2013英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)真題及答案詳解(最新版本)

TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(2013)

—GRADEFOUR—TIMELIMIT:130MINPART1DICTATION15MINListentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyoufourtimes:Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbereadatnormalspeed,listenandtrytounderstandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillbereadsentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,withintervalsof15seconds.Thelastreadingwillbereadatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.Youwillthenbegiven2minutestocheckthroughyourworkoncemore.PART2LITENINGCOMPREHENSION20MINSECTIONACONVERSATIONSInthissection,youwillhearseveralconversations.Listentotheconversationscarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversationyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Accordingtotheconversation,anexampleof“Christmastrimmings”couldbepresents.B.fruitsC.sauceD.meatAChristmaslunchwouldincludeallthefollowingEXCECTroastturkeyB.sweetpotatoesC.meatD.carrotsWhydidHelencometoRob'shouse?ShewantedtotalktoBob.B.ShehadcometohelpBob.C.Shehadbeeninvitedtolunch.D.Shewasinterestedincooking.Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversationyouwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Whydidthewomanphonetheclub?Shewantedtoknowmoreaboutit.B.Shewasanewcomerandfeltlonely.C.Shewantedtolearnanewlanguage.D.Shewasinterestedinsocialactivities.Welearnfromtheconversationthattheclubmainlyorganizelanguageactivities.B.acceptsmembersfromlocalstudents.C.hasbeensetupforalongtime.D.isincreasingitsmembership.Accordingtotheconversation,thewomanmightcometopracticeGermanonWednesday.B.Tuesday.C.Monday.D.Friday.Whatisthemangoingtodoaftertheconversation?Callupthewomanforheraddress.B.Waitforthewomantocallhimagain.C.Mailthewomansomeinformation.D.Waitforthewomantopickupaform.Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversationyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Accordingtothewoman,whatactuallymakesherjobdifficult?Difficultquestionsfrominterviewees.Embarrassingrequestsfrominterviewees.Lackofprofessionalbackground.Lackofinterviewingskills.ThewomanusesallthefollowingadjectiveswhentalkingaboutattendingjobfairsEXCEPTprospective.B.useful.C.important.D.tiring.Welearnfromtheconversationthatthewomanworksbetteratjobfairs.B.prefershonestpeople.C.oftenworksonherown.D.isexperiencedinherwork.SECTIONBPASSAGESInthissection,youwillhearseveralpassages.Listentothepassagescarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Attheendofthepassageyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Accordingtotoday'sweatherforecast,whichpartofEuropehasdryweather?Scandinavianmountain.B.NorthwesternEurope.C.NorthernEurope.D.SouthernEurope.InwhichpartofEuropedoestheweatherstaybothfineandcool?SouthernEurope.B.NorthernEurope.C.EasternEurope.D.NorthwesternEurope.Inwhichregionwilltheweatherchangetomorrow?NorthernpartsoftheMediterranean.B.EasternpartsoftheMediterranean.C.CentralpartsoftheMediterranean.D.SouthernpartsoftheMediterranean.Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Attheendofthepassageyouwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Accordingtothepassage,whatbenefitcantechnologybringtopeople?Closercontactwithmoderndevices.Greaterchangesinsocialorganization.Betterunderstandingofmassmedia.Moreusefulinformationtobettertheirlife.Thespeakerquestionsabouteverybody'saccesstotechnologicaladvances.Themainreasonisilliteracy.B.poverty.C.foodshortage.D.ignorance.AccordingtotheUNplan,allthefollowingwillbeachievedwithintenyearsEXCEPTgivingeveryonearadioorTV.vidingmorejobopportunities.Whatcouldbetopicofthepassage?Growthintelecommunications.B.Technologyandthedevelopingworld.C.Educationandmedicalcare.D.Buildinganinformationsociety.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Attheendofthepassageyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.PeopleinLatinAmericawearsomethingtoexpresstheirhopesforwealthintheNewYear.newB.redC.whiteD.yellowWhichofthefollowingNewYear'straditionssignalsfriendship?Throwingolddishes.B.Wearingsomethingred.C.Wearingsomethingwhite.D.Eatingroundfruits.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasone'sownNewYear'stradition?WatchingTVathome.B.Goingtobedearly.C.Visitingfriends.D.Runningandshoutingoutside.SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissection,youwillhearseveralnewsitems.Listentothepassagescarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions21to22arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofeachnewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.WhatishappeningtotheschoolsinFairfaxCountythisschoolyear?15schoolshavestartedsocialstudies.15schoolshaveuseddigitaltextbooks.Studentsarereadytouseelectronicresources.Digitaltextbooksareusedforsocialstudies.Withdigitaltextbooks,schoolshavesavedaboutmilliondollars.1B.2C.3D.4Questions23to24arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofeachnewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Whofoundthesuspiciousitemattheairport?TSAagents.B.FBIagents.C.Thepolice.D.Passengers.WhichofthefollowingstatementisINCORRECT?Theterminalwasclosedtemporarilyafterwards.Therewasathoroughsearchinsidetheairport.Passengersattheairportweresafeandsound.Thesecurityauthoritiesidentifiedtheexplosives.Questions25to26arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofeachnewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Accordingtothenewsitem,doctorsusearttherapytotreatthefollowingproblemsEXCEPTalcoholabuse.B.smoking.C.depression.D.schizophrenia.Whydiddoctorsintroducearttherapyinthefirstplace?Topreventpatientsfromsmoking.B.Tobetterunderstandpatients.C.Togetpatientsoccupied.D.Toteachpatientssomeskills.Questions27to28arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofeachnewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Whatisthemainpurposeofthenewrules?Toreducethenumberofpilotsonduty.Topreventpilotsfromworkingovertime.Toensureanadequateamountofsleep.Tofixtheamountofworkforeachpilot.TheIndependentPilotsAssociationwasunhappyaboutthenewrulesbecausetheyhadonlycoveredcargoplanepilots.hadfailedtocoverallthepilots.wouldbeputintoeffectintwoyears.wouldbetoocostlyifimplemented.Questions29to30arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofeachnewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Whyisincreaseinlivestockproductionnecessary?Becauselivestockproductionishighlyefficient.Becausemorepeoplewillbecomewealthier.Becauseitmayhelpdoublefoodproduction.Becauseithasfewerecologicalrisks.Whatdoestheword“challenge"meaninthenewsitem?Balancebetweenhumansurvivalandecology.Conflictbetweenlesslandandmoreproduction.Differencebetweenpresentandfutureneeds.Callsbyenvironmentalcriticstoconsumelessmeat.PART3CLOZE15MINDecidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.MarkthebestchoiceforeachblankonAnswerSheetTwo.Everyoneknowsthattaxationisnecessaryinamodernstate:withoutit,it(31)notbepossibletopaythesoldiersandpolicemenwhoprotectus;(32)theworkersingovernmentofficeswho(33)ourhealth,ourfood,ourwater,andalltheotherthingsthatwecannotdoforourselves.(34)taxation,wepayforthingsthatweneedjust(35)weneedsomewheretoliveandsomethingtoeat.But(36)everyoneknowsthattaxationisnecessary,differentpeoplehavedifferentideasabout(37)taxationshouldbearranged.Inmostcountries,adirecttaxon(38),whichiscalledincometax,(39).Itisarrangedinsuch(40)thatthepoorestpeoplepaynothing,andthepercentageoftaxgrows(41)_asthetaxpayer'sincomegrows.Insomecountries,forexample,thetaxontherichestpeople(42)ashighasninety-fivepercent!(43)countrieswithtaxationnearly(44)haveindirecttaxationtoo.Manythingsimportedintothecountryhavetopaytaxesor“duties."Ofcourse,itisthemenandwomenwhobuytheseimportedthingsintheshops(45)reallyhavetopaytheduties,inthe(46)ofhigherprices.Insomecountries,(47),thereisataxonthingssoldintheshops.Ifthemostnecessarythingsaretaxed,alotofmoneyis(48)_butthepoorpeoplesuffermost.Ifunnecessarythings(49)jewelsandfurcoatsaretaxed,lessmoneyisobtainedbutthetaxis(50)astherichpayit.Probablythislastkindofindirecttax,togetherwithadirecttaxonincomeswhichislowforthepoorandhighfortherich,isthebestarrangement.PART4GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY15MINTherearethirtysentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheetTwo.Facingtheboardofdirectors,hedidn"tdenybreakingtheagreement.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zhimithisitsXinchunreturnedfromaboardadifferentman.Theitalicizedpartfunctionsasa(n).appositive(同位語(yǔ))objectadverbialD.complement.Whichofthefollowingisacompoundword（復(fù)合詞）?.Nonsmoker.Deadline.Meanness.Misfit.Whichofthefollowingsentencescontainssubjunctivemood?.Lucyinsistedthathersongethomebefore5o'clock?Sheusedtodrivetowork,butnowshetakesthecitymetro.Walkstraightahead,anddon'tturntillthesecondtrafficlights.PaulwillcancelhisflightifhecannotgethisvisabyFriday.Thefollowingdeterminers（限定詞）canbeusedwithbothpluralanduncountablenounsEXCEPT.moreenough.many.such.WhichoftheitalicizedpartsindicatesCONTRAST?.Sheopenedthedoorandquietlywentin.VictorialikesmusicandSamisfondofsports.Thinkitoveragainandyou"llgetananswer.Heissomewhatarrogant,andIdon'tlikethis.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeusedasanominalsubstitute（名詞替代詞）？Much.Neither.One.Quarter.AllthefollowingsentencesdefinitelyindicatefuturetimeEXCEPT.MotheristohaveteawithAuntBettyatfour.ThePresidentiscomingtotheUNnextweek.Theschoolpupilswillbehomebynow.Heisgoingtoemailmethenecessaryinformation.WhichofthefollowingsentencesisgrammaticallyINCORRECT？.Politicsaretheartorscienceofgovernment.Tenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.Allthefurniturehasarrivedundamaged.Whichofinthefollowingphrasesindicatesasubject-predicaterelationship？.ThearrivalofthetouristsThelawofNewtonTheoccupationoftheislandTheplaysofOscarWildeWhichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsservesasanappositive?.Heisnotthemantodrawback.Tonyhitbacktheurgetotellalie.Larryhasalargefamilytosupport.D.Thereisreallynothingtofear.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanimperativesentence?.Letmedriveyouhome,shallI?Youwillmindyourownbusiness!Comeandhavedinnerwithus.Iwishyoucouldstaybehind.‘Ifittomorrow,thematchwouldbeputoff.weretorainwastorainwasraininghadrainedWhichofthefollowingsentencesexpressesafact?.Maryandhersonmustbehomebynow.Carelessreadingmustgivepoorresults.It'Sgettinglate,andImustleavenow.Hemustbeworkinglateattheoffice.Thefollowingarealldynamicverbs（動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞）EXCEPT.remain.turn.write.knock.toschoollifewaslessdifficultthanthepupilhadexpected.AdheringAdoptingAdjustingAcquaintingHeisfedupwiththesameolddrearyroutine,andwantstoquithisjob.Theunderlinedpartmeans.dullboringlonghardAtlastnight'spartyLarrysaidsomethingthatIthoughwasbeyondme.Theunderlinedpartmeans.A.IwasunabletodoC.IwasunabletostopIcouldn'tunderstandIcouldn'ttolerateThecoupletheiroldhouseandsolditforavastprofit.didfordidindidwithdidupSallycontributedalottotheproject,butsheneveronceacceptedalltheforherself.creditattentionfocusD.awardThechildnodded,apparentlycontentwithhismother?promise.Theunderlinedpartmeans.asfarasonehaslearntasfarasoneisconcernedasfarasonecanseeasfarasoneistoldThethatsportbuildscharacteriswellacceptedbypeoplenowadays.issueargumentpointsentenceEveryoneintheofficeknowsthatMelindatakesinfinitecareoverherwork.Theunderlinedpartmeans.limitedunnecessaryoverduemuchThenewmeasurewillreducethechanceofseriousinjuryintheeventofanaccident.Theunderlinedpartmeans.ifanaccidenthappensifanaccidentcanbepreventedbeforeanaccidentduringanaccidentTraditionally,localmidwiveswouldallthebabiesinthearea.handleproducedeliverhelpNofoodordrinkisallowedonthepremises.TpositionadvertisementbuildingstreetThecourtwouldnotaccepthisappealunlessevidenceisprovided.conclusivedefiniteeventualconcludingAssoonasheopenedthedoor,aofcoldairsweptthroughthehouse.A.flowmovementrushblastShereallywantedtosaysomethingatthemeeting,buteventuallyfromit.A.preventedrefrainedlimitedrestrictedThecoupletoldthedecoratorthattheywantedtheirbedroomgailypainted.Theunderlinedpartmeans.A.brightlylight-heartedlycheerfullylightlyPARTVREADINGCOMPREHENSION25MINInthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheetTwo.TEXTATheartofpublicspeakingbeganinancientGreeceover2,000yearsago.Now,twitter,instantmessaging,e-mail,blogsandchatforumsofferrivalapproachestocommunication-butnonecanreplacetheroleofagreatspeech.Thespokenwordcanhandlevariousvitalfunctions:persuadingorinspiring,informing,payingtribute,entertaining,orsimplyintroducingsomeoneorsomethingoracceptingsomething.Overthepastyear,thehumanvoicehashelpedguideusovertheupsanddownsofwhatwascertainlyastormytime.Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview.WhentheleadersmetinCopenhageninDecember2009,persuasivewordsfromactivistsencouragedthemtocommitthemselvestofirmeraction.Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions.Theyfocusontopicsandmattersthatareclosetopeople'shearts.Duringwars,generalsusedinspiringspeechestopreparethetroopsforbattle.Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus.Theinformationmustbeclear,accurate,andexpressedinameaningfulandinterestingway.（流行病）announced,theideaof“swineflu”manypeople.InformativespeechesfromWorldHealthOrganizationofficialshelpedpeopletokeeptheirpanicundercontrolsotheycouldtakesensibleprecautions.Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeechthatpaystributetothelossofalovedoneandgivespraisefortheircontributioncanbecomforting.Madonna'sspeechaboutMichaelJackson,afterhisdeath,highlightedthefactthathewillcontinuetoliveonthroughhismusic.It'snotonlyinworldforumswherepublicspeakingplaysanimportantrole.Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives.Ifyou}etakingpartinadebateyouneedtopersuadethelistenersofthesoundnessofyourargument.Insports,athletesknowtheimportanceofapeptalk（鼓舞士氣的講話）beforeamatchtoinspireteammates.Youyourselfmaybeaskedtodoapresentationatcollegeorworktoinformtheothersaboutanareaofvitalimportance.Onamorepersonallevel,afriendmaybeupsetandneedcomforting.Oryoumightbeaskedtointroduceaspeakeratafamilyeventortospeakatawedding,whereyourlanguagewillbeneededtomovepeopleormakethemlaugh.Greatspeakingabilityisnotsomethingwe'rebornwith.EvenBarackObamaworkshardtoperfecteveryspeech.Forabrilliantspeech,therearerulesthatyoucanputtogooduse.Tolearnthoserulesyouhavetopracticeandlearnfromsomeoutstandingspeechesinthepast.Theauthorthinksthespokenwordisstillirreplaceablebecause.ithasalwaysbeenusedtoinspireorpersuadepeople.ithasabigroletoplayintheentertainmentbusiness.itplaysimportantrolesinhumancommunication.itisofgreatuseineveryday-lifecontext.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTabouttheroleofpublicspeaking?Speechesatworldforumscanleadtoeffectivesolutionstoworldproblems.Speechesfrommedicalauthoritiescancalmpeopledownintimesofpandemics.Themoraleofsoldiersbeforeabattlecanbeboostedbyseniorofficers'speeches.Speechespayingtributetothedeadcancomfortthemourners.PublicspeakingcanplayallthefollowingrolesEXCEPT.toconvincepeopleinadebate.toinformpeopleatapresentation.toadvisepeopleatwork.toentertainpeopleatawedding.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheauthor'sviewon“greatspeakingability”?Itcomesfromobservingrules.Itcanbeperfectedwitheasyeffort.Itcanbeacquiredfrombirth.Itcomesfromlearningandpractice.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?.Publicspeakingininternationalforums.Themanyusesofpublicspeaking.Publicspeakingindailylifecontext.Therulesofpublicspeaking.TEXTBEverybusinessneedstwothings,saysSkullcandyCEORickAlden:inspirationanddesperation.In2001,Aldenhadboth.He'dsoldtwosnowboardingbusinesses,andhewasdesperatelybored.Buthehadanidea:Hewantedtomakeanewkindofheadphone.“Ikeptseeingpeoplemissingtheircellphonecallsbecausetheywerelisteningtomusic,”heexplains.ThenI'minachairlift,I'vegotmyheadphoneson,andIrealizemyphoneisringing.As1takemyglovesoffandreachformyphone,Ithink,“Itcan'tbethattoughtomakeheadphoneswithtwoplugs,oneformusicandoneforyourcellphone.”Aldendescribedwhathewantedtoadesigner,perfectedaprototype,andoutsourced（外包）manufacturingoverseas.Aldenthenstarteddesigningheadphonesintohelmets,backpacks-anywherethatwouldmakeiteasytolistentomusicwhilesnowboarding.“Sellingintoboardandskateshopswasn'tabigresearcheffort,”heexplains.“ThoseweretheonlyguysIknew!”Aldendidn'twanttobeamanufacturer.Andbyoutsourcing,he'dhopedhecouldgetthebusinessoffthegroundwithoutdebt.Buthewaswrong.Soheaskedhiswife,“CanIputa（抵押貸款）onthehouse?Shesaid,?Whatistheworstthingthatcanhappen?Welosethehouse,wesellourcars,andwestartalloveragain.'Idefinitelymarriedtherightwoman!”Forthenexttwoyears,Aldenjuggledmortgagepaymentsandpaymentstohismanufacturers.“Factorieswon'tshipyourproducttilltheygetpaid,”hesays.“Butittakesfourorfivemonthstogetamortgagecompanysoupsetthattheyknockonyourdoor.Sowepaidthefactoryfirst.”Gradually,non-snowboardersbegantonoticethecolorfulheadphones.In2006,thecompanystartedsellingthemin1,400FYE（ForYourEntertainment）stores.“WeknewthatnineoutoftenpeoplewalkingintothatstorewouldbelearningaboutSkullcandyforthefirsttime.Whywouldtheylookatbrandstheyknewandtakehomeanewbrandinstead?Wehadagreedtobuybackanythingwedidn'tsell,butweweredealingwithhugenumbers.It'dkillustotakebackalltheproductsAlden'SfearsfadedasSkullcandybecametheNo.1headphonesellerinthosestoresandtripleditsrevenueto$120millioninoneyear.Hiskeyinsightwasthatheadphonesweren'tgadgets;theywereafashionaccessory.“Inthebeginning,”hesays,“thatlittlewhitewirethatsaidyouhadaniPod---thatwascool.Butnowwearingthewhitebudmeansyou'rejustlikeeveryoneelse.Headphonesoccupythiscriticalpieceofcranialrealestateandarehighlyvisible.”Today,SkullcandyisAmerica'ssecond-largestheadphonesupplier,afterSony.With79employees,thecompanyisbiggerthanAldeneverimagined.Aldencameupwiththeideaofanewkindofheadphonebecausehe.wasnolongerinsnowboardingbusiness.hadnootherbusinessopportunities.wasveryfondofmodernmusic.sawaninconvenienceamongmobileusers.Thenewheadphonewasoriginallydesignedfor.snowboarders.motorcyclists.mountainhikers.marathonrunners.DidAldensolvethemoneyproblem?.Hesoldhishouseandhiscars.Factoriescouldshipproductsbeforebeingpaid.Heborrowedmoneyfromamortgagecompany.Heborrowedmoneyfromhiswife'sfamily.WhatdidAldendotopromotesalesinFYEstores?.Hespentmoremoneyonproductadvertising.Hepromisedtobuybackproductsnotsold.Heagreedtosellproductsatadiscount.Heimprovedthecolourdesignoftheproduct.Aldenseesheadphonesas.asignofself-confidence.asymbolofstatus.partoffashion.akindofdevice.TEXTCIwasstandinginmykitchenwonderingwhattohaveforlunchwhenmyfriendTajcalled.“Sitdown,”shesaid.Ithoughtshewasgoingtotellmeshehadjustgottenthehaircutfromhell.Ilaughedandsaid,“Itcan'tbethatbad.”Butitwas.Beforethephonecall,Ihad30yearsofretirementsavingina“safe”fundwithabrilliantfinancialguru（金融大亨）.WhenIputdownthephone,mysavingsweregone.IfeltasifIhaddiedand,forsomeunknownreason,wasstillbreathing.SinceBernieMadoff'Sarrestonchargesofrunninga$65millionPonzischeme,I'vereadmanyarticlesabouthowweinvestorsshouldhaveknownwhatwasgoingon.IwishIcouldsayIhadreservationsaboutMadoffbefore“theCall”,butIdidnot.OnNewYear'sEve,threeweeksafterwelostoursavings,sixofusMadoffpeoplegatheredatTaj'shousefordinner.Asweweresittingaroundthetable,someoneasked,“Ifyoucouldhaveyourmoneybackrightnow,butitwouldmeangivingupwhatyouhavelearnedbylosingit,wouldyoutakethemoneyorwouldyoutakewhatlosingthemoneyhasgivenyou?”Myhusbandwasstillinfinancialshock.Hesaid,“Ijustwantthemoneyback.”Iwasn'tcertainwhereIstood.Iknewthatlosingourmoneyhadcrackedmewideopen.I'dbeenwalkingaroundlikewhattheBuddhistscallahungryghost:alwaysfocusedonthebitethatwasyettocome,nottheoneinmymouth.NomatterhowmuchIateorhadorexperienced,itdidn'tsatisfyme,becauseIwasn'treallytakingitin,wasn'tabsorbingit.NowIwasforcedtopayattention.Still,Icouldn'thonestlysaythatifsomeonehadofferedmethemoneyback,Iwouldturnitdown.Buttheotherfourallsaidthatwhattheywereseeingaboutthemselveswasincalculable,andtheydidn'tthinkitwouldhavebecomeapparentwithoutthegroundoffinancialstabilitybeingrippedoutfromunderneaththem.MyfriendMichaelsaid,I'dstartedtogetcomplacent.It'sasifthemusclesofmyheartstartedtoatrophy（萎縮）.Nowtheybeawake,alive—andIdon'twanttogoback."Theseweren'tjustemptywords.Michaelandhiswifeneededtotakeinboarderstomeettheirexpenses.Tajwassobrokethatshewasmovingintosomeone'sgarageapartmentinthreeweeks.Threefriendshaddeclaredbankruptcyandweren'tsurewhereorhowtheyweregoingtolive.WhatdidtheauthorlearnfromTaj'scall?hadgotanawfulhaircut.Theyhadlosttheirretirementsavings.Tajhadjustretiredfromwork.Theyweregoingtomeetforlunch.Howdidtheauthorfeelinthefollowingweeks?Angry.Disappointed.Indifferent.Desperate.Accordingtothepassage,towhichwasshe“forcedtopayattention”?Herfriends.Herhusband.Herlostsavings.Herexperience.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECTaboutherfriends?Herfriendsvaluedtheirexperiencemore.Herfriendsfeltthesameasshedid.Herfriendswereinabetterfinancialsituation.DHerfriendsweremoreoptimisticthanshe.Whatisthemessageofthepassage?Desireformoneyishumannature.Onehastobedecisiveduringcrises.Understandinggainedismoreimportantthanmoneylost.Itisnaturaltoseevariedresponsestofinancialcrises.TEXTDInthe19thcentury,thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,lust,greed,druguseandtheothersins.Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan'tchangeyourbehaviourbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit.Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It'smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Moreover,you'reasocialbeing.Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating,you'llprobablydoso,too.The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill.Today,weknowthatfreewillisbounded.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.Muchofourbehaviour,forexample,isguidedbyunconscioushabits.ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit,notactualdecisions.Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue,routine,reward.Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits.Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight,that'llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning.Don'ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving.Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack,insertanotherroutine.Takeawalk.Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel,whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneural（神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的）networksinside.Tobeaneffectiveperson,underthismodel,youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits,andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare.Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines.Everyrelationshipbecomesslightlymanipulative,includingyourrelationshipwithyourself.You'retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.Thisisabitdisturbing,becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine,norcantheybereversedbyclevercues.Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings,liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway,thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener,you'reprobablywrong.AstheVictoriansunderstood,ifyouwanttochangeyourlife,don'tjustlookforaclevercue.Committosomelargerglobalbelief.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?Passion.Action.Capability.Determination.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause.A.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone'scontrol.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?A.Habitiskeytoone'sbehaviour.One'sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough.A.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues.techniquestosupplementoldroutines.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel.A.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange.canbringaboutchangesinone'slifelikewhatadvertisersdo.hasbeenusedtochangebehavioursuccessfully.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour.PARTVIWRITINGSECTIONACOMPOSITION45MINMostofus,asstudents,arecarefulwithourmoneyindailylife:wecollectallkindsofcoupons;welookforgroup-buydealsifweeatoutortravel;wedon'tbuyclothesunlessinasale.However,somepeoplethinkthatallthismaynotmakeussmartconsumers.Whatisyouropinion?WriteonANSWERSHEETTHREEacompositionofabout200words.Youaretowriteinthreeparts.Inthefirstpart,statespecificallywhatyouropinionis.Inthesecondpart,provideoneortworeasonsoryourexperience(s)tosupportyouropinion.Inthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionormakeasummary.Youshouldsupplyanappropriatetitleforyourcomposition.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,languageandappropriateness.SECTIONBNOTE-WRITING[10MIN]WriteonANSWERSHEETTHREEanoteofabout50-60wordsbasedonthefollowingsituation:Yourformerhigh-schoolclassmate(MatheworGrace)iscomingtovisityouinthedorm.But,youhavegotsomethingurgenttodoandthuscannotwaitforhim/herthere.Leaveanoteonthedoor,expressingyourapologyandtellinghim/herhowtofindyou.Youmustmakeclearwhereyouareinthenote.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,languageandappropriateness.附：【答案詳解】PART1DictationWhatisadreamfor?Onetheoryisthatwedreamtoreleasethedeepsecretdesires.Wedon'texpressthesedesiresinreallifebecauseoftherulesofpolitesociety.Anothertheoryisthatdreamsallowustosolveproblemsthatwecan'tsolveinreallife.Wegotosleepwiththeproblemandwakeupwiththesolution.Thismaybeawaytouseourdreamsratherthanapurposeofdreaming.Ifyoubelievethatyourdreamsareimportant,thenanalyzingthemmayhelpyoutofocusontheproblemandhelpyoutofindthesolution.Themodernimageisthatthedreamsarethebrains'waveofcleaningupthecomputer'sharddisk.Dreamsorganizetheeventsofthedayintofoldersanddeletewhatisnotneeded.Butweallknowthatverylittleofwhatwedreamisconcernedwithwhathappenedtousthatday.PART2LITENINGCOMPREHENSION1-10ABCADACAAD11-20DCADBBBDAC21-30DBADBCBBCAPART3CLOZE31-40DACBDCBACB41-50DCADBBCDBBPART4GRAMMAR&VOCABULARYFacingtheboardofdirectors,hedidn'tdenybreakingtheagreement.A.himB.itC.hisD.its解析：本題考查動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的邏輯（意義）主語(yǔ)，一般可以用名詞所有格Tom”s,代詞賓格如him（口語(yǔ)），書(shū)面語(yǔ)情況下一般用物主代詞his,their。本題選C,但我還是要吐槽，因?yàn)楦揪筒恍枰啻艘慌e添加his,hedidn'tdenybreakingtheagreement完全正確，比原題要精簡(jiǎn)地道許多，從寫作角度來(lái)看，his根本是多余的，當(dāng)然純粹考察語(yǔ)法的話選CoXinchunreturnedfromaboardadifferentman.Theitalicizedpartfunctionsasa（n）.A.appositive（同位語(yǔ)）B.objectC.adverbialD.complement.解析：此題恐怕是最受爭(zhēng)議的題目了，有人認(rèn)為選A,有人認(rèn)為選Do據(jù)目前來(lái)看，選D，具體講解有待更新Wh