汽車用中壓傳感器產(chǎn)品特點課件

RenewableEnergyGarthRatcliffeDepartmentofEnvironmentalandGeographicalsciencesManchesterMetropolitanUniversityRenewableEnergyGarthRatcliffSpecificQuestionsWhatarethecurrentandprojectedUKenergy(fuel+electricity)demands?Howisthedemandforelectricitycurrentlybeinggenerated?Inthefuture?Whatcontributioncanrenewableenergymaketofuturefuelandelectricityneeds?SpecificQuestionsWhataretheUKEnergyDemands2000DatafromDTIEnergyStatistics2000UKEnergyDemands2000DatafroHoware

energy

needs

supplied?

Source–DTIenergyStatisticsHoware

energy

needs

suppliPresentEnergy

ResourcesFossilfuels-coal,oil,gasarealloflimitedamounts.Cantbereplaced.Nuclearfuels-limitedamountsofuraniumfornuclearfissionreactorsbutreprocessingoffuelpossible.Difficulttoestimatehowlongthesefuelswilllast-butisitsustainableeconomicallyorenvironmentally?PresentEnergy

ResourcesFossilHowmuchenergyisneeded?DTIEnergyStatisticsfor2000308,332GWhofelectricitywasdistributedto29.068millionconsumers.i.e.onaverage,eachconsumerused10,607kwhofelectricity.

In2000,thetotalenergyconsumedinthedomesticsectoroftheUKwas46,833thousandstonsofoilequivalent.Dividingthisvaluebythenumberofconsumersandconvertingtokwhgivestheaverageamountofenergyusedperhouseholdas18,737kwh.Howmuchenergyisneeded?DTISustainablesituationRenewableenergyresourcesarebeingreplaced/generatedatthesameratethattheyarebeingutilised.Hencetheywilllastindefinitely.SustainablesituationRenewableRenewableEnergyWhatisrenewableenergy?Whatformsdoesittake?Whyisitneeded?Targetsexistforrenewableenergytogenerate10%ofelectricityby2010and20%by2020!Canthesebeachieved?Whatformsofrenewableenergywilldeliverthesetargets?RenewableEnergyWhatisrenewaElectricityGeneration

byRenewablesSource–DTiEnergystatistics2000ElectricityGeneration

byRenGeneratingCapacityofRenewablePlantsGeneratingCapacityofRenewabTheDTIListof

RenewableResourcesWind,WaveandHydroPowerPhotovoltaics ActiveSolarHeatingMunicipalandGeneralWastesLandfillGas GeothermalAgriculturalandForestryWastesEnergyCrops FuelCellsTheDTIListof

RenewableResOtherRenewablesNuclearCombinedCycleGasTurbineGasTurbineCoalOtherFormsofRenewableEnergyAllsourcesofenergyultimatelycomefromthesun.Thisisparticularlyobviousinthecaseofrenewableenergies.FormsofRenewableEnergyRenewableEnergy

Utilisation2000Source–DTIEnergyStatistics2000RenewableEnergy

UtilisationSolarRadiationsolarheatingpanels/passivesolarpowergenerationsolarcells/photovoltaiccellsSolarRadiationsolarheatingpSolarcellsconvertlightintoasmallelectricaloutput-milliwattsoutput.needabank/arrayofcellsforusefuloutput.costofcellsishighbutreducing.efficiencyofcellsisupto23%/improving.SolarcellsconvertlightintoSolarPanelsaresituatedonroofofbuilding.absorbheatintheformofradiationfromsun.basicallysystemislikeadomesticcentralheatingradiatorpaintedblack/vides“toppingup”ofdomestichotwater.SolarPanelsaresituatedonroPhotovoltaicsonBuildings

PVarrays,generatingaround54kW(peak)withatotalareaof430m2,formtheslopingglazedroofsoftheatriumspacesinthefourmainbuildings.OveAruphasdesignedthesystemtomatchtheannualelectricitydemandofthesupplyandextractorfans,effectivelyprovidingzero-energyventilationsystems.PhotovoltaicsonBuildingsPVSolarRooftiles

(SolarGrantsnowavailable)IntegratedsolartilesinstalledbySolarCenturyonacurrentdevelopmentinMiltonKeynesbyEnglishpartnershipandBloorhomesRoofmountedsolarpanels(Solarcentury)InnovativeSunSlatesinstallationbySolarcenturyforLiangHomesSolarRooftiles

(SolarGrantsSolarPowerGeneration

locatedindesert/highintensity/longsunlighthoursparabolicmirrorsreflect/focussun’sraysontometalwaterpipelocatedalongfocalaxisofmirrors.Hightemperatureproduced-steam-electricalpowergeneratedSolarPowerGenerationlocatedWindTurbinesWindTurbinesLocationofUK

WindClustersLocationofUK

WindClustersWindpowerEachwindturbinecanproducebetween1/4and2MWofelectricalpower.Windfarmneedstobelocatedwherethereisarelativelyhighaveragewindspeed.Advantages?Disadvantages?WindpowerEachwindturbinecanCalculationofnumberofhouseholdssuppliedbyawindfarmAssume24windturbineseachgenerating0.25MWfor70%oftime.Inayearthisamountsto3.66x107kwhr.Ifthisfigureisdividedbyaverageamountofelectricityusedbyaconsumerie10,607kwhrinayear,Answeris3600consumers.But166ofthesewindfarms=1000Mwpowerstation!CalculationofnumberofhouseOffshoreWindTurbinesOffshoreWindTurbinesOffshoreWind

ClusterFeaturesLargeraveragewindspeedthanonshoreEasierplanningconsentTechnicalexpertiseexistsfromoilrigexperienceSuitablelocationOffshoreWind

ClusterFeatureOffshore

sitesOffshore

sitesHydroelectricCurrentlylargestsourceofelectricityfromrenewables.Needsguaranteedsupplyofwater.Galloway-WestofScotland-seriesoflochsandrivers-cascadeofflowingwater.Kineticenergyofwaterrotatesturbineswhichgenerateelectricity.HydroelectricCurrentlylargesTidalPowerLocatedatsomecoastalsites-usuallyestuariesandbayswithlargetidalrange.ShapeofcoastalsiteaboveandbelowsealeveldeterminesrangeegBayofFunday,Severn.Athightidereservoirofwateriscreatedwhichisallowedtoebbthroughturbineslocatedindam.Expensiveconstruction.TidalPowerLocatedatsomecoaWavePowerLandInstalledMarinePoweredEnergyTransformeronIslay,WestCoastofScotland.WavegenCo.LIMPETprovides500kWofelectricityfortheNationalGridThreefloatingwavepowerstationsatLewis/1MWeachWavePowerLandInstalledMarinBiomasscycleofsunlight-photosynthesis-plantgrowth-absorptionofCO2-emissionofO2.combustionofwood-heatsomeplants-alcoholdecomposition-methane/landfillgas/fuelforheating.Biomasscycleofsunlight-phoARBREisthefirstcommercialwood-burningplantofitstypeinEurope.

Itproducesenoughelectricityfor33,000peoplefromcleanandsustainablewoodfuelsources.Theplanthasa10MWelectricitygeneratingcapacityand8MWisexportedtothelocalgrid.

Thefuelfortheplantiswoodchipsfromforestryandshortrotationcoppice.WoodburningElectricityGenerationARBREisthefirstcommercialShortrotationcoppiceharvestingforARBREwood-fuelledpowerstation.

Astreesgrowtheystoreenergyfromthesunintheirbiomass.

AtARBRE’spowerplanttheenergystoredinthebiomassis

convertedtoelectricity.CoppiceharvestingFirstRenewablesLtdShortrotationcoppiceharvestStrawBurningPowerPlantEleanPowerstationnearEly,Cambridgeshiregenerates36MWofelectricityandistheworldslargestsuchfacility.Itsupplies80,000homeswithelectricity.LorryleavingplantafterdeliveringstrawStrawBurningPowerPlantEleanBiomassPlantinFifePlantburnspoultrylitterandproduces10MWofelectricityandfertiliserFluidisedbedboilerensuresefficientburningandlowemissionsBiomassPlantinFifePlantburLandfillGasLandfillgas,Dorset1MWgeneratoratBuckden-BiogasAssociationLandfillGasLandfillgas,DorsSCENARIOSTUDIESSuggestthatdelivering10%ofelectricityfromrenewablesby2010atacostof3.5p/kwhisfeasibleRequires3-4GWnewplantDominanttechnologies– 1)Waste(Municipal/industrial/agricultural) 2)Remainder–landfillgas+hydro(smallscale) 3)Longerterm-photovoltaicsSCENARIOSTUDIESSuggestthatdConclusionsMajordifficultiesinattainingtargetof10%ofelectricitygeneratedbyrenewablesby2010Maincontributorstothistargetwillbe:-OffshoreandOnshorewindfarms/clustersBiomass/wood,straw,etcPhotovoltaicButpolicieslikeClimateChangeLevyandtheRenewablesObligationwillhelpestablishrenewables.

ConclusionsMajordifficultiesRelevantWebsitesRelevantWebsitesRenewableEnergyGarthRatcliffeDepartmentofEnvironmentalandGeographicalsciencesManchesterMetropolitanUniversityRenewableEnergyGarthRatcliffSpecificQuestionsWhatarethecurrentandprojectedUKenergy(fuel+electricity)demands?Howisthedemandforelectricitycurrentlybeinggenerated?Inthefuture?Whatcontributioncanrenewableenergymaketofuturefuelandelectricityneeds?SpecificQuestionsWhataretheUKEnergyDemands2000DatafromDTIEnergyStatistics2000UKEnergyDemands2000DatafroHoware

energy

needs

supplied?

Source–DTIenergyStatisticsHoware

energy

needs

suppliPresentEnergy

ResourcesFossilfuels-coal,oil,gasarealloflimitedamounts.Cantbereplaced.Nuclearfuels-limitedamountsofuraniumfornuclearfissionreactorsbutreprocessingoffuelpossible.Difficulttoestimatehowlongthesefuelswilllast-butisitsustainableeconomicallyorenvironmentally?PresentEnergy

ResourcesFossilHowmuchenergyisneeded?DTIEnergyStatisticsfor2000308,332GWhofelectricitywasdistributedto29.068millionconsumers.i.e.onaverage,eachconsumerused10,607kwhofelectricity.

In2000,thetotalenergyconsumedinthedomesticsectoroftheUKwas46,833thousandstonsofoilequivalent.Dividingthisvaluebythenumberofconsumersandconvertingtokwhgivestheaverageamountofenergyusedperhouseholdas18,737kwh.Howmuchenergyisneeded?DTISustainablesituationRenewableenergyresourcesarebeingreplaced/generatedatthesameratethattheyarebeingutilised.Hencetheywilllastindefinitely.SustainablesituationRenewableRenewableEnergyWhatisrenewableenergy?Whatformsdoesittake?Whyisitneeded?Targetsexistforrenewableenergytogenerate10%ofelectricityby2010and20%by2020!Canthesebeachieved?Whatformsofrenewableenergywilldeliverthesetargets?RenewableEnergyWhatisrenewaElectricityGeneration

byRenewablesSource–DTiEnergystatistics2000ElectricityGeneration

byRenGeneratingCapacityofRenewablePlantsGeneratingCapacityofRenewabTheDTIListof

RenewableResourcesWind,WaveandHydroPowerPhotovoltaics ActiveSolarHeatingMunicipalandGeneralWastesLandfillGas GeothermalAgriculturalandForestryWastesEnergyCrops FuelCellsTheDTIListof

RenewableResOtherRenewablesNuclearCombinedCycleGasTurbineGasTurbineCoalOtherFormsofRenewableEnergyAllsourcesofenergyultimatelycomefromthesun.Thisisparticularlyobviousinthecaseofrenewableenergies.FormsofRenewableEnergyRenewableEnergy

Utilisation2000Source–DTIEnergyStatistics2000RenewableEnergy

UtilisationSolarRadiationsolarheatingpanels/passivesolarpowergenerationsolarcells/photovoltaiccellsSolarRadiationsolarheatingpSolarcellsconvertlightintoasmallelectricaloutput-milliwattsoutput.needabank/arrayofcellsforusefuloutput.costofcellsishighbutreducing.efficiencyofcellsisupto23%/improving.SolarcellsconvertlightintoSolarPanelsaresituatedonroofofbuilding.absorbheatintheformofradiationfromsun.basicallysystemislikeadomesticcentralheatingradiatorpaintedblack/vides“toppingup”ofdomestichotwater.SolarPanelsaresituatedonroPhotovoltaicsonBuildings

PVarrays,generatingaround54kW(peak)withatotalareaof430m2,formtheslopingglazedroofsoftheatriumspacesinthefourmainbuildings.OveAruphasdesignedthesystemtomatchtheannualelectricitydemandofthesupplyandextractorfans,effectivelyprovidingzero-energyventilationsystems.PhotovoltaicsonBuildingsPVSolarRooftiles

(SolarGrantsnowavailable)IntegratedsolartilesinstalledbySolarCenturyonacurrentdevelopmentinMiltonKeynesbyEnglishpartnershipandBloorhomesRoofmountedsolarpanels(Solarcentury)InnovativeSunSlatesinstallationbySolarcenturyforLiangHomesSolarRooftiles

(SolarGrantsSolarPowerGeneration

locatedindesert/highintensity/longsunlighthoursparabolicmirrorsreflect/focussun’sraysontometalwaterpipelocatedalongfocalaxisofmirrors.Hightemperatureproduced-steam-electricalpowergeneratedSolarPowerGenerationlocatedWindTurbinesWindTurbinesLocationofUK

WindClustersLocationofUK

WindClustersWindpowerEachwindturbinecanproducebetween1/4and2MWofelectricalpower.Windfarmneedstobelocatedwherethereisarelativelyhighaveragewindspeed.Advantages?Disadvantages?WindpowerEachwindturbinecanCalculationofnumberofhouseholdssuppliedbyawindfarmAssume24windturbineseachgenerating0.25MWfor70%oftime.Inayearthisamountsto3.66x107kwhr.Ifthisfigureisdividedbyaverageamountofelectricityusedbyaconsumerie10,607kwhrinayear,Answeris3600consumers.But166ofthesewindfarms=1000Mwpowerstation!CalculationofnumberofhouseOffshoreWindTurbinesOffshoreWindTurbinesOffshoreWind

ClusterFeaturesLargeraveragewindspeedthanonshoreEasierplanningconsentTechnicalexpertiseexistsfromoilrigexperienceSuitablelocationOffshoreWind

ClusterFeatureOffshore

sitesOffshore

sitesHydroelectricCurrentlylargestsourceofelectricityfromrenewables.Needsguaranteedsupplyofwater.Galloway-WestofScotland-seriesoflochsandrivers-cascadeofflowingwater.Kineticenergyofwaterrotatesturbineswhichgenerateelectricity.HydroelectricCurrentlylargesTidalPowerLocatedatsomecoastalsites-usuallyestuariesandbayswithlargetidalrange.ShapeofcoastalsiteaboveandbelowsealeveldeterminesrangeegBayofFunday,Severn.Athightidereservoirofwateriscreatedwhichisallowedtoebbthroughturbineslocatedindam.Expensiveconstruction.TidalPowerLocatedatsomecoaWavePowerLandInstalledMarinePoweredEnergyTransformeronIslay,WestCoastofScotland.WavegenCo.LIMPETprovides500kWofelectricityfortheNationalGridThreefloatingwavepowerstationsatLewis/1MWeachWavePowerLandInstalledMarinBiomasscycleofsunlight-photosynthesis-plantgrowth-absorptionofCO2-emissionofO2.combustionofwood-heatsomeplants-alcoholdecomposition-methane/landfillgas/fuelforheating.Biomasscycleofsunlight-phoARBREisthefirstcommercialwood-burningplantofitstypeinEurope.

Itproducesenoughelectricityfor33,000peoplefromcleanandsustainablewoodfuelsources.Theplanthasa10MWelectricitygeneratingcapacityand8MWisexportedtothelocalgrid.

Thefuelfortheplantiswoodchipsfromforestryand