P23心理學(xué)專業(yè)外語第23

Controversial applications 心理學(xué)應(yīng)用的爭議——戰(zhàn)爭of psychology—the

心理學(xué)psychologyofwarfarePROPAGANDAPropagandainvolvestheofmessagesintendedtochangeorconsolidateattitudesandbehaviorpoliticalpurposes.Propagandaissimilartoadvertisinginits：use of biased, communication objectiveofchangingbehaviorattitudesuse of emotion and disregardforlogicalanalysisPropagandaisdifferenttoadvertisinginthat：politicalideasandinformationwhatis‘bought’amorecompleteandbehaviorandattitudechangesoughtbeingmoresociallysanctioned,useofbiasanddeceptionismore

宣傳宣傳包括信息的散播是以試圖改變或合并態(tài)度和行為為政治目的。宣傳與廣告的相似點(diǎn)在于：偏見、片面的信息的使用改變行為和態(tài)度的目的然忽視宣傳與廣告的不同點(diǎn)在于：是什么以一個(gè)較為完整的和通用的行為和態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽非蟮哪繕?biāo)likelytoextendbeyondany“ConsumerProtectionAct”Propagandaachievesitsaimsthroughvarietyoftechniques:Proliferationofinformationdominanceofchannels-inordertoestablish‘unquestionabletruths’propagandistshavetolimittheofalternativeviewsinanymediae.g.television,radio,thepress,etc.Establishmentofnarrowandrigidlydefinednormsofacceptablethinkingand behavior – encouragement given to reject and alternativeideologies;reinforcementthroughsocialacceptanceisfor conforming to the ideology.Dehumanizationoftheenemy–justifypersecutorypropagandareduceinhibitionsaboutbehaviorinthereceiver.Strengtheningofcentralfearsstereotypes–topromotemotivateintergroupdiscrimination.

法”宣傳通過各種技巧達(dá)到其目的:信息和各種傳播渠道的優(yōu)勢的增殖,,例如，電視、廣播、新聞界等。被認(rèn)可的思想行為的狹窄而嚴(yán)格,拒絕并處罰了可供替代選擇的意識(shí),通過社會(huì)認(rèn)可的強(qiáng)化被接納為合適正確的思想。偏頗行為的禁忌。和激發(fā)了成員歧視。BRAINWASHINGBrainwashing is a more coerciveformofpersuasion,wherepowerfultechniquesareusedtoremovetheability of voluntary thought in morecompleteway,therebyleadingto behavior that is not in individual’sowninterest.Brainwashingisappliedinvaryingdegreesofseverity,foravarietyofpurposes,buttherearesimilarprinciplesinvolved.Tavrisand(1995)haveoutlinedsomeoftheseprinciplesandappliedthemtothebrainwashingofcultmembers,butwecanalsoseehoweasilytheseideascanbeusedinwarfare–tobrainwashtroopsandprisonersofwarintoobedience.

洗腦洗腦是一種強(qiáng)制形式的說服,這樣強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)就被用于以一種更完關(guān)系。洗腦因?yàn)槎喾N目的被應(yīng)用于嚴(yán)重性的不同程度,但也包括類似的相關(guān)的原則,Tavris和韋德(1995),了其中的一些原理并將它們應(yīng)用,但是我們也可以看到這些想法可以多么容易的被應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)爭——給戰(zhàn)爭中的部隊(duì)和戰(zhàn)俘洗腦使他們服從。THE

AIM OF

CULTS狂熱組織To establish dependence upon,andfanaticalattachmentto,

ARMIES軍隊(duì)To establish obedience to authority

cult–thusgivinguptime,andbelongingstoit.

followingordersthatmayresultindamageordeath.洗腦的目的 組織建立對它的依賴和盲目的附屬,從而放棄時(shí)間、金錢和財(cái)產(chǎn)。

為了建立絕對服從權(quán)威，這樣就會(huì)服從可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致傷害或死亡的命令了。TECHNIQUES技術(shù)

Cultsmayrecruitthosesufferingfromemotionalproblemsanduse

Armyroutinesinvolvevigorousand constant activity Theuseofphysicalandemotional initiationrituals(e.g.deprivationdistress采用生理摧殘和情感折of food, repetitive chanting, 磨 constantactivity)to keep disoriented,weakandvulnerable.狂熱組織可以征募那些遭受情感問題的新成員并使用啟蒙程序(例如，剝奪食物,反復(fù)地唱頌,and或是保持不變的行動(dòng)),使得他們迷失方向，疲憊并軟弱下來。Theofferingofsimplesolutions Encouragingrecruitstothinkthat提供簡單的解決方法 alltheproblemsoflifecaneasily solved by following beliefs.鼓勵(lì)新成員按照異教徒的信條去思考生活中的

with little sleep and commandstocarryoutinordertoencourage uncritical, acceptance of command obediencetoorders.軍隊(duì)的日常生活包括劇烈而固定的活動(dòng)安排,,以及忠誠的執(zhí)Encouragingpotentialrecruitstothinkthattheproblemsoflifeareremoved,e.g.noneedtosearchfor employment, excitement.,所有問題，這樣就很容易解決 用考慮生活的問題,如不需要尋了。 找就業(yè)住房令人興奮的事物。Thecreationandenforcementofanewsocialidentity,through:通過以下方面激發(fā)和強(qiáng)化新的社會(huì)認(rèn)同attireandnamechanging對變化加以裝飾和正名conditional acceptance強(qiáng)化群體內(nèi)認(rèn)同physical and entrapment物質(zhì)與信息的引誘out-groupdenigration群體外的詆毀

Cultsoftenprovidenewnames Service numbers, ranks and clothing to encourage the uniform remove individualchange of identity and the identityandpromotethechangeappearance of unconditional toanarmyidentity.Disobedienceacceptance to make the new ispunished.Locationofresidencememberfeelpartofthegroup.In is controlled and operationalreality group acceptance is informationisgivenonaneedtoconditionaluponcomplyingwithknowbasis.Distinctionsfromthedemandsofthecult.Cultsuseciviliansareemphasizedcommunalresidencestocutoffdislike/dehumanizationofthecommunicationwiththeoutsideenemyencouragedpromotingworld,thefaultsofwhicharegroupidentityconsolidation.服emphasized to promote withdrawal.狂熱組織經(jīng)常提供 個(gè)人身份并改變?yōu)橐环N部隊(duì)的新名稱和衣服來促進(jìn)身份的變 身份。不服從是要被處罰的，化和無條件接受的表象以使得 所的位置被控制并且處理的信新成員感覺自己是組織中的一 息是需要知道的與非軍職人員部分.實(shí)際上，組織接受有條件的區(qū)別是對提升內(nèi)集體身份合的狂熱組織的要求他們使用公并的強(qiáng)調(diào)和厭惡。共住宅,以切斷與外界溝通,其缺點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)促進(jìn)退縮。EVALUATIONTherearemanydifferencesaswellassimilaritiesinthevarioussituationsthatbrainwashingorcoercivepersuasionisemployedin.Thereareindividualdifferencesintheabilitytoresistbrainwashing.Psychologicaltechniquesoftenproducegreaterbrainwashing.Theissueof‘voluntary’decisionmakinginbrainwashingisadifficultissue.Ifsubtlycarriedout,the influenced individual willstronglyfeelthatthechangeintheirattitudes and behaviors wascompletelytheirowndecision.OTHER APPLICATIONS PSYCHOLOGYTOInterrogation techniques-usingpsychologicaltechniquesinthedel