中國南方喀斯特地貌

遺產(chǎn)地概況新日期：2007-08-2510:06:50荔波遺產(chǎn)地主要包括茂蘭國家級自然保護區(qū)和荔波樟江國家重點風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)中的大、小七孔景區(qū)，遺產(chǎn)地總面積73016公頃。荔波喀斯特是貴州高原和廣西低地過渡地帶峰叢喀斯特的典型代表，因為從高原喀斯特到低地喀斯特的逐漸過渡而構(gòu)成的完整形態(tài)譜系而兀立于世。遺產(chǎn)地內(nèi)的錐狀喀斯特景觀由最典型的峰林和峰叢喀斯特景觀組成，包括峰叢谷地（坡立谷）、峰叢洼地（坡立谷）、峰叢峽谷、峰林洼地、峰林谷與峰林溶原（盆地），這些主要的喀斯特地貌形態(tài)呈有序排列。遺產(chǎn)地具有以下幾大特征：1、展示了峰叢景觀與峰林景觀的相互地貌演化與遞變。2、具有特殊的喀斯特森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與顯著的生物多樣性，包含眾多特有和瀕危動植物及其棲息地。3、代表了大陸型熱帶——亞熱帶錐狀喀斯特地質(zhì)演化和生物生態(tài)過程，是研究裸露型錐狀喀斯特發(fā)育區(qū)喀斯特森林植被自然“本底”及森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能平衡的理想地和天然試場所。遺產(chǎn)地內(nèi)90%的人口是少數(shù)民族（遺產(chǎn)地人口5751人，緩沖區(qū)總?cè)丝诩s24747人，遺產(chǎn)地人口密度為19人/km2,緩沖區(qū)人口密度為57人/km2），文化底蘊豐富，主要包括布依族、水族和瑤族等獨特、豐富多彩的少數(shù)民族文化SouthChinaKarstSouthChinaKarstisoneoftheworld'smostspectacularexamplesofhumidtropicaltosubtropicalkarstlandscapes.ItisaserialsitespreadovertheprovincesofGuizhou,Guangxi,YunnanandChongqingandcovers176,228hectares.Itcontainsthemostsignificanttypesofkarstlandforms,includingtowerkarst,pinnaclekarstandconekarstformations,alongwithotherspectacularcharacteristicssuchasnaturalbridges,gorgesandlargecavesystems.ThestoneforestsofShilinareconsideredsuperlativenaturalphenomenaandaworldreference.TheconeandtowerkarstsofLibo,alsoconsideredtheworldreferencesiteforthesetypesofkarst,formadistinctiveandbeautifullandscape.WulongKarsthasbeeninscribedforitsgiantdolines(sinkholes),naturalbridgesandcaves.OutstandingUniversalValueBriefsynthesisThehugekarstareaofSouthChinaisabout550,000km2inextent.Thekarstterraindisplaysageomorphictransitionastheterraingraduallydescendsabout2000metersover700kilometersfromthewesternYunnan-GuizhouPlateau(averaging2100meterselevation)totheeasternGuangxiBasin(averaging110meterselevation).Theregionisrecognizedastheworld'stypeareaforkarstlandformdevelopmentinthehumidtropicsandsubtropics.TheWorldHeritagePropertyofSouthChinaKarstisaserialpropertythatincludessevenkarstclustersinfourProvinces:ShilinKarst,LiboKarst,WulongKarst,GuilinKarst,ShibingKarst,JinfoshanKarst,andHuanjiangKarst.Thetotalareais97,125hectares,withabufferzoneof176,228hectares.Thepropertywasinscribedintwophases.PhaseIinscribedin2007,includethreeclusterstotalling47,588hectares,withbufferzonestotalling98,428hectares.TheShilinKarstcomponentisinYunnanprovinceandcontainsstoneforestswithsculptedpinnaclecolumnsandisconsideredtheworldreferencesiteforpinnaclekarst.ShilinKarstconsistsoftwocoreareassurroundedbyacommonbufferzone.Theareais12,070hectareswithabufferzoneof22,930hectares.ThebufferzoneisdesignatedasaUNESCOGeopark.TheLiboKarstcomponentisinGuizhouprovinceandincludeshighconicalkarstpeaks,interveningdeepencloseddepressions(cockpits),sinkingstreamsandlongundergroundcaves.Theareaisconsideredaworldreferencesiteforconekarst.Thepropertyconsistsoftwocoreareassurroundedbyacommonbuffer.Theareais29,518hectareswithabufferzoneof43,498hectares.Oneofthecomponentsisanationalnaturereserve.TheWulongKarstcomponentisinChongqingprovinceandconsistsofhighinlandkarstplateauxthathaveexperiencedconsiderableuplift.ItsgiantdolinesandbridgesarerepresentativeofSouthChina'stiankeng(giantcollapsedepression)Iandscapes,andprovidetheevideneeforthehistoryofoneoftheworld'sgreatriversystems,theYangtzeanditstributaries.TheWulongKarstcomponentisaclusterofthreecorezones,eachwithaseparatebufferzone.Theareastotal6,000hectareswithbufferzonesof32,000hectares.PhaseIIinscribedin2014includesfourclusterstotaling49,537hectares,andbufferzonestotaling77,800hectares.TheGuilinKarstcomponentinGuangxiprovinceislocatedwithinLijiangNationalParkandcontainsfenglin(tower)andfengcong(cone)karstformations.GuilinKarstisdividedintotwosections:thePutaoSectionwithanareaof2,840hectaresandabufferzoneof21,610hectaresandtheLijiangSectionwithanareaof22,544hectaresandabufferzoneof23,070hectares.TheShibingKarstcomponentinGuizhouprovinceincludesdolomitickarstformationsandislocatedwithinWuyangheNationalPark.ShibingKarsthasanareaof10,280hectaresandabufferzoneof18,015hectares.TheJinfoshanKarstcomponentisauniquekarsttablemountainsurroundedbytoweringcliffs.JinfoshanKarstislocatedinChongqingprovincewithintheboundariesoftheJinfoshanNationalNatureReserveandJinfoshanNationalPark.TheJinfoshancomponenthasanareaof6,744hectaresandabufferzoneof10,675hectares.TheHuanjiangKarstcomponentisaconekarstarealocatedinGuangxiProvincewithintheboundariesoftheMulunNationalNatureReserve.TheHuanjiangComponenthasanareaof7,129hectaresandabufferzoneof4,430hectares.TheSouthChinaKarstWorldHeritagepropertyprotectsadiversityofspectacularandiconiccontinentalkarstlandscapes,includingtowerkarst(fenglin),pinnaclekarst(shilin)andconekarst(fengcong),aswellasotherkarstphenomenasuchasTiankengkarst(giantdolines),tablemountainsandgorges.Thepropertyalsoincludesmanylargecavesystemswithrichspeleothemdeposits.ThekarstfeaturesandgeomorphologicaldiversityoftheSouthChinaKarstarewidelyrecognizedasamongthebestintheworld.Theregioncanbeconsideredtheglobaltype-siteforthreekarstlandformstyles:fenglin(towerkarst),fengcong(conekarst),andshilin(stoneforestorpinnaclekarst).Thelandscapealsoretainsmostofitsnaturalvegetation,whichresultsinseasonalvariationsandaddstotheoutstandingaestheticvalueofthearea.Thepropertycontainsthemostspectacular,scientificallysignificantandrepresentativeseriesofkarstlandformsandlandscapesofSouthChinafrominteriorhighplateautolowlandplainsandconstitutestheworld'spremierexampleofhumidtropicaltosubtropicalkarst:oneofourplanet'sgreatIandscapes.Itcomplementssitesthatarealsopresentinneighbouringcountries,includingVietNam,whereseveralWorldHeritagepropertiesalsoexhibitkarstformations.Criterion(viiTheSouthChinaKarstWorldHeritagepropertyincludesspectacularkarstfeaturesandlandscapes,whicharebothexceptionalphenomena,andofoutstandingaestheticquality.ItincludesthestoneforestsofShilin,superlativenaturalphenomenawhichincludetheNaigustoneforestoccurringondolomiticlimestoneandtheSuyishanstoneforestarisingfromalake,theremarkablefengcongandfenglinkarstsofLibo,andtheWulongKarst,whichincludesgiantcollapsedepressions,calledTiankeng,andexceptionallyhighnaturalbridgesbetweenthem,withlongstretchesofdeepunroofedcaves.ItalsoincludesGuilin,whichdisplaysspectaculartowerkarstandinternationallyacclaimedfenglinriverinelandscapes,ShibingKarst,whichhasthebestknownexampleofsubtropicalfengcongkarstindolomite,deepgorgesandspine-likehillsoftendrapedwithcloudandmist,andJinfoshanKarst,whichisanisolatedislandlongdetachedfromtheYunnan-Guizhouplateau,surroundedbyprecipitouscliffsandpuncturedbyancientcaves.HuanjiangKarstprovidesanaturalextensiontoLiboKarst,containsoutstandingfengcongfeaturesandiscoveredinalmostpristinemonsoonforest.Theproperty'sforestcoverandnaturalvegetationismainlyintact,providingseasonalvariationtotheIandscapeandfurtherenhancingtheproperty'sveryhighaestheticvalue.Intactforestcoveralsoprovidesimportanthabitatforrareandendangeredspecies,andseveralcomponentshaveveryhighbiodiversityconservationvalue.Criterion(viiTheSouthChinaKarstWorldHeritagepropertyrevealsthecomplexevolutionaryhistoryofoneoftheworld'smostoutstandinglandscapes.ShilinandLiboareglobalreferenceareasforthekarstfeaturesandlandscapesthattheyexhibit.ThestoneforestsofShilindevelopedover270millionyearsduringfourmajorgeologicaltimeperiodsfromthePermiantopresent,illustratingtheepisodicnatureoftheevolutionofthesekarstfeatures.LibocontainscarbonateoutcropsofdifferentagesshapedovermillionsofyearsbyerosiveprocessesintoimpressiveFengcongandFenglinkarsts.Liboalsocontainsacombinationofnumeroustallkarstpeaks,deepdolines,sinkingstreamsandlongrivercaves.Wulongrepresentshighinlandkarstplateausthathaveexperiencedconsiderableuplift,withgiantdolinesandbridges.Wulong'slandscapescontainevidenceforthehistoryofoneoftheworld'sgreatriversystems,theYangtzeanditstributaries.HuanjiangKarstisanextensionoftheLiboKarstcomponent.Togetherthetwositesprovideanoutstandingexampleoffengcongkarstandalsopreserveanddisplayarichdiversityofsurfaceandundergroundkarstfeatures.GuilinKarstisconsideredthebestknownexampleofcontinentalfenglinandprovidesaperfectgeomorphicexpressionoftheendstageofkarstevolutioninSouthChina.Guilinisabasinatarelativelylowaltitudeandreceivesabundantallogenic(rainfed)waterfromsurroundinghills,leadingtoafluvialcomponentthataidsfenglindevelopment,resultinginfenglinandfengcongkarstside-by-sideoveralargearea.Scientificstudyofkarstdevelopmentintheregionhasresultedinthegenerationofthe‘Guilinmodel'offengcongandfenglinkarstevolution.ShibingKarstprovidesaspectacularfengconglandscape,whichisalsoexceptionalbecauseitdevelopedinrelativelyinsolubledolomiterocks.Shibingalsocontainsarangeofminorkarstfeaturesincludingkarren,tufadepositsandcaves.JinfoshanKarstisauniquekarsttablemountainsurroundedbymassivetoweringcliffs.ItrepresentsapieceofdissectedplateaukarstisolatedfromtheYunnan-Guizhou-Chonqingplateaubydeepfluvialincision.Anancientplanationsurfaceremainsonthesummit,withanancientweatheringcrust.Beneaththeplateausurfacearedismemberedhorizontalcavesystemsthatappearathighaltitudeonclifffaces.Jinfoshanrecordstheprocessofdissectionofthehighelevationkarstplateauandcontainsevidenceoftheregion'sintermittentupliftandkarstificationsincetheCenozoic.Itisasuperlativetype-siteofakarsttablemountain.IntegrityThecomponentsoftheserialpropertyhavewithintheirboundariesallthenecessaryelementstodemonstratethenaturalbeautyofkarstlandscapes.Theyalsocontainthescientificevidencerequiredtoreconstructthegeomorphicevolutionofthediverselandformsandlandscapesinvolved.Thecomponentsareofadequatesizeandtheyhavebufferzoneswhichwillhelpensuretheintegrityoftheearthsciencevalues,includingtectonic,geomorphicandhydrologicalfeatures.Someissuesthatfacethepropertyrequirepoliciesandactionstobetakenbeyondthebufferzoneboundaries.Challengestotheintegrityofthepropertyincludehumanpressurebothfrompeoplelivinginand/oraroundtheproperty,andthepressuresfromvisitors.Howevermanymeasureshavebeenandarebeingundertakentoaddresstheseissues.Thenaturalenvironmentandnaturallandscapeswithinthenominatedpropertiesareallwell-maintained,inordertoprotectthefeaturesofOutstandingUniversalValue,andthenaturallandscapesandprocessesthatsupportthem.ProtectionandmanagementrequirementsThepropertyiswellmanaged,withmanagementplansinplaceforeachcomponent,andwhichwillbeestablishedandmaintainedfortheserialpropertyasawhole,andwitheffectiveinvolvementofstakeholders.PartofLiboKarstiswithinanationalnaturereserve.ThebufferzoneforShilinisaUNESCO-recognisedGlobalGeopark.Traditionalmanagementbyminoritypeoplesisanimportantelementinmanagementofanumberofcomponents,andtherelationshipbetweenkarstandtheculturalidentityandtraditionsofminoritygroups,includingforexampletheYi(Shilin),theShui,YaoandBuyi(Libo)andJinfoshanbambooharvestersrequirescontinuedrecognitionandrespectinsitemanagement.Therearestronginternationalnetworksinplacetosupportcontinuedresearchandmanagement.Continuedeffortsarerequiredtoprotectupstreamcatchmentsandtheirdownstreamandundergroundcontinuationtomaintainwaterqualityatalevelthaten