考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東體育學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東體育學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thekeytothisnewmaterialdevelopmentisresearchers'increasingabilityto（

）substancesatthemolecularlevel.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.formulate

B.manipulate

C.regulate

D.stimulate

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:這種新材料開發(fā)的關(guān)鍵在于研究人員需要提升如何在分子水平上合成物質(zhì)的能力。

formulate:規(guī)劃，制定，用公式表示。manipulate:控制，操縱,影響。regulate:約束，管理，控制。stimulate：使興奮，促進(jìn)，激勵(lì)。因此A項(xiàng)符合句意,在句子中語(yǔ)義為“合成”。

2.單選題

Nobodyknowswhattriggeredtheevent,which______amillioncubicmetersofwaterpersecond,obliteratingthebarrierbetweenBritainandFrance.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.released

B.relieved

C.restored

D.retained

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。release“釋放；排放”；relieve“解除；減輕”；restore“恢復(fù)，還原”；retain“保持”。句意：沒有人知道是什么引發(fā)了這場(chǎng)洪災(zāi)，每秒鐘排放100萬(wàn)立方米的水，淹沒了英國(guó)和法國(guó)之間的屏障。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

DoyoufindyourselfcheckingFacebookassoonasyouwakeupinthemorning?Evenasyoureadthisarticle,isyourrightindexfingertwitchingonthemouse,justitchingtoclickonsomethingnew?Ifso,welcometothe21stcentury.Withoutevenrealizingit,we’vesignedupforalifeinwhichwe’reallconnected,allthetime.WhetherornotthisisagoodthingisthesubjectofHamlet’sBlackberry,anewbookbyWilliamPowers.

Earlyinthebook,Powersdescribesascenethatshouldstrikemanyasfamiliar:HeisstandingatacrosswalkinthemiddleofManhattan,alongsidefiveoreightotherpeople—allofwhomarestaringintentlyatsomedigitaldevice.“HereIwasinNewYork,themostfantasticcityintheworld—somuchtolookat,toseeandhear,andeverybodyaroundmeessentiallywasn’tpresent,”hesays.

Powersmayquestionthewayweuseourgadgets,buthecertainlydoesn’tcondemnit.Hedoes,however,recognizethedownsideofconstantlybeingfloodedwithnewinformationorwhathecallsthe“conundrumofconnectedness.”

Amongthethingsthatsufferfromouroverconnectedness,Powerssays,arerelationships.“Ifwe’reconstantlytogglingbetweenpeopleonFacebookandtextsandallthesenewwaysofconnectingalldaylong,andweneverhaveasustainedconnection,”Powerssays.“It’ssortoftheoppositeofconnectedness.”

Buthowareweofthe21stcenturysupposedtocopewiththatproblem?Powershasonesuggestionthat’sbothutterlysimpleandalmostimpossibletoimaginefollowing:justdisconnect.Hisfamily,forexample,takesan“InternetSabbath”everyweekend.“Weturnoffthehouseholdmodem,andwedon’thavesmartphonesthewholeweekend.Wecan’tdoWebsurfing.”heexplains.

AccordingtoPowers,thepositiveeffectsofthesetechnologybreaksarefeltlongaftertheweekendsareover.“Evenwhenwe’reconnected,wecanfeelthebenefitsofhavingbeendisconnectedacoupledaysago,”hesays.“It’sjustaboutthatsimpleword,‘balance’”.

Notthathethinksuppluggingyourmodemisnecessarilyeasy.“It’sreallyhardtopullaway.Youhavetoknowwhyyou’redoingit,andreallybelieve”hesays.“WhatI’mabouthereistryingtoconvincepeoplethatit’sworthdoing.”

1.WhatWilliamPowersdescribesinParagraph2（）.

2.Theword“downside”(Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto“（）”.

3.“InternetSabbath”meansthatonthisdaytheauthor’sfamily（）.

4.Theauthorthinksthatthe“InternetSabbath”（）.

5.Thepassageismostlikelya（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.makeslittledifferencetoourlife

B.isacommonphenomenon

C.rarelyhappensinotherplaces

D.iswhathehasbeenlookingfor

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.confusion

B.disadvantage

C.challenge

D.secret

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.usestheInternettocallandtext

B.usestheInternetonlyforpleasure

C.completelystopsusingtheInternet

D.cannotworkwithouttheInternet

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.isreallyworthtaking

B.issuitableformostfamily

C.istoohardforotherstofollow

D.isrelativelyeasytocarryout

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.socialsurvey

B.newsreport

C.technologyupdate

D.bookreview

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。文章第二段主要描述了WilliamPowers在紐約所見到的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景。由語(yǔ)段第一句“Powersdescribesascenethatshouldstrikemanyasfamiliar…（鮑爾斯描述了一個(gè)很多人都很熟悉的場(chǎng)景……）”可知該現(xiàn)象在日常生活中很常見，A選項(xiàng)在該語(yǔ)段中沒有提到，C選項(xiàng)“在其他地方很少發(fā)生”與第一句“strikemanyasfamiliar（很多人都很熟悉的場(chǎng)景）”不相符，D選項(xiàng)“是他一直在尋找的”與該語(yǔ)段的意思不相符，因此B選項(xiàng)“是一種常見現(xiàn)象”正確。

2.詞意猜測(cè)題。Downside“負(fù)面，缺點(diǎn)”，如果不認(rèn)識(shí)該單詞，也可從第三段最后一句話中的“conundrumofconnectedness.（連結(jié)性難題）”推斷出鮑爾斯意識(shí)到了不斷被新信息淹沒的負(fù)面影響。A選項(xiàng)confusion“混淆，困惑”；C選項(xiàng)challenge“挑戰(zhàn)，考驗(yàn)”；D選項(xiàng)secret“秘密，機(jī)密”，因此B選項(xiàng)“缺點(diǎn)，不利條件”正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Weturnoffthehouseholdmodem,andwedon’thavesmartphonesthewholeweekend.Wecan’tdoWebsurfing.”heexplains.（“我們關(guān)掉家用調(diào)制解調(diào)器，整個(gè)周末都沒有智能手機(jī)。我們不能上網(wǎng)。”他解釋道。）可知“InternetSabbath”表示作者全家這天都不能上網(wǎng)，A選項(xiàng)“使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)打電話和發(fā)短信”不正確；B選項(xiàng)“上網(wǎng)娛樂(lè)”不符合原文；D選項(xiàng)“沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)而不能工作”原文也沒有提到，因此C選項(xiàng)“完全停止使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”正確。

4.推理判斷題。文章最后一段有提到“Notthathethinksuppluggingyourmodemisnecessarilyeasy（并不是說(shuō)他認(rèn)為關(guān)閉調(diào)制解調(diào)器一定很容易）”，可知“InternetSabbath”并不容易；最后一段作者還說(shuō)到“WhatI’mabouthereistryingtoconvincepeoplethatit’sworthdoing.（我在這里的目的是試圖說(shuō)服人們，這是值得做的）”。B選項(xiàng)“適合大多數(shù)家庭”原文沒有提到；C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)其他人來(lái)說(shuō)很難跟著做”不符合原文意思；D選項(xiàng)“相對(duì)容易執(zhí)行”與原文意思相悖；因此A選項(xiàng)“真的值得一試”正確。

5.主旨大意題。文章圍繞威廉?鮑爾斯（WilliamPowers）的新書《哈姆雷特的黑莓》（Hamlet’sBlackberry）展開。作者從第二段“Earlyinthebook”開始就是描述的該書的內(nèi)容。因此這篇文章是一篇書評(píng)。A選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)調(diào)查”；B選項(xiàng)“新聞報(bào)道”；C選項(xiàng)“技術(shù)更新”，都不符合文章大意，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon,gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface,avisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyon,farfrombeingsuddenandcataclysmic,simplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion.

ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained10,000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14-layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears.

Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure;geologistsrefertothisbulgingactionasupwarping;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateau,aprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyrose,shallowriversthatmeanderedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai,flowingwestoftheupwarp,extendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarp;iteventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-miIe-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago.

Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcold,rainandsnow,alongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocks,increasetheopportunitiesforerosion.Thecanyonwallscrumble;theriveracquiresacuttingtool,tonsofdebris,rainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarvesidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateau,thesidecanyonsexposenewrocks,andthepatternoferosioncontinues.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Inthefirstsentence,theauthorreferstotheGrandCanyonasa“wound”toindicatethat（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstphenomenontocontributetotheformationoftheGrandCanyonwas（）.

4.Whatwasthegeographicpositionoftheupwarpapproximately65millionyearsago?

5.WhichofthefollowingconclusionsabouttheGrandCanyoncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Patternsoferosionindifferentmountainranges.

B.ForcesthatmadetheGrandCanyon.

C.TheincreasingpollutionoftheColoradoRiver.

D.ThesuddenappearanceoftheGrandCanyon.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.itwascausedbysomeancientconvulsion

B.itspresenceisanembarrassmenttothestateofColorado

C.itlookslikeaninjuryontheEarth'ssurface

D.ithascausedmanyvisitorstoinjurethemselves.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.aseriesofvolcaniceruptions

B.thecollapseofrockformationsintheColoradoPlateau

C.asuccessionoffloodsfromtheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

D.theEarth’sinternalpressureliftingtheColoradoPlateauregion

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.TotheeastofwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver’

B.TothewestoftheHualapaiRiver

C.AtthesourceoftheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

D.BetweentheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itscontoursareconstantlychanging

B.Thecuttingactionscarvenewstreamsalongitssides

C.Itseruptionshaveincreasedinrecentyears

D.Itisbeingerodedbytoxicwasteandpollutants

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。首段提出大峽谷的形成是一個(gè)緩慢而有序的侵蝕過(guò)程，中間兩段則是對(duì)大峽谷的形成原因和過(guò)程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析，最后一段指出大峽谷的形成原因還包括其他一些外力因素。因此B項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致大峽谷產(chǎn)生的各種力量”符合文章主旨。

第2題:判斷推理題。對(duì)于“wound”的理解可參考:thisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface(地球表面上的這道巨大的傷痕)。因此這里使用了比喻的修辭手法。C項(xiàng)“它（即大峽谷）看起來(lái)像地球表面上的一個(gè)傷口”正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure(大約6500萬(wàn)年前，大峽谷地區(qū)的高原平面由于內(nèi)部壓力而向上隆起)。因此D項(xiàng)“地球的內(nèi)部壓力抬起了科羅拉多高原地區(qū)”正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai.flowingwestoftheupwarp(位于該上翹東邊的這些河中的一條是科羅拉多河的前身。另一條被稱為華拉派河的河流在該上翹的西邊……)。由此可知，大約6500萬(wàn)年前，上翹的地理位置在華拉派河和如今的科羅拉多河之間。

第5題:判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative(從那以后，大峽谷的形成一直是累積的)，因此，A項(xiàng)“它的輪廓是不斷變化的”正確。

5.單選題

Somesocialcriticstookadimviewoftheindustrialismofthenineteenthcentury,believingthatit（）aharsh,crudelife-style.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.eradicated

B.facilitated

C.released

D.imagined

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。eradicate“根除，消滅”；facilitate“促進(jìn)，助長(zhǎng)”；release“釋放，發(fā)行”；imagine“想象，猜想”。句意：一些社會(huì)批判家對(duì)19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)化持悲觀態(tài)度，認(rèn)為它助長(zhǎng)了一種嚴(yán)酷粗糙的生活方式。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

6.單選題

Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeit（

）whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.compacted

B.dispersed

C.delayed

D.restricted

【答案】D

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。compacted“壓縮；壓緊”；dispersed“分散；傳播”；delayed“延遲”；restricted“限制”。句意：我們都有自由選擇權(quán)，不喜歡在社會(huì)的法律和道德界限內(nèi)看到自由被限制。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.單選題

Thecarpetlooksbeautifulbutcannot（）thewearandtearofcontinualuse.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.standupfor

B.standupto

C.standwellwith

D.standupwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)standupfor“支持，堅(jiān)持”；B選項(xiàng)standupto“經(jīng)得起，抵抗，勇敢地面對(duì)”；C選項(xiàng)standwellwith“得……寵信；得某人好感，好評(píng)”；D選項(xiàng)standupwith“給……當(dāng)儐相，陪伴”。句意：地毯看起來(lái)很漂亮，但（）不斷使用的磨損。這個(gè)句子要表達(dá)的意思是“但是經(jīng)不起不斷使用的磨損”，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese

ThereisonelastquestionImustdealwithinthischapter.Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral?Anotherwayofputtingtheproblemisasfollows:Isthereanyclearfoundationorbasisformorality—cananyreasonsbefoundforhumanbeingstobegoodanddorightactsratherthanbebadanddowrongacts?

Alloftheargumentsputfortharecompellingandvalidtosomeextent,providedthatfreequestioningofthemoralprescriptionsthattheyhaveestablishedorthattheysupportisallowedandencouraged.Ihavealreadypointedoutsomeofthedifficultiesassociatedwithestablishingareligiousbasisformorality,butproblemsexistwiththeothertwoargumentsaswell.（1）

Theself-interestargumentcanbeaproblemwhenotherinterestsconflictwithit:oftenitisdifficulttoconvincesomeonewhoseesobviousbenefitsinactingimmorallyinaparticularsituationthatitisinhisorherself-interesttodootherwise.Moralityestablishedbytraditionandlawisproblematicbecauseitisdifficultbothtochangeandtoquestionsuccessfully.Thislackofquestioningsometimesencouragesblindobediencetheimmoralpractices.Itencouragesthebeliefthatbecausesomethinghasbeendoneacertainwayforhundredsofyears,itmustberight.

（2）Arethereanyotherreasonswecangiveastowhyhumanbeingsshouldbemoral?Ifweexaminehumannatureasempiricallyandrationallyaswecan,wediscoverthatallhumanbeingshavemanyneeds,desires,goals,andobjectivesincommon.Forexample,peoplegenerallyseemtoneedfriendship,love,happiness,freedom,peace,creativity,andstabilityintheirlives,notonlyforthemselvesbutforothers,too.（3）

Itdoesn’ttakemuchfurtherexaminationtodiscoverthatinordertosatisfytheseneeds,peoplemustestablishandfollowmoralprinciplesthatencouragethemtocooperatewithoneanotherandthatfreethemfromfearthattheywilllosetheirlives,bemutilated,orbestolenfrom,liedto,cheated,severelyrestricted,orimprisoned.

Itismycontention,then,thatmoralityhascomeaboutbecauseofhumanneedsandthrougharecognitionoftheimportanceoflivingtogetherinaco-operativeandsignificantway.Iamnottryingtosuggestthatallhumanbeingscanbeconvincedthattheyshouldbemoral,oreventhatitwillalwaysbeineachindividual’sself-interesttobemoral.Idobelieve,however,thatthequestion“Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral”generallycanbestbeansweredbythestatementthatadheringtomoralprinciplesenableshumanbeingstolivetheirlivesaspeacefully,happily,creatively,andmeaningfullyasispossible.

Also,asImentionedwhendiscussinglawandmorality,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseintheteachingofethicsinlawschools.Thesametypesofcourseshavebeenestablishedatmedicalschools,andtherehasbeenanincreaseinbioethicsandotherethicscommitteesinhospitalsandvariousbusinesses.Forexample,JamesO’Toolehasbeenconductingvalues-basedleadershipseminarsforCEOsandothermanagersinbusiness.Onemightask.“Doesthismeanthatwearebecomingmoreethical,orthatwewillbe,astheseethicsbegintofilterdowntothegeneralpopulace?”Certainlyitisadmirablethatsomanyevenpoliticians—areinterestedinvaluesandinimprovingtheethicallevelinAmerica.Mymajorconcerniswithhowsuperficialallofthisis,especiallyasitcomesfrompoliticianstryingtogetelected.Idon’tdoubtthatsomeofthesepoliticiansaresincere,butsome-timesIwonderwhosevaluestheywishtoimpose,andalsoIwonderhowmuchtraininganyofthesepeoplehavehadinethics.

（4）Yetregardlessofhowpopular,superficiallyornot,ethicsmaybecome,itcertainlyshouldbethemostimportantaspectofyourlife.Afterall,whatcouldbemoreimportantthanlearninghowtolivemoreethicallyandimprovingthequalityofyourlifeandthelivesofothersaroundyou?AsAlbertEinsteinsaid,“Themostimportanthumanendeavoristhestrivingformoralityinouractions.Ourinnerbalanceandevenourveryexistencedependonit.Onlymoralityinouractionscangivebeautyanddignitytolife.”

（5）Moralitydealsbasicallywithhumansandhowtheyrelatetootherbeings,bothhumanandnonhuman.Itdealswithhowhumanstreatotherbeingssoastopromotemutualwelfare,growth,creativity,andmeaningandtostriveforwhatisgoodoverwhatisbadandwhatisrightoverwhatiswrong.

【答案】1.當(dāng)與他人利益發(fā)生沖突時(shí)，利己主義的觀點(diǎn)就會(huì)成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題：在某特定情形下，若不按道德行事，某人會(huì)明顯受益，因此，往往很難說(shuō)服此人遵守道德規(guī)范對(duì)他或她有益。

2.至于人類為何需要遵守道德規(guī)范，我們還能給出其他的理由嗎？如果我們能夠盡可能地憑借經(jīng)驗(yàn)或理性審視人性，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)所有人類都有很多相似的需求、欲望、目標(biāo)和目的。

3.不需要進(jìn)一步調(diào)查就能發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類為了滿足這些需求，必須樹立和遵循道德規(guī)范。這會(huì)鼓勵(lì)他們與他人進(jìn)行合作，幫助他們擺脫可能會(huì)喪命、致殘，或者遭他人偷竊、撒謊、欺騙、嚴(yán)重地受限制或囚禁等帶來(lái)的恐懼。

4.然而無(wú)論倫理是否受歡迎或者膚淺，它可能成為，也一定應(yīng)是你的生活中最重要的一面。畢竟，學(xué)習(xí)如何更符合倫理道德地生活，以及改善你的以及身邊人的生活質(zhì)量，難道還有比這更重要的事嗎？

5.道德主要是關(guān)于人，以及他們與其他人或人類以外其他事物之間的關(guān)系。它涉及人類如何對(duì)待其他人或物，從而促進(jìn)共同的福利、發(fā)展、創(chuàng)造力和意義，以及為了好戰(zhàn)勝壞和正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡而努力。

9.單選題

Thecommunityhealthnurseoftennotesthedevastatingeffectsonfamilymembersasthepatient’schronicillnesstakesitscourse.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.developsgradually

B.deterioratessuddenly

C.recoversultimately

D.recursfrequently

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.developsgradually逐漸發(fā)展B.deterioratesuddenly突然惡化

C.recoversultimately最終恢復(fù)D.recursfrequently頻繁發(fā)作

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】詞組辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意：社區(qū)衛(wèi)生護(hù)士經(jīng)常注意到，家庭成員會(huì)受到毀滅性的影響，當(dāng)病人的慢性疾病……應(yīng)該是慢性疾病的慢慢發(fā)展會(huì)給家庭帶來(lái)毀滅性影響。劃線詞組takesitscourse“順其自然”，也就是病程。因此選Adevelopsgradually“逐漸發(fā)展”與劃線詞詞義相似。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)deterioratesuddenly突然惡化，不符合劃線詞詞義；

C選項(xiàng)recoversultimately最終恢復(fù)，不符合劃線詞詞義；

D選項(xiàng)recursfrequently頻繁發(fā)作，不符合劃線詞詞義。

【句意】社區(qū)保健護(hù)士經(jīng)常注意到病人的慢性疾病的病程對(duì)家庭成員的破壞性影響。

10.單選題

Thebanknoteswhichhadfooledmanybanktellerswerediscoveredtobe（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.artificial

B.defective

C.counterfeit

D.faulty

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。artificial意為“人工的，人造的”；defective意為“有缺點(diǎn)的”；counterfeit意為“偽造的，仿造的”；faulty意為“不完美的，有錯(cuò)誤的”。

句意：欺騙了許多銀行出納員的鈔票被發(fā)現(xiàn)是假幣。

11.翻譯題

Politiciansandthepublicarequicktoblamecollegefacultymembersforthedeclineinlearning,butprofessors—likeallteachers—areworkinginacontextthathasbeencreatedlargelybyothers:

Fewpeopleoutsideofhighereducationunderstandhowlittlecontrolprofessorsactuallyhaveoverwhatstudentscanlearn.

Herearesomereasons:

Lackofstudentpreparation.Increasingly,undergraduatesarenotpreparedadequatelyinanyacademicareabutoftenarrivewithstrongconvictionsabouttheirabilities.Socollegeprofessorsroutinelyencounterstudentswhohaveneverwrittenanythingmorethanshortanswersonexams,whodonotreadmuchatall，wholackfoundationalskillsinmathandscience，yetarecompletelyconvincedoftheirabilitiesandresistanycriticismoftheirwork，tothepointofangerandtears:“ButIearnednothingbutA’sinhighschool,”and“Yourdemandsareunreasonable.”Suchacombinationmakessomestudentsnearlyunteachable.

Gradeinflation.Ithasbecomedifficulttogivestudentshonestfeedback.Theslightestcriticismshavetobecushionedbyawarmblanketofpraiseandencouragementtoavoidprovokingoppositionaldefianceorcompletebreakdowns.

Asaresult,studentprogressisslowed,sharply.Rubric-drivenapproachesgivetheappearanceofobjectivitybutmakegradingseemlikeamatterofchecklists,which,ifcompleted,mustensureanA.Increasingly，time-pressuredcollegeteachersaskthemselves，“Whatgradewillensurenocomplaintfromthestudent，orworse，abattleoverwhethertheinstructionsforanassignmentwereclearenough?”So，thenumberofA-rangegradeskeepsgoingup,andthemotivationforstudentstoexcelkeepsgoingdown.

Studentretention.Asthecollege-agepopulationdeclines,manytuition-driveninstitutionsstruggletofindenoughpayingcustomerstobalancetheirbudgets.Thatmakesitnecessarytorecruitevenmoreunpreparedstudents，whothenmustberetained，shiftingtheburdenforacademicsuccessawayfromthestudentandontotheteacher.

Facultymemberscanworkwithanindividualstudent，iftheyhavetime，butthecapabilitiesofthestudentpopulationasawholedefinetheaveragelevelofrigorthatissustainableintheclassroom.Atsomeinstitutions,graduationratesaresohighbecausetheacademicexpectationsaresolow.Failingalotofstudentsisaseriousrisk,financially,forthecollegeandtheprofessor.

【答案】因此，大學(xué)教授遇到的學(xué)生往往是這樣的：除了會(huì)在試卷上寫簡(jiǎn)要答案之外，從不動(dòng)筆寫任何東西，不怎么讀書，缺乏基本的數(shù)理技能，卻對(duì)自己的能力信心滿滿，還拒絕接受任何針對(duì)其作業(yè)的批評(píng)，甚至到了大哭大鬧的地步。

稍加批評(píng)，就得施以各種贊美鼓勵(lì)來(lái)緩和，以防引發(fā)對(duì)立情緒，或者情緒完全崩潰。

由于時(shí)間壓力，越來(lái)越多的大學(xué)老師自問(wèn)：“給學(xué)生什么樣的成績(jī)才能保證他們不抱怨，更糟糕的是，才不會(huì)因?yàn)樽鳂I(yè)要求是否清晰而引發(fā)紛爭(zhēng)?”

因此，就不得不招進(jìn)更多不合要求的學(xué)生，還不得不留下他們，從而將爭(zhēng)取學(xué)業(yè)成功的負(fù)擔(dān)從學(xué)生身上轉(zhuǎn)嫁到老師身上。

如果有時(shí)間，教師可以進(jìn)行單獨(dú)輔導(dǎo)。但是學(xué)生的整體能力決定了在課堂上能夠嚴(yán)格要求他們的程度。

12.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruegladiators.We’repushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATprepcoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.Wesayourmotivesareselflessandsensible.AdegreefromStanfordorPrincetonistheticketforlife.IfAaronandNicoledon’tgetin,they’reforeverdoomed.Gosh,we’redelusional.

I’vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.It’sone-upmanshipamongparents.Weseeourkids’collegepedigreesastrophiesattestingtohowwell-orhowpoorly-we’veraisedthem.Butwecan’tacknowledgethatourobsessionismoreaboutusthanthem.Sowe’vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn’tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.

Admissionsanxietyafflictsonlyaminorityofparents.It’struethatgettingintocollegehasgenerallybecometougherbecausethenumberofhighschoolgraduateshasgrown.From1994to2006,theincreaseis2.8percent.Still,64percentoffreshmenattendschoolswhereacceptanceratesexceed70percent,andtheapplicationsurgeateliteschoolsdwarfspopulationgrowth.

Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon’tbeenoughtrophiestogoaround.Fearfulparentsprodtheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.“Theepicentersofparentalanxietyusedtobeonthecoasts:Boston,NewYork,Washington,LosAngeles,saysTomParker,Amherst’sadmissionsdean.“Butit’sradiatedthroughoutthecountry.”

Underlyingthehysteriaisthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthat’splausible-andmostlywrong.“Wehaven’tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters,”saysErnestT.PascarellaoftheUniversityofIowa,co-authorofHowCollegeAffectsStudents,an827evaluationofhundredsofstudiesofthecollegeexperience.Selectiveschoolsdon’tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanless-selectiveschools,accordingtoastudybyPascarellaandGeorgeKuhofIndianaUniversity.Somedo;somedon’t.Ontwomeasures-professors’feedbackandthenumberofessayexams-selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.

Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates’lifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2percentto4percentforevery100-pointincreaseinaschool’saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke.Awell-knownstudybyPrincetoneconomistAlanKruegerandStacyBergDaleofMathematicaPolicyResearchexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwentelsewhere.Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.

Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.GettingintoYalemaysignifyintelligence,talentandambition.Butit’snottheonlyindicatorand,paradoxically,itssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.Gettingintocollegeisn’tlife’sonlycompetition.Inthenextcompetition—thejobmarket,graduateschool—theresultsmaychange.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.KruegerstudiedadmissionstoonelopPh.D.program.HighscoresontheGraduateRecordExamhelpedexplainwhogotin;IvyLeaguedegreesdidn’t.

So,parents,lightenup.Thestakeshavebeenvastlyexaggerated.Uptoapoint,wecanrationalizeourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.Buttoomuchpushinesscanbedestructive.TheveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.Onestudyofstudents20yearsoutfoundthat,otherthingsbeingequal,graduatesofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperiencedmorejobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedtobeingontopthatanythinglessdisappoints.

Whatfiresparents’fanaticismistheirself-servingdesiretoannouncetheirownsuccess?ManySuccumb;Ididn’tlocatedmyidealschoolformydaughter.Shegotinandwentelsewhere.Takethat,Dad.Ilocatedtheidealschoolformyson.Heck,hewouldn’tevenvisittheplace.Pow,Dad.Theybothlovetheirschoolsandseemamplystimulated.FoolishDad.

6.Theword“gladiators”inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans（）

7.Theauthor’sattitudetotheparents’claim“ourmotivesareselflessandsensible”isoneof（）

8.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthat（）

9.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutselectiveschoolsisTRUE?

10.Theauthorsuggeststhatparentsnotimposetheirambitionontheirchildrenbecause（）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.colossus

B.commanders.

C.warriors.

D.gluttons.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.antipathy.

B.apathy.

C.ambivalence.

D.dissent.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Americanyouthhavefewerchoicesbuttogotoeliteschools.

B.thecompetitionforeliteschoolsisfiercerintheUnitedStates.

C.theparentsshouldnotputtoomuchpressureontheirchildren.

D.thechildren’sfuturewillbebleakwithoutgoingtoeliteschools.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Selectiveschoolsofferbetterinstructionalapproachestotheirstudents.

B.Therearemoreassayexamsinselectiveschoolsthanotherschools.

C.Theirnewteachingmethodssecuretheirgraduates’highsalaries.

D.Theydon’toutperformotherschoolsintermsofprofessors’feedback.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.toomuchpressuremightleadtounsatisfactoryresults.

B.theirownambitionshouldn’tberealizedbytheirchildren.

C.theirchildrenmightpracticejob-hoppingfrequently.

D.theirchildrenmightnotsharesimilarinterestswiththem.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】6.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。由題干可以定位到原文第一段第一句Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruegladiators.（在大學(xué)入學(xué)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，我們父母是真正的角斗士）。C選項(xiàng)“戰(zhàn)士”與“角斗士”的意思相近，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“巨人”，不符合文章內(nèi)容。B選項(xiàng)“指揮官”，不符合文章內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng)D“貪吃的人”不符合詞義，可排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由題干可以定位到原文第一段倒數(shù)第三句Wesayourmotivesareselflessandsensible.（我們說(shuō)我們的動(dòng)機(jī)是無(wú)私和理智的。）D選項(xiàng)“不同意的”正確，根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可推測(cè)，父母宣稱是無(wú)私的和明智的是虛假的，因此作者不同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。A選項(xiàng)“反感的”，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“冷漠的”，作者態(tài)度并不是冷漠的，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“矛盾”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。由題干可以定位到原文第四段（我們有一種全面的威望恐慌；我們擔(dān)心沒有足夠的獎(jiǎng)杯?？謶值母改复叽偎麄兊暮⒆由暾?qǐng)比以往更多的學(xué)校。阿默斯特學(xué)院招生主任湯姆?帕克（TomParker）說(shuō)，過(guò)去，父母焦慮的中心集中在沿海地區(qū)：波士頓、紐約、華盛頓和洛杉磯）。選項(xiàng)C“父母不應(yīng)該給孩子太多的壓力”，文中所說(shuō)父母催促孩子申請(qǐng)比以往更多的學(xué)校，因此可推測(cè)，父母給孩子的壓力過(guò)大，C選項(xiàng)正確。選項(xiàng)A“美國(guó)年輕人的選擇很少，只能去精英學(xué)?！保环衔恼聝?nèi)容，可排除。選項(xiàng)B“在美國(guó)，精英學(xué)校的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更加激烈”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除，選項(xiàng)D“如果不上精英學(xué)校，孩子們的未來(lái)將是暗淡的”，沒有必然的關(guān)系。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到原文第六段中最后一句Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.（他們掙的錢和那些地位較高的學(xué)校的畢業(yè)生一樣多）。D選項(xiàng)“在教授反饋方面，他們的表現(xiàn)并不優(yōu)于其他學(xué)?！?，由掙錢這一點(diǎn)反映，他們的表現(xiàn)并不優(yōu)于其他學(xué)校，D選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“重點(diǎn)學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供更好的教學(xué)方法?！蔽恼碌谖宥翁岬健懊２⒉槐确敲Ｏ到y(tǒng)地采用更好的教學(xué)方法”，因此A選項(xiàng)可排除。B選項(xiàng)“重點(diǎn)學(xué)校的考試比其他學(xué)校多。”第五段最后一句提到“教授的反饋和論文考試的數(shù)量——重點(diǎn)學(xué)校的表現(xiàn)略差”，B選項(xiàng)可排除。C選項(xiàng)“他們的新教學(xué)方法確保了畢業(yè)生的高薪”，文中第六段提到“他們掙的錢和那些地位較高的學(xué)校的畢業(yè)生一樣多”，因此C選項(xiàng)可排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】作者意圖題。由題干可以定位到原文倒數(shù)第二段TheveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.（我們強(qiáng)加給孩子們的雄心壯志可能會(huì)讓一些孩子進(jìn)入哈佛，但也可能會(huì)讓他們失望）。由此可知選項(xiàng)A“太多的壓力可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不滿意的結(jié)果”，符合文章內(nèi)容，A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)“他們自己的抱負(fù)不應(yīng)該由他們的孩子來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)”，文章沒有提到父母的抱負(fù)讓孩子實(shí)現(xiàn)，B選項(xiàng)可排除。C選項(xiàng)“他們的孩子可能經(jīng)常跳槽”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“他們的孩子可能和他們沒有共同的興趣愛好”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Somecompanieshaveintroducedflexibleworkingtimewithlessemphasisonpressure（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thanmoreonefficiency

B.andmoreefficiency

C.andmoreonefficiency

D.thanefficiency

【答案】C

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法。題目中emphasis和efficiency處于構(gòu)成并列的關(guān)系。句意：一些公司采用了彈性工作時(shí)間，更少地強(qiáng)調(diào)壓力，更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)效率。實(shí)際上為“moreemphasisonefficiency”，選項(xiàng)C運(yùn)用了省略的結(jié)構(gòu)，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

14.單選題

（

）the