtomakenewsreportbelievableandobjective:useofsimpleverbalgroupsandsimpletenseforms:verbalphrasesare

mostlycomposedofoneortwoelements.Andsimplepasttenseandsomepresenttenseformdominateinnewsreport.See[7.22],[7.23]312.Objectivity32FrequentuseofdirectspeechTheuseofdirectspeechcanenhancethecredibilityofnewsreport.Thedirectlyquotatedspeechcanberegardedasbasisoffacts.See[7.24],[7.25]32Frequentuseofdirects33frequentuseofinvertedsentencestructureasaresultoffrequentdirectorindirectquotationWhenthesourceofauthorityisusedattheendofthesentence,invertedsentencestructurewilloftenbeused.Forinstance,Thesuspectwasarrestedonthescene,policesaid.OrevenThesuspectwasarrestedonthescene,saidthepolice.33frequentuseofinverted34Othertypicalexamplesare:…,explainedtheteacher…,laughedtheMayor…,shruggedaDefenceDepartmentofficialWhenthesentenceisnotinverted,theconjunctionisstilldeleted,asinPolicesaidthesuspectwasarrestedonthescene.34Othertypicalexamplesare:353.ConcretenessandDetailednessJournalistsoftenprovidesreaderswithbackgroundinformationanddetailsbyusingparenthesis.[7.26]onP118353.ConcretenessandDetailed364.VividnessDirectspeechandpresenttense:[7.27]alternativeuseoflong,short,ellipticalorevenincompletestatement-typesentences,especiallyinfeaturearticles,soastogivevarietytotherhythmofthearticle.364.Vividness37①Andthecostofremovinglastwinter’smountainoussnowshasstrainedthebudgetsofsomelocalitiesintheNortheastandMidwest.②Noso,however,intheSunbelt.①Hisparentsweregreatpeole,ofcourse,buttheirwayoflivingwastoomaterialistic.②Alltheythoughtaboutwaswork,makethepaymentsonahouse,andgripeaboutinflation.③Notforhim.④Hehaddiscoveredanewfreedomofthought.37①Andthecostofremovingla388.5LexicalFeaturesThegeneraltrendinnewsreportistousestandard,

simple,fresh,accurateandvividwords.1.Wideuseof

neologisms:foreye-catchingeffect,newspaperreporttendstousewordsinanewandoriginalway,orforthatmattertocointhem.Herearesometypesthatoccurfrequentlyinnewspaperreport:388.5LexicalFeaturesThegene39wordswithextendedmeaning,suchasKorea’sPentagon(MinistryofDefence),JapaneseWatergate(politicalscandal),Baker’sshuttlediplomacy(hisbusycome-and-goofdiplomaticintercourse)39wordswithextendedmean40

Noncewords:asinTheofficialgovernmentpositionstillinclinestodelaythemostdifficultdecisionsaslongaspossible—theoldtime-is-on-our-sideattitude.ShecanbeMissSomething-or-other.Itwasado-anything-to-keep-your-lifesituation.40Noncewords:asin41Reaganomics(Reagan’seconomics)money-wise(withregardtomoney)supercrat(bureaucratinthehighestposition)bells(pantswithwideflaringbottoms)egg(bomb)41Reaganomics(Reagan’seconom42

wordsborrowedextensivelyfromsports,military,commerce,scienceandtechnology,gambling,etc;

asinDr.Kissinger’ssalestrips(hisshuttle)intheMiddleEastarereallynecessary.ItisevenlesscertainthattheCongresswouldbackhiminashowdownwithMr.Gegin.Cast-ironproofwasgiventoshowthathewasinnocent.42wordsborrowedextensive432.ShortJournalesephraseandsetexpressionsWithlongtimeofuse,manyshortcommonwordshaveacquiredaspecialflavourofjournalisticwriting.432.ShortJournalesephrasea44Someexamplesofjournalisticwordsare:aidforhelpback--supportboost--increasecheck–controlcut–reducedrive–campaigndrop–abandongoal–objectivehail--celebratehold–arresthit

–reachloom–appearlink–connectnear--approach44Someexamplesofjournalisti45probe–investigationriot--disturbancestance–standtie

–relationunveil--makeknownwoo--seektowinCommonlyusedsetexpressions:accordingtoeyewitness,withguardedreserve,onthebrinkofabreakthrough,nocomment,noso,notyet,etc.45probe–investigationriot463.ExtensiveuseofabbreviationsOwingtospacelimit,newspaperreportingmakeswideuseofclippedwords,blends,initialism,andacronyms,suchasGovt,

ad,

auto,coke,Jap(Japanese),nuke(nuclearweapon),telecast(broadcastonTV),ABC(AmericanBroadcastingCorporation),EEC(EuropeanEconomicCommunity),etc.463.Extensiveuseofabbrevia474.AvoidanceofunobjectivewordingMostnoteworthyistheobjectivestancetakenbythenewsreporter.ThejournalistdoesnotuseI,me,my,us,orourinanewsstoryexceptwhenquotingsomeone.Phrasesinanewsstory,whetherfavourableorunfavorable,aboutaperson,palceorthing,shouldbefactual,nottingedwiththepersonalopinionorfeelingsofthereporter.474.Avoidanceofunobjective48E.g.Insteadof①Heiswellqualifiedfortheposition.②Thedecisionwasunjust.③Thespeakersaidourcitywasanicelittle

townWehave①HeisagraduateofMichiganandhastenyearsofexperience.②Blackleaderssaidthedecisionwasunjust.③ThespeakersaidClevelandwasanicelittletown.48E.g.Insteadof498.6GraphologicalFeaturesInnewsreport,variousgraphologicaldevicesarefullyexploredtoachievedesiredeffects,i.e.tobeinterestingsoastocatchreaders’eyes.1.Waysofarrangingheadlines:1)Flush-left:[7.28]onP1192)Dropped-line:[7.29]3)Shortlinefollowedbyalongline:[7.30]498.6GraphologicalFeatures504)Alonglinefollowedbyashortline:[7.31]orseverallineswiththetoplinebeingthelongest,andtheotherlinesshortenedinproperordertoformainvertedpyramid,asForReagonWilliamsburgwasapoliticalsmashbutaneconomicfizzle504)Alonglinefollowedbya515)Concave/centeredform:aheadoccupyingseverallinesthatareplacedinthemiddleofrespectivelines,asin[7.32],orasSisley-struckwithhisimpressions6)Convexform:[7.33]onP120515)Concave/centeredform:522.Characteristicuseofpunctuation

1)Invertedcommasarefrequentlyusedfordirect,orindirectquotation,ortospotlighttermsforparticularattention;522.Characteristicuseofpun53e.g.①Becauseof‘closingranksandobfuscation’onthepartofmostwhoattended…②Describingtheluridscenesofpublicsex,squadron(海軍中隊(duì)）‘hospitalitysuites’wherestrippersandpronographicfilmprovidedtheentertainment.53e.g.542)Dashesarealsooftenusedtomarkparentheticphrases.E.g.Navyoffcialssaidyesterdayitwasunlikelythatmorethanahandful—andperhapsasfewasoneortwo—wouldsufferanyseriouspunishmentfortheirroleinthemisconduct.542)Dashesarealsooftenuse55tolinkaftethoughtswiththemainpartofthesentenceasfoundininformalwriting.E.g.WilkinssaidtheKingcaseremindedhimoftheCivilRightserastruggleforequalprotectionunderthelaw—butonlyonthesurface.55tolinkaftethoughtswit56Apartfromabovedevices,lettersofdifferentsizes,style,form,spatialarrangement,(e.g.ahotnewstypicallyappearsinthefrontpage.)paragraphingarealsocommonlyusedinnewspaperstogiveprominenceandachievedesiredeffects.56Apartfromabovedevices,leACaseStudyChineseoilgiantlearnsBPspilllessonBEIJING-China'slargestoffshoreoilcompanyisdoingitsbesttoensurethatitsproductionfacilitiesatseadonotrepeatthemistakesofBP,whichisstillstrugglingtocontainthedisastrousGulfofMexicospill,aseniorcompanyofficialsaidonSunday.Thecompanyhas"orderedchecksoneveryoffshoreoilandgasprojecttoensuresafety,"saidZhouShouwei,vice-presidentofChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorp(CNOOC)."Wearemakingeveryefforttomakesurethis(oilspill)doesnothappen.“

57ACaseStudyChineseoilgiantAmongimprovementstotechnologicalcapabilitiesforsafetyenhancement,CNOOChasstartedupgradingtheblowoutpreventer(BOP)systemofits3,000-mdeepwateroil-drillingrigwhichisbeingbuiltinShanghai,Zhousaid.Aftermodification,theBOPisexpectedtoshutdownautomaticallywhenthereisanaccident.CNOOCwillalsoupgradeitsdeepwaterdivingequipmentinthenextfiveyears,whichwillallowdiverstoworkat1,500-2,000munderwater-upfromthecurrent800-mlevels-toimproveoperationsandrepaircapabilities.fromChinaDaily58AmongimprovementstotechnoloGeneralAnalysisField:newsreport—social,measuresofChina’slargestoilcompanytoavoidoilspillMode:writtenreportTenor:formal,accurateandobjectivePersonaltenor:journalistsandmasses,remoterelationshipsFunctionaltenor:thenewsisonChinaDaily,anofficialnewspaper,thefocusisonaccuracyandobjectivity.59GeneralAnalysisField:newsreSemanticFeatures1.objectivity:①Frequentquotationfromcompanyauthoritiesfunctionstomakethereportobjective.②Apositiveattitudeisconveyedthroughthecarefulchoiceofwords.2.Meaningcontraction:Theinformationisarrangedfromgeneraltospecificandthemeaningisexpresseddirectlywitheasytransitiontothereaderstoachieveclarity.60SemanticFeatures1.objectivitTextStructure1.Headline:“ChineseoilgiantlearnsBPspilllesson”Theheadlineisacompletesentence,usingpresenttenseforpastevent.2.Guide:thefirstparagraph①complexsentencestructureininvertedsentenceorder:Itisthree-levelcomplexsentence,withthemainclauseputtingintheend.61TextStructure1.Headline:“Ch②theguideisafurtherexplanationtotheheadline,providingfurtherinformationaboutthekeyterms,suchasChineseoilgiant(China'slargestoffshoreoilcompany),BPspilllesson(themistakesofBP,whichisstillstrugglingtocontainthedisastrousGulfofMexicospill),newssource(aseniorcompanyofficialsaidonSunday),etc.MainBody:para.2-5themainbodyfollowsthelogicalorder,namelyfromgeneraltospecific.62②theguideisafurtherexplanSyntacticFeatures1.meaningcontraction:helead,complicatedsentencestructureandheavilymodificationareadoptedtosqueezeasmushinformationaspossibleintoonesentence.63SyntacticFeatures1.meaningc2.objectivity:①frequentuseofdirectandindirectspeechtoshowtheinformationsourcee.g.“aseniorcompanyofficialsaidonSunday”,“saidZhouShouwei,vice-presidentofChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorp(CNOOC)”."Wearemakingeveryefforttomakesurethis(oilspill)doesnothappen."“zhousaid…”②invertedsentenceorderandommissionofconjuntions:e.g.…,localauthoritiessaid,saidLiuJinyuan,Authoritiessand(that)rescuers…③presentcontinoustenseandsimplefuturetenseareusedtoshowallthemeasuresareundergoing.642.objectivity:①frequentuse3.concretenessanddetailedness:backgroundinformationanddetailsaregivene.g.1)whichisstillstrugglingtocontainthedisastrousGulfofMexicospill2)ZhouShouwei,vice-presidentofChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorp(CNOOC).4.vividness:thetitleusespresenttensetocreateanfreshnessandvividness.653.concretenessanddetailedneLexicalFeatures1.short,vividchoiceofwordsandjournalesephrase:therearemanyshort,simple,vivid,withstrongcoloringofjournalisticwriting,suchas“doing,ensure,repeat,struggling,spill,disastrous,checks”etc.2.technicalterms:asthenewsisaboutthetechnicalfieldofoildrilling,therearesometechnicaltermsinvolved,e.g.“theblowoutpreventer(BOP)system,deepwateroil-drillingrig”66LexicalFeatures1.short,vivi3.formalterms:therearealsoformaltermstomarkthehighdegreeofformalityandobjectivityofthenews,e.g.“improvements,technologicalcapabilities,upgrading,modification”4.concretefiguresaregiventomakethenewsclearinmeaningandeasytounderstand,e.g.“its3,000-mdeepwateroil-drillingrig,at1,500-2,000munderwater-upfromthecurrent800-mlevels”673.formalterms:therearealsGraphologicalFeatures1.theheadlineisarrangedinfush-leftstyle.2.capitalization:thepropernamessuchasthenameoftheperson,city,companyandspecialterminologyarecapitalized,e.g.“BP,CNOOC,ZhouShouwei,BOP,Shanghai”etc.68GraphologicalFeatures1.theh3.quotationmark:quotationmarkisusedtomarkthedirectspeech.E.g.“orderedchecksoneveryoffshoreoilandgasprojecttoensuresafety.”"Wearemakingeveryefforttomakesurethis(oilspill)doesnothappen."4.theheadlineandthenewsbodyareindifferentsizeandletterstylestodistinguishthem.693.quotationmark:quotationm70

TheEnd7071LectureEightNewsReport1LectureEight72Newsreportreferstoageneralvarietyoflanguagewhichfunctionstoinformpeoplewhatishappeningintheregion,countryandtheworldbymassmedia.273Field:varied—politics,militaryaffairs,economy,culture,medicine,scienceentertainment…Mode:oralorwrittenPersonalTenor:jounalistvsmasses,distantAnAnalysisonField,TenorandMode3Field:varied—politics,milit74functionaltenor:Thegeneralfunctionofallnewspapersistosendnewstothemassesaccuratelyandquickly.Differentnewspapersdiffergreatly:--formalandofficial:targettedatwell-educatedreadership.Thefocusisonaccuracyandobjectivity.--light,humorousandentertaining:toappealtocommonreaderswithinterestingevents,anecdotes,stangeevents,etc.4functionaltenor:758.1GeneralFeaturesWhetherinoralorwrittenform,duetolimitedtimeandspace,newsreporthastouseaslittletimeorspaceaspossibletoconveyasmuchinformationaspossible,forthatpurpose,ithasto

compresstheinformationandselectthemostimportantpartand58.1GeneralFeaturesWhetheri76arrangetheselectedinformationfromgeneraltoparticular,first,thesummaryoftheevent,andthenthemoredetailedaccountofthestorybeclearandinterestinginordertoattracttheaudience.6arrangetheselectedinfo778.2SemanticFeaturesComparedwithothervarietiesoflanguage,newsreporthasdistinctsemanticfeaturesasfollows:1.WiderangeofcoverageNewsreportcancoveranyeventinanyfield,whetherspecializedornon-specialized.Thereisvirtuallynothingthatcannotbeanewsfocus.78.2SemanticFeaturesCompared782.Stressonobjectivity“Totellthetruth”istheprincipleandgoalofnewsreport.Therefore,onthesurface,newsreportappearstobepartialorneutralintoneandstressfacts.However,newsreportcanstillconveytheattitude,theviewpointandevenprejudiceofnewsreporteroreditorthroughthearbitrarychoiceofmaterial,aswellascarefulchoiceofwords.82.Stressonobjectivity793.MeaningcontractionanddeductivemethodTheneedtoconveythemostmeaningwithintheleastspaceandtimemakesmeaningcontractionnecessaryandimportantdeviceinnewsreport.Itemploysdeductivemethod,i.e.firstprovidingthegeneralknowledgeandthentheparticularanddetailedinformation.93.Meaningcontractionandde804.Clarityand

Simplewayoftransition

Onthewhole,thetransitioninnewspaperisclearandsimpleforsmoothreadingandunderstandingofreaders.Thisisachievedbydirectlyexpressingthemeaningandthroughtheobviousrelatedenessbetweenparagraphswithinastory,orwiththeuseofconnectivessuchasalso,ontheotherhand,meanwhile,etc.104.ClarityandSimplewayof81byreferencetoprevioussubjectmatter,asisshownin[7.1]onP111APhilippineAirlinesplane…TheAirbusA320…Theplane……andseveralpeopleweretakentoahospital…Somehaveonlyanxietyreaction…11byreferencetoprevious828.3DistincitiveTextStructures8.3.1.Three-partstructureandsequenceoflogicalorderTheprominentcharacteristicofnewsreportintermsoftextstructureisitsthree-partstructure:headline;introduction/guide/leadthebody.Seeexample[7.1]onP111128.3DistincitiveTextStruct83Intermsofsequence,newsreportalwaystellsthemostimportantthingsfirst.Theeventsareseldomlyarrangedintimeorder.Instead,theyareintheorderoftheir“newsworthiness”,withthemostnoteworthyflashedbeforethereaderintheheadlineandtheguide/lead,ascontrastedwiththebodyofthestory.1384Therefore,therelationshipamongthethreeisfromgeneraltoparticular.Theheadlineismoregeneralthantheguide/lead,whichismoregeneralthanthemainbody.Inotherwords,theguide/leadcanbeseenasfurtherexplanationoftheheadline,andatthesametimeasasummaryofthemainbody.Theevenmoredetailedinformationisprovidedbythemainbody.14Therefore,therelationship85Thiswayofwritingiscalled‘HighlightingMethod’,andtheorderinwhichnewsworthyfactsareorgabnizediscalled‘logicalorder’.Theorderofimportanceismeasuredbyreaderappeal.Thisistheessentialdifferencebetweenjournalisticwritingandordinarynarrativeprose.(Thenarrativeprosewriterusurallyfollowstimeorderandgraduallybuildsaclimax.)15Thiswayofwritingiscalle861.HeadlineAnynewsmustcontainaheadline.Sometimes,asubtitleisaddedtotheheadlineas