2016年下半年英語雪講義-語言學2

形態(tài)形態(tài)一、WhatisMorphology一、WhatisMorphologyisthebranchoftstudiesstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsare二、ClassificationofWords詞的分??(一)Variable二、ClassificationofWords詞的分??(一)VariableandInvariable?變化詞和非變化(二)LexicalWordsandGrammatical??實義詞和語法?(三)OpenClassandClosed?開放類詞和封閉類(一VariableandInvariable變化詞和非變化(一VariableandInvariable變化詞和非變化?1.Variablewords:asverb,nounandeinflective?eg.does;did;cats;?2.Invariablewords:theydoveendings,suchasconjunctionsandeg.in;on;after;?(二)LexicalWordsandGrammatical(二)LexicalWordsandGrammatical?實義詞和語法?Lexical/notionalwords:carrythemaincontentasuchasnoun,verbandadjectiveGrammaticalwords:servetolinkdifferentcontentparts,suchas??pronounandition(三)OpenClassand(三)OpenClassandClosed開放類詞和封閉類1.Openclasswords:contentwordsofalanguagetowhichweregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsand2.Closedwords:grammaticalorfunctionalchas三、Morphemeand三、Morphemeand詞素和詞素變?(一)Morphemes詞?teacher,baker,producer,?Amorpheme:thesmallestlinguistic?(一)Morphemes詞?teacher,baker,producer,?Amorpheme:thesmallestlinguistics?(含有語義的最小的語)??1-boy,?2-boy+ish,?3-?(二)Allomorph詞素變?Amorphemee?(二)Allomorph詞素變?Amorphemeealternatesor?詞素變體是詞素拼寫變化式，它和是實現(xiàn)和被實現(xiàn)的關系間的關??四、Typesof四、TypesofMorphemes詞素的種（一）Freemorphemeandbound詞素（Free能單獨出現(xiàn)即能獨自成詞的E.g.man;baby;不能單獨出現(xiàn)，它們必須跟至少一個其他詞素共E.g.-sindogs,-alinnational,anddis-in(二Affixes詞(1)(二Affixes詞(1)Suffixes后后綴是附在詞尾的詞素E.g.-iblesible;-antin前綴是附在詞頭的詞素E.g.re-inrepay;un-in(3)Infixes中盡管英語中基本沒有中綴，或中間詞素，其他語言中會現(xiàn)五、Inflectionalaffix五、Inflectionalaffixandderivational屈折詞綴和派生詞Inflection/inflexionbook–Derivation(派生詞work–六、WordFormation構詞(一)復六、WordFormation構詞(一)復合兩新語素或兩個獨立的詞結合在一eg.daybreak,duty-free,babysit,(二)派生通過詞綴與詞根的結eg.rebuild(re+build),restless(rest+unchangeable(un+change+語義s語義s一、Whatisnsignifiers（記號一、Whatisnsignifiers（記號sfocusesontherelationsuchaswords,phrases,signsandsymbols,andwhattheyfor,their二、ViewsConcerningtheStudyof二、ViewsConcerningtheStudyof?(一)TheTheory命名?GreekscholarPlato:wordsarejustnamesoflabels?house,(二TheConceptualist(二TheConceptualistReferential(三Contextualism(三Contextualism人們可以從語境中推知或歸納出語義?(四)iorism行為主義?“thesituationin?(四)iorism行為主義?“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheitcallshe??? ?三、LexicalMeaning詞匯意??三、LexicalMeaning詞匯意????(一)SenseandReferenceSenseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticReferencemeanswhatalinguisticformrefershereal,??(二)ionvs.ion外延與內??(二)ionvs.ion外延與內?1.ion-dictionarymeaning,inherentmeaning,?2.ion--non-inherentmeaning,secondary?Theforecastsaystherewillbe?Buthislastwordsbroughtonanother四、SenseRelationship語四、SenseRelationship語義關 同義關 反義關 同音/同形異義關 多義關 上下義關 同義關 同義關(1)Dialectalsynonymse.g.flat/ autumn/(2Stylisticsynonymse.g.(2Stylisticsynonymse.g.buy/begin/(commonword/formal(3Collocationalsynonyms(3Cvidesth.forsb./supplysth.to(4)Synonymswith(4)Synonymswithdifferentemotiveorevaluatee.g. n/(5)allydifferent(5)allydifferente.g.Disaster/2. 2. (1Gradableantonymye.g.good/badhot/cold(cool,warm,(2)Complementaryantonymy(2)Complementaryantonymy互補反義關系，非此彼；不存在過渡e.g.alive/male/female,present/absent,(3)Converseantonymy(3)Converseantonymy逆向反義關兩個實體之間的一種反向關系e.g.buy,sell,lend, 同音/ 同音/同形異義關(1)Homophones同音異義發(fā)音相同但拼寫不同，意義也不同的詞e.g.flower(花)vs.flour(面粉piece(塊；件)vs.peace(和平(2)Homographs同形(2)Homographs同形異義指拼寫相同但發(fā)音、意義不同的詞e.g.tear(撕)vs.tear(眼淚bow(鞠躬)vs.bow(弓(3CompleteHomonyms(3CompleteHomonymse.g.scale天平vs.scale衡量ball球vsball舞會4. 多義關同一個詞具4. 多義關同一個詞具有幾個不同的意Eg.Head(牛津高有17種意義1.Partofthebodycontainingtheeyes,nose,nd2.Abilitytoellect;3.ofagroup 上下義 上下義關一個更概括的詞與一個相對具e.g.cow/animal,rose/flower,honesty/(1)Superordinate上(1)Superordinate上坐標位于上下義關系上位的詞(2) 下義居于下位的成員，叫做下義Eg.animal:cat;dog;duck;五、SenseRelations句五、SenseRelations句間意義關n1.XissynonymouswithYX與Y同義IfXTrue,YTrue;IfXFalseYFalseX:HewasabachelorallhisY:Henevergotmarriedallhis2.Xisinconsistentwith2.XisinconsistentwithYX與Y不一致IfXTrue,YFalse;IfYFalseXTrue（相）X:Thisisvisittoebeentoe蘊含和預e蘊含和預EntailandEntail蘊XentailsY.(YisanentailmentofX.)X為真，Y一定為真Marybrokethewindow||-ThewindowSueandFredwenttotheparty||-Suewenttothee蘊含和預3.Entaile蘊含和預3.Entailande預esY.(Yisaprerequisiteof(2)PresupXpresupThekingofFranceisThekingofFranceisnotThereisakingof4.Xis4.XisacontradictionX自e.g.Myunmarriedsisiterismarriedtoa六、成分分析Themeaning六、成分分析Themeaningofaword:notanyablebutcomplexofdifferentvMan:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Boy:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]七、ysis述謂分一種分七、ysis述謂分一種分析句子意義的方1.Sentencemeaningisnotsimplythesumtotalof Thecatischasingthemouse.(貓追老鼠 Themouseischasingthecat.(老鼠追貓2.Therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:meaningand3.Apredictionconsistsofargument(s)3.Apredictionconsistsofargument(s)andpredicate.（論元+謂詞句子中的出現(xiàn)的擔任成分意義的名根據(jù)述謂結構包含的論元的數(shù)量，述謂結構分為單述謂結Tomcries——空述謂結雙述謂結Itiscold.——(Monkeylikebananas.——L(m,語用語用一、WhatisPragmatics一、WhatisPragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofausetoeffectsful二、語?Context:theknowledgesharedby二、語?Context:theknowledgesharedbythespeakerand?Thesharedknowledgeisoftwo?1.Theknowledgeofthelanguagethey?2.Theknowledgeabouttheworld,includingabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinlinguisticcommunicationistaking?Whycontextis?A?Whycontextis?Afatheristryingtogethis3-years-olddaughtertostopliftingupdresstodisplayhernewunderweartothe?Father:Wedon't?Daughter:IKNOW,Daddy.Youdon'tWEAR?三、SpeechActTheory言語行?三、SpeechActTheory言語行為理?John?Languageisnotonlyusedtoinformortothings,itisoftenusedto“dothings”,toperformacts.?(一)ivesand?敘事句和施為?1.敘事?(一)ivesand?敘事句和施為?1.敘事?speaking?eg.Ipoursomeothe?2.Performatives施為ngofan?Theutteranceisapartof,?eg.InamethisshiptheQueen(二ATheoryoftheIllocutionaryAct(二ATheoryoftheIllocutionaryAct行事行為理?1.locutionary言內行?2.illocutionary言外行?3.perlocutionary言后行?1.locutionary言內行??1.locutionary言內行?theactofsayingsomething;theutteranceofsentencewithdeterminatesenseand?(說話的行為，說出有確定意義和所指的話?2.illocutionary言外行?the?2.illocutionary言外行?theention;theactperformedinsomething(表達說話者意圖的行為;通過說話來成的行為?Illocutionaryforce言外之?3.perlocutionaryact言后行?3.perlocutionaryact言后行?Theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbythe?(通過說一句話而得到的結果;果或是改變(三)Searle’sClassificationofSpeech?舍爾對言語行為的(三)Searle’sClassificationofSpeech?舍爾對言語行為的分 闡述指令承諾表達宣告?1.Definition:stobetrue.ives闡述?ing?1.Definition:stobetrue.ives闡述?ingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeaker?(言者對自認為真實的事物做出陳述或描寫的言語行為?eg.I’mcertaineneverseentheman?Remarks:陳述、相信、發(fā)誓等句子都屬于闡述?2.指令?Definition:tryingtoget?2.指令?Definition:tryingtogetthehearertodo?(言者使聽話人做某事的愿望或意圖?eg.Iorderyoutoleaveright?Remarks:建議、威脅、警告、邀請等都屬于這一?3.承諾?Definition:Committingthespeaker?3.承諾?Definition:Committingthespeakerhimselftosomecourseof?(言者對未來某一活動做出承諾的言語行為?eg.Ipromiseto?Remarks:保證、允諾、發(fā)誓等都是較為典??4.表達Definition:Expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistings ?(??4.表達Definition:Expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistings ?(指表達說話者對現(xiàn)存事物的感情或態(tài)度的言語行為?eg.I’msorryforbeing?Remarks:道歉、感謝、祝賀等都?5.宣告?Definition:Bringingaboutimmediate?5.宣告?Definition:Bringingaboutimmediatechangesby?(此行為的成功執(zhí)行會使現(xiàn)實狀況立刻發(fā)生變化，從而達成所言現(xiàn)實的一致?eg.Inowyouchairmanofthe?Remarks:命名、宣戰(zhàn)等都是這一四、TheTheoryofConversational會話含義理(一)Conversational四、TheTheoryofConversational會話含義理(一)Conversationalimplicature會話含?heliteral ?：theextrameaningnot???A.?B.?C.(二)Thecooperativeprinciple合作原(二)Thecooperativeprinciple合作原ty數(shù)量的準Quality質量的準Relation關聯(lián)準方式準1.Violation?數(shù)量原使自己1.Violation?數(shù)量原使自己所說的話達到當前交談目的所要求的詳盡程度不要使自己所說的話比所要求的更詳盡tautology同義反Wariswar.[Waris就。BobisBob.[BobisreallyveryBob真的很愛惡作劇2.Violationof?話質量原2.Violationof?話質量原不說自知不說缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話l;rhetoricdevice（說假話，修辭手法的運用E.g.Paulismadeofiron.[PaulhassomepropertiessimilartothoseofPaul是個鐵人。（