歷年考研英語(yǔ)真題版

.PAGE.2012考研英語(yǔ)〔一真題參考答案SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword<s>foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.<10points>TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticesbecameanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_____itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw______justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_____thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial。JusticesAntoninScaliaandSamuelAlitoJr.,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe____asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_____byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_______tothecodeofconductthat______totherestofthefederaljudiciary。Thisandothercases______thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_____betweenthecourtandpolitics。TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw____havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions____theywouldbefreeto____thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_____politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_____。Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial______likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_____isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_____asunjust。Thejusticesmust_____doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_____tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_____,convincingaslaw。1AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2AwhenBbestCbeforeDunles3ArenderedBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCleadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthroughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconvenience16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleB.amiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmeansBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.<40points>Text2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkintrinsicallybad,butitisatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusedgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,despairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests。Girls'attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,it'snot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What'smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren'smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminnatelyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears。Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokids,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren'sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketinggimmickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s。Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea"thirdsteppingstone"betweeninfantwearandolderkids'clothes.Itwasonlyafter"toddler"becamecommonshoppers'termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist。26Bysaying"itis...Therainbow"<line3,Para1>,theauthormeanspink_______。AshouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhoodBshouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocenceCcannotexplaingirls'lackofimaginationDcannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests27AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?AColorsareencodedingirls'DNABBlueusedtoberegardedasthecolorforgirlsCPinkusedtobeaneutralcolorinsymbolizinggendersDWhiteispreferredbybabies28Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevotementwasmuchinfluencedby________。[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvised________。Afocusesoninfantwearandolderkids'clothesBattachequalimportancetodifferentgendersCclassifyconsumersintosmallergroupsDcreatesomecommonshoppers'terms30.itcanbeconcludedthatgirl'sattractiontopinkseemstobe_____。AclearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendencyBfullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturersCmainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmenDwellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsPartBDirections:Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.<10points>PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.<10points>SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"Postgraduates'Association"instead.<10points>PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethepicturebriefly,explainitsintendedmeaning,andgiveyourcomments。Youshouldwriteneatlyonanswersheet2.20XX全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates<NETEM>跨考英語(yǔ)教研室—楊鳳芝SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword<s>foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.<10points>TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticesbecameanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_____itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw______justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_____thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial。JusticesAntoninScaliaandSamuelAlitoJr.,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe____asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_____byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_______tothecodeofconductthat______totherestofthefederaljudiciary。Thisandothercases______thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_____betweenthecourtandpolitics。TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw____havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions____theywouldbefreeto____thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_____politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_____。Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial______likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit____isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_____asunjust。Thejusticesmust_____doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_____tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_____,convincingaslaw。1AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2AwhenBbestCbeforeDunless3ArenderedBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCleadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthroughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconvenience16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleB.amiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmeansBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.<40points>Text2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatrinsicallybad,butitisatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusedgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence。Lookingaround,despairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests。Girls'attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,it'snot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What'smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren'smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminnatelyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears。Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokids,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren'sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketinggimmickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s。Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea"thirdsteppingstone"betweeninfantwearandolderkids'clothes.Itwasonlyafter"toddler"becamecommonshoppers'termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist。26Bysaying"itis...Therainbow"<line3,Para1>,theauthormeanspink_______。AshouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhoodBshouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocenceCcannotexplaingirls'lackofimaginationDcannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests27AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?AColorsareencodedingirls'DNABBlueusedtoberegardedasthecolorforgirlsCPinkusedtobeaneutralcolorinsymbolizinggendersDWhiteispreferredbybabies28Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevotementwasmuchinfluencedby________。[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvised________。Afocusesoninfantwearandolderkids'clothesBattachequalimportancetodifferentgendersCclassifyconsumersintosmallergroupsDcreatesomecommonshoppers'terms30.itcanbeconcludedthatgirl'sattractiontopinkseemstobe_____。AclearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendencyBfullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturersCmainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmenDwellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsPartBDirections:Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.<10points>PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.<10points>SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"Postgraduates'Association"instead.<10points>PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1>describethepicturebriefly,2>explainitsintendedmeaning,and3>giveyourcomments。Youshouldwriteneatlyonanswersheet2.1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.C14.D15.A16.C17.A18.C19.D20.D21.D22.D23.A24.C25.D26.C27.A28.A29.B30.B31.A32.D33.B34.D35.D36.C37.D38.B39.A40.A41.C42.D43.A44.F45.G46.在物理學(xué)上,一種方法是將這種沖動(dòng)完美發(fā)揮到極點(diǎn)并且導(dǎo)找到一種萬(wàn)能的理論一條我們都可以看的見(jiàn),明白的普遍公式。47.在這里,達(dá)爾文主義似乎提供了一個(gè)準(zhǔn)則,如果所有的人類都有共同的起源,那么文化差異能夠追尋到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。48.從我們的共同特征中過(guò)濾獨(dú)特性能夠使我們明白文化行為的復(fù)雜性起源以及是什么在進(jìn)化方面和認(rèn)知方面指導(dǎo)我們?nèi)祟悺?9、其實(shí),由約書亞格林伯說(shuō),將更多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義用在了普遍性上,驗(yàn)證許多語(yǔ)言所共有的特點(diǎn),這些特點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是代表了由認(rèn)知限制造成的偏見(jiàn)。50.喬姆斯基的語(yǔ)法應(yīng)該表現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言更改的模式,是通過(guò)獨(dú)立的家譜或由它所跟蹤的路徑,而通過(guò)性預(yù)測(cè)的特定類型間的合作關(guān)系。PartA47.Directions：Supposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinestoretheotherday.Writeandemailtothecustomerservicecenterto1>makeacomplaint,and2>demandapromptsolution.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei"instead.參考范文：DearMr./Miss：ThisletterisacomplaintconcerningtheelectronicdictionaryIboughtfromyouronlinestoretheotherday.TwoweeksagoImailedthemoneythatorderedandsoonreceivedtheelectronicdictionary.Ifollowedtheinstructionsattachedwithit.InsteadIcannotgetitstartedanyway.Afterchangedthebatteryinsideseveraltimesinvain,Itotallygaveitup.Iwrotetoyourcompanyexpectingapromptsolutiontothisproblem.Iwouldhopethatyoucoulddosomethingtogivemeasatisfactoryfeedback.AndIwillappreciateitverymuchifyouputastricttestontheseelectronicdictionaries,thusstopthecontinuingcomplaintsandsuffersofothercomtomers.SincerelyYours,ZhangWei20XX考研英語(yǔ)真題：作文題目及范文作文一些外國(guó)留學(xué)生將要來(lái)你的大學(xué),以學(xué)生會(huì)的名義給他們寫一封email,1.表示你的歡迎2.為他們?cè)谶@里的校園生活提供一些建議請(qǐng)寫100個(gè)字左右,請(qǐng)不要在信的末尾寫你的名字,用筆名代替,不要寫地址。范文親愛(ài)的同學(xué)們,首先請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我代表我校的各位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)老師及同學(xué)們對(duì)你們的到來(lái)表示熱烈的歡迎,歡迎來(lái)到我校學(xué)習(xí)和生活。不同國(guó)家的校園生活有所不同,為了使你們的生活更加舒適,下面我將介紹一些在我校生活的一些建議。首先,在中國(guó)不可以直呼老師的名字,因?yàn)橹袊?guó)是一個(gè)禮儀之邦,中國(guó)人用稱呼表達(dá)對(duì)老師的尊重。其次,希望你們珍惜在中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間,主動(dòng)增加與中國(guó)人交流的機(jī)會(huì),這樣既能提高你們的漢語(yǔ)水平,也能了解中國(guó)的文化。最后,如果你們?cè)谏詈蛯W(xué)習(xí)上遇到困難,及時(shí)與我們溝通。祝你們?cè)谥袊?guó)的留學(xué)生活愉快!學(xué)生會(huì)Dearstudents,Firstofall,allowme,onbehalfoftheleadersofourschoolteachersandstudentsarewarmlywelcometocometoyou,welcometoourschoolandlife.Campuslifeisdifferentindifferentcountries,inordertomakeyourlifemorecomfortable,thefollowingIwilldescribesomeoftheproposalsinmyschoollife.Firstofall,cannotcalltheteacher'snameinChina,becauseChinaisaritualofceremony,Chineseusedtocalltheexpressionofrespectforteachers.Secondly,IhopeyoucherishthetimestudyinginChina,taketheinitiativetoincreaseopportunitiesforinteractionwithChinesepeople,sothatbothcanimproveyourChineselanguagelevel,canunderstandChineseculture.Finally,ifyouencounterdifficultyinlivingandlearning,tocommunicatewithusinatimelymanner.WishesyoutostudyabroadinChinaliveininterestingtimes!StudentUnion作文2：這幅漫畫象征性的描述了一個(gè)倒在地上的瓶子,一些牛奶灑了出來(lái)。在這個(gè)瓶子的旁邊站著兩個(gè)人,一個(gè)垂頭喪氣的說(shuō)"全完了!",而另一個(gè)則說(shuō)"幸好還剩點(diǎn)兒!"。這幅畫所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容既意義深遠(yuǎn)又發(fā)人深省。這幅漫畫的目的是告訴我們?cè)谏睢⒐ぷ骱蛯W(xué)習(xí)中遇到挫折時(shí),不同的人持有不同的態(tài)度。積極樂(lè)觀的人總是能夠發(fā)掘事情好的一面,而消極悲觀的人總是為他失去的東西傷心抱怨。總之,一個(gè)人的態(tài)度能夠決定他的成敗。在我看來(lái),我們應(yīng)該向那個(gè)積極樂(lè)觀的人學(xué)習(xí)。在生活中無(wú)論遇到什么樣的困難,我們都應(yīng)該用積極樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度來(lái)面對(duì)。只有這樣,我們才能取得成功。Thiscartoontokendescribesabottlethatfelltotheground,somemilkspilledout.Thebottlestandsnexttotwopeople,adejectedsaying"isallover!"Whileanothersaid"Fortunatelyhaveleft!"。Thecontentsexpressedinthepaintingisbothmeaningfulandthought-provoking.Thiscartoonisdesignedtotellustolive,workandlearningaredown,you,differentpeopleholddifferentattitudes.Optimisticpeoplecanalwaysdiscoverwhat'sgoodside,andnegativeandpessimisticpeoplealwayslosingthingssadforhimtocomplain.Inshort,aperson'sattitudescanmakeorbreakhim.Inmyopinion,weshouldlearnfromthepositiveandoptimisticman.Nomatterwhatdifficultiesshemetinlife,weshoulduseapositiveandoptimisticattitudetoface.Onlyinthisway,wecanbesuccessful.法碩聯(lián)盟fashuounion是由北京大學(xué)、中國(guó)人民大學(xué)、中國(guó)政法大學(xué)、清華大學(xué)、西南政法大學(xué)等高校在讀法律碩士學(xué)長(zhǎng)創(chuàng)辦的網(wǎng)站。自20XX成立以來(lái),以在讀學(xué)長(zhǎng)多、法碩信息多、vip會(huì)員分?jǐn)?shù)高等優(yōu)勢(shì)享譽(yù)全國(guó),特別是論壇法碩考前押題更是被全國(guó)法碩考生奉為考前必看資料〔2012被媒體報(bào)道。加入付費(fèi)vip會(huì)員=權(quán)威名師課程+在讀學(xué)長(zhǎng)答疑+考前絕密預(yù)測(cè)。20XX論壇直接與中國(guó)最權(quán)威考研類圖書出版社--高等教育出版社合作出版《20XX法律碩士歷年真題及答案詳解》一書,旨在打造最好的法碩真題圖書,該書未出版即本廣大法碩戰(zhàn)友搶先預(yù)定。我們一直用心在做,我們會(huì)竭力做得更好！20XX考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras"abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But---_____someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfilnessLaughterdoes_____short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,____heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto____,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_____benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.____,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe____,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter.muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp____theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof______feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.______oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted_______physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry______theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso_______tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_____muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6．[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance10．[A]physical[B]mentl[C]subconscious[D]internal11．[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at13．[A]unless[B]untilC]if[D]because14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.<40points>Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast."Hooray!Atlast!"wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callshim"anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe"consumed"atatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto"amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization."Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving"topursuemygoalofrunningacompany."Broadcastinghisambitionwas"verymuchmydecision,"McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwi