考研考博-英語-南華大學船山學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-南華大學船山學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Therearsectionofthebraindoesnotcontractwithage,andonecancontinuelivingwithoutintellectualoremotionalfaculties.

問題1選項

A.advanced

B.growing

C.front

D.back

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。rear在句中是后面的，后方的；A選項advanced“高級的，先進的”；B選項growing“成長的”；C選項front“前面的”；D選項back“后面的”。句意：大腦后部不會隨著年齡的增長而收縮，一個人可以在沒有智力或情感能力的情況下繼續(xù)生活。因此只有D符合。

2.單選題

Chinawilllowerthe（）forforeignerstocometothecountryandstreamlineproceduresforthemtoinvestandstartbusinessesinChina.

問題1選項

A.measure

B.threshold

C.permit

D.statute

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項measure表示“測量，措施，程度”，B選項threshold表示“入口，門檻，開始”，C選項permit表示“許可證，執(zhí)照”，D選項statute表示“法規(guī)，法令，條例”。由后文的關鍵信息“streamlineproceduresforthemtoinvestandstartbusinessesinChina”可知，中國會簡化外國人在中國投資和創(chuàng)業(yè)的程序，說明中國將會降低外國人來中國的門檻。由此可知，本題正確答案為B選項。

3.單選題

Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauction-roomtomakeoffers,or“bids”,forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoods,forthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum.

TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinaudio,meaning“increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalledsubhasta,meaning“underthespear”,aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,goodswereoftensold“bythecandle”:ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.

Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaandsimilarworksofart.Theauction-roomsatChristie’sandSotheby’sinLondonandNewYorkareworld-famous.

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleda“l(fā)ot”,isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.

1.Whyistheendofthebiddingcalled“knockingdown”?

2.TheRomansusedtosellbyauction（）.

3.Acandleusedtoburnatauctionsales（）.

4.Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe“l(fā)ots”outoftheorderbecause（）.

問題1選項

A.Becausetheauctioneerknocksthebuyerdown.

B.Becausetheauctioneerknockstherostrumdown.

C.Becausethegoodsareknockeddownontothetable.

D.Becausetheauctioneerbangsthetablewithahammer.

問題2選項

A.spoiltgoods

B.oldworn-outweapons

C.propertytakenfromtheenemy

D.spears

問題3選項

A.becausetheytookplaceatnight

B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather

C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm

D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade

問題4選項

A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers

B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems

C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting

D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.【選項釋義】

1.Whyistheendofthebiddingcalled“knockingdown”?1.為什么拍賣結束被稱為“knockingdown”？

A.Becausetheauctioneerknocksthebuyerdown.A.因為拍賣師會把買家擊倒。

B.Becausetheauctioneerknockstherostrumdown.B.因為拍賣人會把桌子砸倒。

C.Becausethegoodsareknockeddownontothetable.C.因為貨物被撞到桌子上了。

D.Becausetheauctioneerbangsthetablewithahammer.D.因為拍賣人用錘子敲桌子。

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據關鍵詞knockingdown定位至第一段倒數第二句“這就是所謂的‘knockingdown’商品，因為當拍賣師用小錘子敲打他面前的桌子時，競價就結束了”，可知，拍賣結束被稱為knockingdown是因為拍賣結束時拍賣師會用小錘子敲打他面前的桌子，D項正確。

【干擾項排除】A項“因為拍賣師會把買家擊倒”、B項“因為拍賣人會把桌子砸倒”和C項“因為貨物被撞到桌子上了”根據解題思路可知，這三項屬于曲解原文。

第2題:2.【選項釋義】

2.TheRomansusedtosellbyauction______.2.羅馬人過去通過拍賣來出售______。

A.spoiltgoodsA.損壞的貨物

B.oldworn-outweaponsB.老舊武器

C.propertytakenfromtheenemyC.從敵人手中奪取的戰(zhàn)利品

D.spearsD.矛

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據第二段第二句“羅馬人通常以這種方式出售他們在戰(zhàn)爭中獲得的戰(zhàn)利品（thespoilstakeninwar）”，可知，羅馬人過去通過拍賣來出售戰(zhàn)爭中獲得的戰(zhàn)利品，C項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A項“損壞的貨物”和B項“老舊武器”原文沒有提及，無中生有；

D項“矛”是人群聚集的信號，不是拍賣的物品，屬于張冠李戴。

第3題:3.【選項釋義】

3.Acandleusedtoburnatauctionsales______.3.在拍賣會上，人們點著蠟燭，______。

A.becausetheytookplaceatnightA.因為拍賣是在晚上進行的

B.asasignalforthecrowdtogatherB.作為群眾聚集的信號

C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarmC.為了給拍賣師保暖

D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemadeD.限制提出報價的時間

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據題干定位至第二段最后一句“在18世紀和19世紀的英國，商品通常是‘通過蠟燭’出售的：拍賣師點燃一支短蠟燭，然后在蠟燭點著的時候出價”，可知，在拍賣會中人們點上蠟燭，然后在它燃著的時候出價，也就是說，蠟燭熄滅，報價就停止了。說明蠟燭是用來限制報價的時間的。D項符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“因為拍賣是在晚上進行的”和C項“為了給拍賣師保暖”在文中沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

B項“作為群眾聚集的信號”，根據第二段第二句“……一根矛被插在地上，作為人群聚集的信號”可知，矛才是群眾聚集的信號，該項張冠李戴。

第4題:4.【選項釋義】

4.Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe“l(fā)ots”outoftheorderbecause______.4.拍賣人可能會決定出售這些“拍品”，因為______。

A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyersA.他有時想迷惑買家

B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitemsB.根據他的經驗，他知道某些人會想買某些東西

C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaitingC.他想讓某些人久等

D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyersD.他想減少買家的數量

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】第一段第三句提到“拍賣人不需要從第一件拍品開始，然后按數字順序繼續(xù)；他可能會一直等著直到他登記的某些經銷商到達房間之后，才會出示他們可能感興趣的物品”，這也就是說，拍賣人拍賣物品是根據經銷商對物品的感興趣程度來的，B項“根據他的經驗，他知道某些人會想買某些東西”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】A項“他有時想迷惑買家”、C項“他想讓某些人久等”和D項“他想減少買家的數量”在原文沒有依據，屬于無中生有。

4.單選題

Ihearmanyparentscomplainingthattheirteenagechildrenarerebelling.Iwishitwereso.Atyourageyououghttobegrowingawayfromyourparents.Youshouldbelearningtostandonyourowntwofeet.Buttakeagoodlookatthepresentrebellion.Itseemsthatteenagersarealltakingthesamewayofshowingthattheydisagreewiththeirparents.Insteadofstrikingoutboldlyontheirown,mostofthemareclutchingatoneanother’shandsforreassurance.

Theyclaimtheywanttodressastheyplease.Buttheyallwearthesameclothes.Theysetoffinnewdirectionsinmusic.Butsomehowtheyallenduphuddledroundlisteningtothesamerecord.Theirreasonforthinkingoractinginthus-and-suchawayisthatthecrowdisdoingit.Theyhavecomeoutoftheircocoon(蠶繭)—intoalargercocoon.

Ithasbecomeharderandharderforateenagertostandupagainstthepopularitywaveandtogohisorherownway.Industryhasfirmlycarvedoutateenagemarket.Thesedayseveryteenagercanlearnfromtheadvertisementswhatateenagershouldhaveandbe.Andmanyoftoday’sparentshavecometoawardhighmarksforthepopularityoftheirchildren.Allthisaddsuptoagreatbarrierfortheteenagerwhowantstofindhisorherownpath.

Butthebarrierisworthclimbingover.Thepathisworthfollowing.Youmaywanttolistentoclassicalmusicinsteadofgoingtoparty.Youmaywanttocollectrockswheneveryoneelseiscollectingrecords.Youmayhavesomethoughtsthatyoudon’tcaretoshareatoncewithyourclassmates.Well,gotoit.Findyourself.Beyourself.Popularitywillcome—withthepeoplewhorespectyouforwhoyouare.That’stheonlykindofpopularitythatreallycounts.

1.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageistotell______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,manyteenagersthinktheyarebraveenoughtoactontheirown,but,infact,mostofthem______.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

4.Theauthorthinksofadvertisementsas______.

5.Duringtheteenageyears,oneshouldlearnto______.

問題1選項

A.readershowtobepopularwithpeoplearound

B.teenagershowtolearntodecidethingsforthemselves

C.parentshowtocontrolandguidetheirchildren

D.peoplehowtounderstandandrespecteachother

問題2選項

A.havemuchdifficultyunderstandingeachother

B.lackconfidence

C.darenotcopewithproblemssingle-handed

D.areverymuchafraidofgettinglost

問題3選項

A.Thereisnopopularitythatreallycounts.

B.Whatmanyparentsaredoingisinfacthinderingtheirchildrenfromfindingtheirownpaths.

C.Itisnotnecessarilybadforateenagertodisagreewithhisorherclassmates.

D.Mostteenagersclaimthattheywanttodowhattheyliketo,buttheyareactuallydoingthesame.

問題4選項

A.convincing

B.influential

C.instructive

D.authoritative

問題5選項

A.differfromothersinasmanywaysaspossible

B.getintotherightseasonandbecomepopular

C.findone’srealself

D.rebelagainstparentsandthepopularitywave

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。結合全文可知，本文對當前青少年的心理及行為加以剖析，認為他們雖然向標榜自己特立獨行，卻還是順應大流，和其他人做一樣的事，最后提出建議：青少年應該發(fā)現自己，做你自己。因此B選項“青少年如何學會為自己決定事情”正確。A選項“讀者如何受到周圍人的歡迎”，C選項“父母如何控制和引導他們的孩子”，D選項“人們如何理解和尊重對方”在文中均沒有提及，所以A,C,D錯誤。

2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句Insteadofstrikingoutboldlyontheirown,mostofthemareclutchingatoneanother’shandsforreassurance.（他們中的大多數人都緊緊抓住彼此的手尋求安慰，而不是大膽地獨來獨往。），說明作者認為大部分青少年不敢大膽做自己，這是缺乏自信的表現。因此B選項“缺乏自信”正確。A選項“互相理解有很大困難”，C選項“不敢單槍匹馬地處理問題”，D選項“非常害怕迷路”在文中均沒有提及，所以A,C,D錯誤。

3.客觀細節(jié)題。B選項“許多父母所做的實際上是在阻礙他們的孩子找到自己的道路”，由原文Andmanyoftoday’sparentshavecometoawardhighmarksforthepopularityoftheirchildren.Allthisaddsuptoagreatbarrierfortheteenagerwhowantstofindhisorherownpath.（如今許多父母都對自己孩子的受歡迎程度給予了高分。所有這些對想要找到自己道路的青少年來說都是一個巨大的障礙。）可知，B選項表述正確，排除B。C選項“青少年與同學意見相左并不一定是壞事”，由原文Youmaywanttolistentoclassicalmusicinsteadofgoingtoparty.Youmaywanttocollectrockswheneveryoneelseiscollectingrecords.Youmayhavesomethoughtsthatyoudon’tcaretoshareatoncewithyourclassmates.Well,gotoit.（你可能想聽古典音樂，而不是去參加聚會。當其他人都在收集唱片時，你可能想要收集石頭。你可能有一些想法不愿意立即與你的同學分享。那就去做吧。）可知，作者支持青少年和同學有不同的想法，C選項表述正確，排除C。D選項“大多數青少年聲稱他們想做自己喜歡的事，但實際上他們也在做同樣的事”，由原文Theyclaimtheywanttodressastheyplease.Buttheyallwearthesameclothes.Theysetoffinnewdirectionsinmusic.Butsomehowtheyallenduphuddledroundlisteningtothesamerecord.（他們聲稱自己想穿什么就穿什么。但他們都穿了一樣的衣服。他們想聽新的音樂。但不知為何，他們最后都擠在一起聽同一張唱片。）可知，D選項表述正確，排除D。A選項“沒有真正意義上的受歡迎”，由原文Popularitywillcome—withthepeoplewhorespectyouforwhoyouare.That’stheonlykindofpopularitythatreallycounts.（你會受歡迎的，因為人們尊重你的為人。這是唯一一種真正重要的受歡迎程度。）可知，作者認為有真正意義上的受歡迎，A選項不符合原文，所以本題選A。

4.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第三句Thesedayseveryteenagercanlearnfromtheadvertisementswhatateenagershouldhaveandbe.（現在每個青少年都可以從廣告中學到青少年應該擁有什么和成為什么樣的人。），說明青少年會受廣告宣傳的影響。因此B選項“有影響力的”正確。A選項“有說服力的”，C選項“指導性的”，D選項“權威性的”均不符合題意，所以A,C,D錯誤。

5.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段倒數第二句Findyourself.Beyourself.（發(fā)現自己。做你自己。），說明作者認為青少年應該學會發(fā)現真正的自己。因此C選項“找到真正的自我”正確。A選項“在盡可能多的方面與他人不同”，B選項“融入合適的時期，成為受歡迎的人”，D選項“反抗父母和流行的浪潮”均不符合題意，所以A,B,D錯誤。

5.單選題

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand“human-relation”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppets(木偶)whodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkersandemployeesareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain—bypsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorscreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothe19th-century“free-enterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofloveandofreason一aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasameanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

1.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis（

）.

2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（

）.

3.Thosewhoareonthehighersocialladderwouldfeelmorepeacefulandsecureiftheycould（

）.

4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbebestsummarizedasoneofthe（

）.

問題1選項

A.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly

B.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisnegligible

C.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

D.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

問題2選項

A.theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

B.theyaredeprivedoftheirindependenceandproductivity

C.theyarelikelytolosetheirsatisfactoryjobs

D.theyarefartherawayfromgenuinelife

問題3選項

A.gethighersalaryandmoreself-respect

B.havemorechancetobefurtherpromoted

C.provebetterthantheirfellow-competitors

D.keepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

問題4選項

A.offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees

B.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

C.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

D.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted

問題5選項

A.approval

B.dissatisfaction

C.suspicion

D.tolerance.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.根據第一段“...yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless...”,由此推斷，作者將人比喻成機械中運轉良好的齒輪，實則是想表明人們相對于社會中其他部分來說已經變得不那么重要了。選項A符合原文。

2.根據第二段的內容可知，工人和雇員們焦慮不僅是因為他們可能面臨著失業(yè)，他們焦慮也是因為他們不能獲得任何真正的滿足和對生活的興趣，但是真正的原因還是第二段的最后一句，作為情感和智力獨立和有生產力的人，他們終生無法面對人類生存的基本現實。選項B符合原文。

3.根據第三段的內容可知，社會地位較高的人同樣也會感到焦慮，他們在某些方面甚至更不安全,他們一直處于激烈的競爭中。不斷證明自己和競爭對手一樣優(yōu)秀或比他們更優(yōu)秀，造成了不斷的焦慮和壓力，而這些正是不快樂和疾病的根源。由此可以推測，如果能遠離這個這個競爭激烈的世界，他們才會覺得安寧。選項D符合原文。

4.根據最后一段的內容可知，作者建議將官僚主義的工業(yè)轉變?yōu)橐匀藶楸镜墓I(yè)主義，使人能充分發(fā)揮它的潛力。選項C符合原文。

5.根據文章內容可知，作者認為現在的工業(yè)主義使人喪失了其在社會中應發(fā)揮的重要作用，最后一段提到了作者建議將工業(yè)主義轉變?yōu)橐环N以人為本的工業(yè)主義,所以作者對待工業(yè)主義的態(tài)度是不滿的。選項B正確。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

6.單選題

ManyofthesecompaniesmovedtotheInlandSouthtotake()ofthelowerwagesandthelackofstronglaborunionsintheregion.

問題1選項

A.profit

B.advantage

C.favor

D.adventure

【答案】B

【解析】takeadvantageof為固定搭配，意為利用。句意：許多這樣的公司搬到南方內陸地區(qū)，以利用當地工資較低和缺乏強有力的工會的優(yōu)勢。選項B符合句意。

7.單選題

Hesustainedhisclaimstothepropertywithauthenticdocuments.

問題1選項

A.genuine

B.complete

C.thorough

D.well-prepared

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.genuine真的；非偽造的B.complete完全的；徹底的

C.thorough完全的；仔細周到的D.well-prepared準備充分的

【答案】A

【考查點】形容詞辨析

【解題思路】原句語義為“他用____文件證明他對財產的要求是合法的”，原詞authentic“真實的”，A選項genuine“真的；非偽造的”最符合原句語義。

【干擾項排除】

B選項complete“完全的；徹底的”，側重于指包含全部的、最大程度的，不符合原句語義；

C選項thorough“完全的；仔細周到的”，側重于指透徹的，不符合原句語義；

D選項well-prepared“準備充分的”，不符合原句語義。

【句意】他用真實的文件證明他對財產的要求是合法的。

8.單選題

Thefuelofthecontinentalmissileissupposedtobe（

）bythisdevice.

問題1選項

A.ignited

B.lighted

C.fired

D.inspired

【答案】A

【解析】考查近義詞辨析。ignite多用于指用火花使易燃物迅速燃燒起來；light指易燃物發(fā)光；fire指將某物點燃，使其燃燒；而inspire則強調靈感。句意：大陸導彈的燃料應該是由這個裝置點燃的。選項A符合題意。

9.單選題

Willyoulook______thiswordintheInternet?

問題1選項

A.on

B.into

C.up

D.forwardto

【答案】C

【解析】；窺視；瀏覽；看”；C選項lookup“仰望；查閱；尊敬；拜訪；改善”；D選項lookforwardto“盼望；期待；期盼；預期”。句意：你會在網上查閱這個單詞嗎？因此C選項正確。

10.單選題

Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance.Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.

AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepast—andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.

Mostimportantly,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimatessome65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.

ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenignglobalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared-isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.

1.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged______.

2.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution______.

3.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat______.

4.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat______.

問題1選項

A.togiveuphisformerwayoflife

B.toleavethecoastalareas

C.tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetation

D.toabandonhisoriginalsettlement

問題2選項

A.hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchanges

B.hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchanges

C.haslargelybeeneffectedbyclimaticchanges

D.hashadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges27.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat______.

問題3選項

A.humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth’senvironment

B.Earth’senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterference

C.Earth’sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefuture

D.Earth’sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture28.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat______.

問題4選項

A.humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchanges

B.mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimate

C.manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocess

D.humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnature

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“農業(yè)作為一種生存策略出現是因為人類被迫……”。根據第一段最后兩句Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming.（在把周圍的許多動物逼到瀕臨滅絕的邊緣后，人們被迫放棄原有的生活方式，轉而采取一種全新的生存策略，這導致了大范圍的饑餓和疾病；這種適應就是農業(yè)。）可知，A項“放棄他以前的生活方式”正確；B項“離開沿海地區(qū)”、C項“跟隨不斷變化的植被”和D項“放棄他原來的居住地”都屬于導致人類被迫放棄原有生活方式的原因。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

2.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“科學家認為人類進化……”。由第三段第一句Mostimportantly,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.（最重要的是，科學家們開始意識到氣候變化已經對人類物種的進化產生了重大影響）可知，科學家認為人類進化受到了氣候變化的重大影響，C項“很大程度上受到了氣候變化的影響”正確；由此也可知，A項“很少伴有氣候變化”錯誤；B項“對氣候變化影響不大”和D項“對氣候變化有重大影響”文中沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

3.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“過去氣候變化的證據表明……”。根據文章最后一段Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.（事實上，過去的氣候變化模式表明，即使沒有人類活動的影響，地球的氣候幾乎肯定會在未來經歷劇烈的變化）可知，C項“地球的氣候在未來必然會發(fā)生顯著變化”正確；A項“人類活動加速了地球環(huán)境的變化”、B項“盡管有人類的干擾，地球的環(huán)境仍將保持溫和”和D項“地球的氣候在未來不太可能發(fā)生重大變化”都與原文內容不符合。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者希望在文章中傳達的信息是……”。通讀全文可知，文章在第一段就闡述了氣候的變化導致人類放棄原有的生活方式而進行遷徙，尋求新的生存策略，接下來兩段就氣候的變化是如何改變人類生存和進化進行的闡述，最后一段總結根據過去的氣候變化模式，即使沒有人類的活動影響，地球的氣候依然會經歷劇烈變化，所以文章傳達的信息是人類在面對氣候的變化時，是無能為力的，故B項“面對氣候的急劇變化，人類實際上是無能為力的”正確；A項“盡管受到氣候變化的影響，人類文明依然輝煌”和D項“盡管自然發(fā)生了變化，人類文明還是會繼續(xù)發(fā)展的”沒有提到；C項“人類必須限制自己的活動，以減緩全球變暖的進程”與文意相反。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

11.單選題

Whilemanytechnologicaladvancesoccurinanevolutionarymanner,occasionallyarevolutionarytechnologicalappearsonthehorizonthatcreatesstartlingnewconditionsandprofoundchanges.SuchisthecasewiththeprivatelydevelopedMollerSkycarwhichisnamedafteritsinventor.Theruggedized（加固的）MollerSkycarvariantthemilitaryisevaluatingiscalledthelightaerialmultipurposevehicle,orLAMV.

TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinquick,quiet,andagilemanner.Itisanewtypeofvehiclethatcombinesthespeedofanairplaneandtheverticaltake-offcapabilityofahelicopterwithsomecharacteristicsofagroundvehicle,butwithoutthelimitationsofanyofthoseexistingmodesoftransportation.TheLAMVisnotoperatedliketraditionalfixed——orrotary-wingaircraft.Ithasonlytwohands,whichtheoperatorusestodirecttheredundantcomputercontrolsystemtocarryoutdesiredflightmaneuvers.Theleft-handcontroltwiststoselectthedesiredoperatingaltitudeandmovesforeandafttoselecttherateofclimb.Theright-handcontroltwiststoselectthevehicle’sdirectionandmovesside-to-sidetoprovidetransverse（橫向的）movementduringthehoverandearly-transition-to-flightphasesofoperation;italsomovesforeandafttocontrolspeedandbraking.Simplyput,theLAMVisuserfriendly.

TheLAMVdesignincorporatesanumberofsafetyfeatures.Forstarters,theLAMVhasmultipleengines.Unlikeanylighthelicopterorairplane,theLAMVhasmultipleenginenacelles（機艙），eachwithtwocomputer-controlledRotapowerengines.Theseenginesoperateindependentlyandallowforaverticalcontrolledlandingshouldeitherfail.

TheLAMVisaerodynamicallystable.Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV’sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheair-frameparachutes（降落傘）.SincecomputerscontroltheLAMV'sflightduringhoverandtransition,theonlyoperatorinputistocontrolspeedanddirection.Undesirablemovementscausedbywindgustsarepreventedautomatically.

TheLAMV'spotentialmilitaryuseswillbenumerous.Theyincludeaerialmedicalevacuation,aerialreconnaissance（偵查），commandandcontrol,searchandrescue,insertionofspecialoperationsforces,airassaultoperations,airborneoperations,forcible-entryoperations,militarypolicemobilityandmaneuversupport,communicationsretransmission,battlefielddistributionforunitresupply,transportofindividualandcrewreplacements,weaponsplatform,noncombatantevacuationoperations,battlefieldcontractortransport,andbattledamageassessment.

Ofcourse,theLAMVbringswithitsomeobviouschallenges.Itslimitedpayloadwillbeanegativefactor.ItsusewillcomplicateArmyairspacecommandandcontrol.HowtheLAMVwillbeusedinconjunctionwithforcesunderthejointforceaircomponentcommanderwillhavetobedetermined.LAMVsupportissuesalsorequireresolution.Forexample,operatorselectionandtraining,leadertraining,employmentdoctrine,LAMVbasis-of-issueplans,andLAMVlife-cyclemanagementallrequiretheArmy'sattention.

1.Accordingtothepassage,LAMV（）.

2.WhatshouldtheoperatorofLAMVdowhenpowerforverticallandingisinsufficient?

3.Lighthelicopterorairplanemay（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeapossibledisadvantageofLAMV?

問題1選項

A.cantakeoffuprightandflyfast

B.isdevelopedbyanacademy

C.can’tflyasfastasanairplane

D.isappliedinciviltransportation

問題2選項

A.Heshouldaskthemonitoringcenterforhelpviacomputer

B.Hecaneffectivelycontroltheaircraftwithsomesimpleinput

C.Hemustleavetheaircraftimmediatelywiththehelpofparachutes

D.HejustwaitsLAMVtoregainenoughpowerforlanding

問題3選項

A.havetwohandstocontrolitsspeedanddirection

B.havenocomputer-controlledRotapowerenmeshinitssystem

C.havelessenginenacellesthanLAMVandthereforelesssecurity

D.lackflexiblecomputercontrolinitstakingoffandlanding

問題4選項

A.FewpeoplewouldsupporttheapplicationofLAMV

B.LAMVcanonlycarryasmallcreworlittlecargo

C.Notallforcesarewillingtobecommandedjointly

D.Armyairspacecommandandcontrolwouldbeindisorder

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“根據文章所述，LAMV……”。文章第二段第一句話提到LAWV是一種垂直起降飛機，能夠以快速、安靜和敏捷的方式飛行（TheLAMVisaverticaltake-