植物生物技術(shù)理論課件-lecturesafety assessment of gm crops新

LectureSafetyAssessmentofGMCrop(GeneticallyModifiedorTransgenicCrop) 作物的安全性評(píng)價(jià)1BriefLectureTypesofGMcropsconcernedforhumanhealthandenvironmentPossiblerisksfromGMSafetyassessmentoffoodderivedfromGMcropsMonitoringandlabelingproductsfromGMcrops2LearningAfterstudyingthislecture,studentsshouldbeableUnderstandthattherearemanykindsofGMcrops,andwhichofthemshouldbeconcernedforhumanhealthandenvironment.KnowpossiblerisksfromGMGetknowledgeofsafetyassessmentoffoodderivedfromGMcrops.RealizeimportanceformonitoringandlabelingproductsfromGMcrops.3TypesofGMcropsconcernedforhumanhealthandenvironment4TypesofGM(correspondingto“Bigsix”traitsas inthelastlecture)①Insect (e.g.BTcotton,②Herbicidetolerance(e.g.‘RoundupReady’soybean, (e.g.potato,cucumber,tobaccoagainst ,riceagainst lcontent(e.g.canola,soybean⑤Delayedfruitripening(e.g.⑥ImprovedNutrition(e.g.goldenAndso56Ofthem,theMostconcernedGMcropsmaybe6 ‐Btplants,containtoxingenefromBacillusthuringiensisthatkillslarvaeHerbicidetolerance‐Roundup‐ready?plants,containthatmakesplantresistantto除草劑-害蟲(Bt)抗性5.8(9%)0.1除草劑抗性49.7DueDuetohiddenthreatsoftoxinandherbicidesforhumanhealthandWhatarepeople’sIsGMfoodArethereadverseShouldGMfoodbemonitoringandlabeled?問題:你關(guān)心的是什么7Possiblerisksfrom8TheHuman9RisksforhumanConcern:unexpectedBecausegeneticengineeringisaveryimprecisetechnology,theinsertionofforeigngenescanstimulatetheproductionofunexpectedproteins(AlterationinnutritionprofileoftheThesemayprovetoxicorallergenictothosewhoconsumethem.Risksforhumannoconcern:transgenicDNAcanbeAdvocatesofGMcrops:noconcernsaboutsafetybecauseGMcropmaterial(e.g.DNAandprotein)isdegradedduringprocessingintofeedandduring問題:為什么DNA可被降解(secretionsofnucleases,enzymesbreakdownDNA,alongtheRisksforhumanConcern:transgenicDNAcannotbeSincelate2005,threepublishedstudiesbythreedifferentscientificteamsandoneunpublishedstudydetectedtransgenicplantDNAinanimaltissuesandmilk.ItislikelythatpeoplearebeingfrequentlyexposedtoGMDNAbyeatingmilkandmeatfromGM‐fedanimals,albeitatverylowlevelsRisksforenvironmentnoConcern:GMcropswithpest ofGMcropscanreducetheuselevelofpesticides,andforeigntoxinproteincanbedegraded. ofGMcropscanbePlantedwithno‐tillprocedureswhicheliminateplowing(dust),SaveRisksforenvironmentConcern:HerbicideusewillgoIncreaseofHerbicidesusewillresultinsolipollutionandRisksforenvironmentConcern:Genepollution(Horizontalgenetransfer)TransgenicDNAwillbeintroducedintowildpopulationswhentransgenicpolleniscarriedtocompatibleplants.CouldresultinherbicideresistantweedsandBtwildPossiblesolutions:Cloneintochloroplast RisksforenvironmentConcern:ToxicitytounintendedToxicityoftransgenicBtpollenmaybecarriedtonearbyplants(milkweed)andeatenby(monarchbutterfly).Only56%ofyoungmonarchbutterflylarvaeRiskSearsetal.(2001)PNAS98,11937;“impactofBtcornpollenfromcommercialhybridsonmonarchbutterflypopulationsisRisksforenvironmentConcern:GMcropspreadmaynarrow poolandcausealossofWildProgenitorsandLand Perhaps,ThePerhaps,TheconcernsmaycausedUnfamiliaritywith??LackofreliableNegativemediaTheaboveconcernsmaybenecessaryHardlyanythingwhatweeattodayhasbeenassessedforfoodsafety,Evenfoodknowntobetoxicorallergicorcontainantinutrientsarebeingusedbasedonourexperienceandhistory.IsthisfoodsafeSomeknownallergenicfoodWhatissafetyOECD(經(jīng)合組織defineditas“theonewhich,asfarasweknowandwiththeexceptionofsomeindividualwhomaybesensitiveorallergic,whenconsumedinmoderationoveraperiodoftimedoesnotresultinidentifiableharmtotheAbsolutesafetyisdifficulttoOnecanshowtheabsenceofevidenceofanyharmattheWhatissafetyWhatarethemainfoodThe#1safetyissueisbacteriaandPesticideThe#1healthissuesarefat,sugarandSafetyassessmentofFoodDerivedfromGMSafetyAssessmentsofPesticideDrugsusedinfoodproducingHeavyBacterialSubstancesproducedbySafetyAssessmentofFoodsDerivedfromGMCropsComparativeassessmentwiththetraditionallybredparentcrop(CK)AgronomicalandmorphologicalChemicalMacroandKeytoxinsandanti-ArethereanysignificantDotheyposeahazardtohumanInvitroInvivoanimalTestMethodstoAssesstheSafetyofFoodsDerivedfromGMCropsHazardParent

Gene

GM

DonorVectorDonor

ProteinsToxic

parent +Exposure Step1—AssessmentofParent(親本作物: 的受體,用于GM作物的對(duì)照Parent

GMOrigin,genotype,morphologicalandOrigin,genotype,morphologicalandOtherrelatedtraditionalandwildvarietiesandGeographicalHistoryofsafeparentAllergeniccompoundsBioactivecompoundsStep2—AssessmentofDonorOrganismandGeneTransformationmethodParentDonorHistoryofsafeFunctionofgeneswhichwillbeusedinthe

DonorVectorDonor

VectorDNA&donorVectorDNA,componentsandtheirfunctioninthesourceorganismAvectormapwithrestrictionNucleotidesequenceofdonorThemethodofgeneGundeliveryandso提供待 Step3—AssessmentofGenebinantaaModeofactionAre binantproteins

GeneGMGMparentToxicStep4—AssessmentofGM這一步是最重要的,重點(diǎn)檢測(cè)GM PhenotypicandagronomicC –Alterations:metaboliceffectsdueC the Endogenoustoxins,Anti-Allergeniccompounds,

GMparentArethereanysignificantchangescomparedwithparentDotheyposeahazardtohumanStep5—Exposure(Invivoanimal通過動(dòng)物毒理試驗(yàn)來估計(jì)GM作物對(duì)人類健Parent

Gene

GM

Donorvector

Toxic

parentExposureAssessment(Invivoanimalassays):Feedingstudiesinrats,catfish,dairyArethereanysignificantchangesofgrowthanddevelopmentofDotheyposeahazardtoanimal

+ExposurebinantproteinsinGMbinantproteinsinGMcrop:0.01-0.1%oftotalcontent(Betzetal,Estimateddailyintake(EDI)forhumans:0.017-0.07mg/kg/day(K?nigetal,2004)NOAEL(NoObservedAdverseEffectLevel)withacutetests:100mg/kg/day(Chassyetal,Evenifpeopleconsumed~1,400XthatofthetherewouldnotbeasafetyMonitoringandLabelingfromGMHmmm..Hmmm..Shouldn’tthosethingsbe中國(guó) 作物的管頒布《農(nóng)業(yè) 物安全管理?xiàng)l例》（第 農(nóng)業(yè)部2002年1月發(fā)布《農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn) 廢止 第一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)：中間標(biāo)識(shí)GM食TruthfullabelscanbemisleadingorTherearenoGM