考研考博-英語-大同煤炭職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-大同煤炭職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Scienceisadominantthemeinourculture.Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoobtainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.

Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial;forthepersonwhohasbeenpresentedwithscienceasamustystorehouseofdriedfacts;forthepersonwhoseesthechiefobjectiveofscienceastheproductionofgadgets;andforthepersonwhoviewsthescientistsassomesortofmagician.Thebookcanbeusedtosupplementacourseinanyscience,toaccompanyanycoursethatattemptstogiveanunderstandingofthemodemworld,orindependentlyofanycourse,simplytoprovideabetterunderstandingofscience.Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudesandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsare,andwhattheydo.Itwillgivethemanawarenessandunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenscienceandourcultureandanappreciationoftherolessciencemayplayinourculture.Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.

Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.Thatpopulationhasinrecentyearscometoconsistofmoreandmorewomen.Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.Tobalancethisbuilt-inbias,wehaveadoptedthepolicyofusingpluralnounsandpronounswheneverpossibleand,whenabsolutelynecessary,alternatinghimandher.Thispolicyisfarfrombeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgementoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofthehumanraceequally.

Wehavealsotriedtomakethebookentertainingaswellasinformative.Ourapproachisusuallyinformal.Wefeel,asmanyotherscientistsdo,thatweshouldn’ttakeourselvestooseriously.Asthereadermayobserve,weseescienceasadelightfulpastimeratherthanasagrimanddrearywaytoearnaliving.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“scientificsubculture”means（

）.

2.Weneedtoknowsomethingaboutthestructureandoperationofsciencebecause

（

）.

3.Thebookmentionedinthispassageiswrittenforreaderswho

（

）.

4.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

5.Thetextmostprobablyis（

）.

問題1選項

A.culturalgroupsthatareformedbyscientists.

B.peoplewhoseknowledgeofscienceisverylimited

C.thescientificcommunity

D.peoplewhomakegoodcontributiontoscience

問題2選項

A.itisnoteasytounderstandthethingsthatexciteandfrustratescientists

B.scienceaffectsalmosteveryaspectofourlife

C.scientistsliveinaspecificsubculture

D.itiseasiertounderstandgeneralcharacteristicsofscience

問題3選項

A.areintelligentcollegestudentsandlaypersonwhodonotknowmuchaboutscience

B.aregoodatproducingvariousgadgets

C.workinastorehouseofdriedfacts

D.wanttohaveasuperficialunderstandingofscience

問題4選項

A.Englishisasexistlanguage.

B.Onlyinthescientificworldistheroleofwomenincreasingrapidly.

C.Womenaremakingsignificantcontributionstoeliminatingtheinadequacyofourlanguage.

D.Malenounsorpronounsshouldnotbeusedtorefertoscientists.

問題5選項

A.abookreview

B.theprefaceofabook

C.thepostscriptofabook

D.theconcludingpartofabook

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.（他們還應(yīng)該了解科學(xué)家生活的亞文化群體以及他們是什么樣的人）和第三段中的Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.（我們試圖在這本書中給出一個準(zhǔn)確的、最新的描述科學(xué)界及生活在科學(xué)界的人）可推測“scientificsubculture（科學(xué)亞文化群體）”指的是由科學(xué)家組成的文化群體，因此選C。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.（因為它幾乎涉及到我們生活的每一個方面，受過教育的人至少需要了解它的結(jié)構(gòu)和運作）可知B選項“科學(xué)幾乎影響我們生活的方方面面”符合題意。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial（這本書是為聰明的學(xué)生或非專業(yè)人士而寫的，他們的科學(xué)知識是膚淺的）可知A選項“聰明的大學(xué)生和不懂科學(xué)的門外漢”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.（隨著越來越多的女性進入傳統(tǒng)的男性主導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域并作出重大貢獻，女性在科學(xué)亞文化中的作用日益增強，這不是一個獨特的事件，而是社會各方面明顯的趨勢的一部分。然而，在討論這些變化和貢獻時，我們面臨著一種有點性別歧視的語言，一種使用男性名詞或代詞來指代未指明的個人）可知D選項“男性名詞或代詞不應(yīng)用于指科學(xué)家”符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。文章首段提出科學(xué)是我們文化的重大主題；第二段指出本書的讀者對象；第三段指出科學(xué)界存在的語言性別歧視；最后一段指出本書有娛樂性和知識性。因此可以推測這篇文章是一本書的序言，選B。

2.單選題

TheUnitedNationshasdeclared2008theInternationalYearofthePotato.Ithopesthatgreater（）ofthemeritsofpotatoeswillcontributetotheachievementofitsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.

問題1選項

A.identity

B.apprehension

C.awareness

D.consciousness

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項identity“身份；特性”；B選項apprehension“憂慮；恐懼”；C選項awareness“意識；認(rèn)識”；D選項consciousness“知覺；感覺”。句意：聯(lián)合國已經(jīng)宣布2008年為國際土豆年，并希望更多人……土豆的優(yōu)點，從而促進千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)的達成。為了促成千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)的達成，一定要讓更多人意識到土豆的優(yōu)點。因此C選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Shesaidthatthetreatmentshehadreceivedinthehospitalhascompletely（

）herasherdignity.

問題1選項

A.thrived

B.suspended

C.deprived

D.contrived

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。thrive“繁榮”；suspend“延緩，推遲”；deprive“使喪失，剝奪”；contrive“設(shè)計，發(fā)明”。句意：她說在醫(yī)院接受的治療完全剝奪了她的尊嚴(yán)。選項C符合題意。

4.單選題

Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,and–sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter–theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof"SmilingVictorians"makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular"pearlywhites"wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,andmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter（

）.

2.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

3.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

4.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

問題1選項

A.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians

B.highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies

C.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage

D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography

問題2選項

A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

問題3選項

A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

問題4選項

A.adeep-rootbelief

B.amisguidedattitude

C.acontroversialview

D.athought-provokingidea

問題5選項

A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs.

B.WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs.

C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod.

D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:A

5.單選題

Inthe1930s,whenmillionsofcomicbookswere______theyoungwithfightingandkilling,nobodyseemedtonoticethattheviolenceofcarsinthestreetswasmorehysterical.

問題1選項

A.inundating

B.imitating

C.immolating

D.insulating

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項inundating“泛濫；使充滿”；B選項imitating“模仿”；C選項immolating“獻祭；犧牲”；D選項insulating“隔離”。句意：在20世紀(jì)30年代，數(shù)以百萬計的漫畫書______年輕人的戰(zhàn)斗和殺戮，似乎沒有人注意到，街道上的汽車暴力比這更歇斯底里。根據(jù)語境，這里是漫畫書里有很多年輕人的暴力因素，所以inundating“泛濫；使充滿”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

___foryourhelp,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthedissertation.

問題1選項

A.Haditbeennot

B.Hadnotitbeen

C.Hadnotbeenit

D.Haditnotbeen

【答案】D

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。當(dāng)主句：主語+should/would/could/might+havedone，從句：If主語+had+done，表示和過去事實相反的情況，其中if可以省略。虛擬語氣if省略時，句中的動詞were、had或should和主語倒裝，構(gòu)成部分倒裝：只需要將謂語中的助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語之前。因此D選項正確。

7.單選題

Everytimeanoldbuildingistomdowninthiscountry,andanewbuildinggoesup,thegroundfloorbecomesabank.

Thereasonforthisisthatbanksaretheonlyoneswhocanaffordtherentforthegroundfloorofthenewbuildingsgoingup.Besides,whenbankloanssomeonemoneytobuildanewbuilding,itusuallytakesanoptionforthestreet-floorfacilities.

Mostpeopledon’tthinkthereisanythingwrongwiththisandtheyacceptitaspartoftheAmericanfree-enterprisesystem.ButthereisasmallgroupofpeopleinthiscountrywhoarefightingforBankBirthControl.

ThisishowHuddlestoneHubbard,theBBC’schairman,explainedit.

“Wheneveryouseeanoldbuildingtomdown，”Hubbardsaid,“youusuallyseeacandystore,adrycleaner,adelicatessen,andpossiblyafloristtomdownwithit.Theseshopsareallreplacedinthenewbuildingswithabeautifulglass,aluminum,wall-towall-carpetedmoneyfactor.”

“Nowfromanaestheticviewpoint,abanklooksbetterthanafrycleaner,acandystore,adelicatessenandaflorist.Butfromapracticalpointofview,it’sasheerdisaster.Ifyouwantanewspaper,acandybarorachocolatemilkshake,youcan’tgetitabank.NorcanyourunouttoabankforapoundofSwisscheeseandasix-packofbeerwhenhaveguestscomingover.

“Abankisgreatifyouwanttobuyacar,butit’suselessifyouwanttohaveyourdresscleaned.”

“Andwhileabankmightbuyflowerstogiveitselfahumanimage,itdoesn’tsellanywhenyouwanttomakeupwithyourwife.”

“Whatyou’resayingthen,Mr.Hubbard,isthateverytimeabankgoesup,somethinginallofusdies.”

“Exactly.Oneofthereasonskidsaregettinginsomuchtroublethesedaysisthattherearecandystorestohangaroundanymore.Whenteardownadelicatessen,thetangysmellofpotatosalad,cornedbeefanddillpicklesarelostforever.Unlessyou’retryingtomakealoan,nooneeversalivatesinabank.”

“Itistrue,”Isaid.

“Thesituationismorecrucialthananyonethinks,”Hubbardsaid,“attheratethey’retearingdownconsumerstoresandreplacingthemwithbanks,weestimatethatintenyearsitwillbeimpossibletobuyaloafofbreadinthecountry.Whatgoodisittoget7percentonyourmoneyifyoustarvetodeath?”

“Thenwhatyou’resayingisthatitisn’taquestionofnottakingitwithyou.It’squestionofstayingalivewhileyouhaveit，”Isaid.

“Somethinglikethat，”Hubbardagreed.“We’retryingtogetthepublictowakeuptoafactthatit’sbettertohaveastorethatsellsscrewdriversthanabankthatgivesawayalarmclocks.”

“What’sthesolution?”

“Agovernmentdecreethatabankhastosupplythesameservicesofthestoresittoredownonthesameproperty.Ifit’sabakery,theyhavetosellcake,ifit’saphotographyshop,theyhavetodevelopfilms,andifit’sadry-goodsstore,theyhavetosellwarmunderwear.Iftheyprovidetheservicesofthestorestheytoredown,thenwe’llletthemdoalittlemoneylendingontheside.”

1.Thecentralthemeoftheessayis（）

2.Thisessayiswritteninatoneof（）.

3.Theauthortalksaboutthe“BankBirthControl”groupbecause（）.

4.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardsmallneighborhoodstoresisthatthey（）.

5.Theauthormakeshispointbyusing（）.

問題1選項

A.Practicallyeverynewcommercialbuildingerectedtodayisownedbyabank.

B.Banksareattemptingtodrivesmallmerchantsoutofservice.

C.Newbanksarenotassetstoaneighborhoodinspiteoftheirattractiveappearance.

D.Byoccupyinggroundfloorspaceinnewbuildings,banksarereplacingneighborhoodshoppingconveniences.

問題2選項

A.humorousexaggeration

B.humorousunderstatement

C.seriousanger

D.seriousfearofthefuture

問題3選項

A.itisthenameofarealgroup

B.hehopestobecomeitspresident

C.heisbeinghumoroustomakehispoint

D.heisinfavorofallkindsofbirthcontrol

問題4選項

A.aredirty

B.areconvenientandcolorful

C.shouldbereplacedbybanks

D.shouldbecomesupermarkets

問題5選項

A.satire

B.drama

C.romance

D.poetry

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:文章第一段是本文的中心段落，當(dāng)舊的建筑物被拆除，新的建筑物新建后，一樓都變成了銀行，很多商店比如糖果店、干洗店、熟食店、花店等都被新建筑取代了。選項D符合題意。

第2題:文章主要提到了HuddlestoneHubbard的觀點，多處以幽默的方式陳述自己的觀點，但是并沒有夸張的成分，所以選項B符合題意。

第3題:文章第三段ButthereisasmallgroupofpeopleinthiscountrywhoarefightingforBankBirthControl提到但仍有一小部分人為了控制銀行的產(chǎn)生而奮斗。這里作者用group來形容這一群人，實際上是以一種幽默的方式來表明這一部分人的人數(shù)之少。選項C符合題意。

第4題:文章從第8段到第10段主要講述其他商店能夠給人們帶來的便利而銀行不可以。作者在第11段給了自己的觀點:“It’strue”。說明作者認(rèn)同上一段的觀點，即小社區(qū)商店方便又豐富多彩。選項B符合題意。

第5題:作者采用幽默諷刺的手法表達自己的觀點。比如第12段提到attheratethey’retearingdownconsumerstoresandreplacingthemwithbanks,weestimatethatintenyearsitwillbeimpossibletobuyaloafofbreadinthecountry“以他們現(xiàn)在拆商店然后用銀行代替的速度來看，估計十年后在這個國家很難找到一片面包”。選項A符合題意。

8.單選題

Theyaccepttheimperativeofnewtechnology,butwanttointroduceitinwaysthatprotectasmuchoftheirexistingbusinessaspossible.

問題1選項

A.necessity

B.inevitablecoming

C.stateofart

D.novelty

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.necessity必然；必要B.inevitablecoming不可避免的未來

C.stateofart工藝水平；工藝現(xiàn)狀

D.novelty新奇；新穎

【考查點】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】分析句子，imperative在句中是作名詞，本意是“重要緊急的事；必要的事”，在這里theimperativeofnewtechnology是指新技術(shù)的必要性，imperative在該句中表示“必要性”，A項詞義與之相近，故該題選擇A項。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項不符合劃線單詞詞義。

【句意】他們接受新技術(shù)的必要性，但希望以盡可能保護現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)的方式引入新技術(shù)。

9.單選題

Yourkindnessingiving（

）totheconsiderationoftheaboveproblemwillbehighly

appreciated.

問題1選項

A.priority

B.advantage

C.importance

D.authority

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。priority意為“優(yōu)先，優(yōu)先權(quán)”；advantage意為“優(yōu)勢”；importance意為“重要性，重大”；authority意為“權(quán)威”。句意：如果您會優(yōu)先考慮上述問題，我們將深表感謝。

10.單選題

ToreturnGermanpropertytoGermanyiscertainlyjustand____.However,toclaimthatthepaintingsofRembrandandVermeerarepartofGermany’sculturalheritageoverstatesthematter.

問題1選項

A.decent

B.exhilarating

C.eruptive

D.combative

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.decent體面的；正派的B.exhilarating令人高興或興奮的

C.eruptive爆發(fā)的D.combative好戰(zhàn)的

【答案】B

【考查點】修飾語與被修飾語的搭配

【解題思路】空格處所填的形容詞修飾的是“把德國的財產(chǎn)還給德國”這件事，能修飾這件事的是B選項exhilarating“令人高興或興奮的”。

【干擾項排除】

A選項decent指人正直的、正派的，或人的行為舉止得體的、體面的，或某物像樣的、體面的，與被修飾語搭配不當(dāng)；

C選項eruptive“爆發(fā)的”，與被修飾語搭配不當(dāng)；

D選項combative“好戰(zhàn)的”，與被修飾語搭配不當(dāng)。

【句意】把德國的財產(chǎn)歸還德國當(dāng)然是公正的、令人高興的。然而，聲稱倫勃朗（Rembrand）和維米爾（Vermeer）的畫作是德國文化遺產(chǎn)的一部分，就言過其實了。

11.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.

挑戰(zhàn)未知是人類誕生之初就具備的本能，而探索外太空則是好奇心和求知欲在現(xiàn)代的延伸。人類和動物最本質(zhì)的區(qū)別在于不斷地探求未知，其終極目的就是要回答“我從哪來？我到哪去？”。這樣的問題，在現(xiàn)實世界找不到答案，人們便將追問的目光投向浩瀚的外太空。正是這些追問，成為人類探索宇宙的動力。此外，太空探索還激發(fā)了全人類的科學(xué)精神。

【答案】Challengingtheunknownhasbeenahumaninstinctsincewewereborn,andexploringouterspaceisextensionofcuriosityandaspirationtoknowledgeinmoderntimes.Themostessentialdifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsistheconstantsearchfortheunknown,whoseultimategoalistoanswerthequestion“WheredoIcomefrom?WhereamIgoing?”Itisimpossibletofindtheanswerofsuchquestionsintherealworld,therefore,peoplewilltransfertheirattentiontothevastouterspace.Itisthesequestionsthathavebecomethedrivingforceforhumanexplorationoftheuniverse.Inaddition,spaceexplorationhasinspiredthescientificspiritofallmankind.

12.單選題

PreviousresearchbyscientistsfromKeilUniversityinGermanymonitoredAdeliepenguinsandnotedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.Butnewresearchusinganartificialegg,whichisequippedtomeasureheartrates,disputesthis.ScientistsfromtheScottPolarResearchInstituteatCambridgesaythataslowmovinghumanwhodoesnotapproachthenesttooclosely,isnotperceivedasathreatbypenguins.

Theearlierfindingshavebeenusedtopartlyexplainthe20percentdropinpopulationsofcertaintypesofpenguinsneartouristsites.However,touroperatorshavecontinuedtoinsistthattheiractivitiesdonotadverselyaffectwildlifeinAntarctica,sayingtheyencouragenon-disruptivebehaviorintourists,andthatthedeclineinpenguinnumbersiscausedbyotherfactors.

AmandaNimonoftheScottPolarResearchInstitutespentthreesouthernhemispheresummersatCuvervilleIslandinAntarcticastudyingpenguinbehaviortowardshumans."Anestingpenguinwillreactverydifferentlytoapersonrapidlyandcloselyapproachingthenest,"saysNimon."Firsttheyexhibitlargeandprolongedheartratechangesandthentheyoftenfleethenestleavingitopenforpredators（捕食者）toflyinandremoveeggsorchicks."Theartificialegg,speciallydevelopedfortheproject,monitoredboththeparentwhohadbeendisturbedwhentheeggwasplacedinthenestandtheotherparentastheybothtookitinturnstoguardthenest.

However,BorisCulik,whomonitoredtheAdeliepenguins,believesthatNimon'sfindingsdonotinvalidatehisownresearch.Hepointsoutthatspeciesbehavedifferently一andNimon'sworkwaswithGentoopenguins.NimonandhercolleaguesbelievethatCulik'sresearchwasmethodologicallyflawedbecausethemonitoringofpenguins,responsesentailedcapturingandrestrainingthebirdsandfittingthemwithheart-ratetransmitters.Therefore,arguesNimon,itwouldnotbesurprisingiftheybecamestressedonseeingahumansubsequently.

1.PreviousresearchbyGermanscientistshasshownthat（）.

2.AnewfindinginrecentresearchbyBritishscientistsisthat（）.

3.Anartificialeggisusedinthenewresearchinorderto（）.

4.AccordingtoNimon,theconductorofthenewresearch,acomparisonoftheoldandthenewresearchrevealsthat（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichfactoristhemostimportantinfluenceforpenguins'sheartrates?

問題1選項

A.theheartrateofpenguinsinAntarcticaisincreasing

B.penguinsaredisturbedbythepresenceofahuman

C.thenumberofpenguinsinAntarcticaisdeclining

D.penguinsofdifferentspeciesbehavedifferently

問題2選項

A.penguinsneartouristsitesinAntarcticahavebeendisruptedbythetouristactivities

B.penguinparentsbothtaketurntoguardtheirnestandlookaftertheireggsorchicks

C.penguinsarenotthreatenedbyahumanwhoapproachesthenestslowlyanddistantly

D.penguinsabandonthenestleavingeggsorchicksunprotectedwheneverseeingahuman

問題3選項

A.observepenguins'heartrates

B.exchangeforarealpenguinegg

C.monitorthehatchofpenguineggs

D.measurepenguins,bodytemperature

問題4選項

A.thetworesearchesproducedcontradictorybutbothvalidfindingsfortheywerebasedondifferentspeciesofpenguin

B.thetworesearchesproducedcompatibleandcomplementaryfindingsfortheystudieddifferentspeciesofpenguin

C.theoldresearchwasunreliableforithadscaredpenguinsandchangedtheirlaterbehaviorbyfittingamonitoronthem

D.thenewresearchrevealspenguinsneedbetterprotectionfromtourists

問題5選項

A.Climatechange.

B.Touristactivities.

C.Scientificresearch.

D.Notfirmlyknownyet.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“German”定位到第一段首句“Previousresearch...notedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.”他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，遠在30米之外的企鵝看到人類時，它們的心率會急劇上升。選項A符合原文。

2.細節(jié)事實題。原文中并沒有出現(xiàn)British，但可以看到第一段的尾句中的Cambridge可定位答案?！?..aslowmovinghumanwhodoesnotapproachthenesttooclosely,isnotperceivedasathreatbypenguins.”行動緩慢、不太靠近巢穴的人類不會被企鵝視為威脅。選項C符合原文。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“artificialegg”定位到第一段第二句“Butnewresearchusinganartificialegg,whichisequippedtomeasureheartrates,disputesthis.”由此可知，選項A符合原文。

4.細節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)最后一段的第三句“Nimonandhercolleaguesbelieve...withheart-ratetransmitters.”Nimon和她的同事認(rèn)為，Culik的研究在方法論上是有缺陷的，因為對企鵝的監(jiān)控和反應(yīng)需要捕捉和控制企鵝，并給它們安裝心率發(fā)射器。選項C符合原文。

5.細節(jié)推理題。文章對企鵝是否會因為游客而受到影響這個問題進行了討論。通讀全文可知文章并沒有得出什么具體的影響因素的結(jié)論。所以選項D正確。

13.單選題

Ourmultimillionnerve-cellcentralnervoussystemhasitsrootsinthescatterednervecellsoftiny,lowlyorganismsthatlivedinwaterhalfabillionyearsago.Nervecellsevidentlyfirstappearedincoelenterates—“hollow-gutted”organismslikethehydraandtheseaanemone.Acoelenterate’snervenetworklacksanykindofcentralizedcontrol.Thisprobablybeganwithflatworms--thefirstcreaturetopossessahead.

Specializedsensecellshelpflatwormsrespondmoreflexiblythanseaanemonestooutsidestimuli.Butlikemostanimalswithoutabackbone,flatwormsactalmostbyinstinctandreflex.

Intelligentbehaviorremainedimpossibleuntiltheappearanceofrelativelybig,complextypesofbrain—thetypeswefindamongthebackbonedanimasorvertebrates.Thetiniestfishhasalargerbrainthanthelargestinsect.Butthedevelopmentofafish'sthree-partbrainreflectsthatbeast’sunintellectualpriorities.Muchoftheforebraindealsonlywithsmell.Themidbrainhandlesvisionandthehindbrainbalance.

Withearlymammalsthebraingrewlargerandmorecomplex.Sensecoordinationshiftedfromthemidbraintotheforebrain,adevelopingstructurecappedbyfoldedcerebrumtohandlememoryandlearning.Meanwhilethehindbraingainedalargecerebellumtocoordinatecomplicatedmovements.

Advancedmammalssuchasmonkeys,apesandhuman(theprimates)havebrainsderivedfromancestorsthattooktolivinginthetrees,wherevisionmatteredmorethansmell.Accordinglytheoncebig“smell’’partoftheforebraingrewsmaller,whilethepartthathandlesvisiongrewmuchlarger.

1.Withwhattopicisthepassagemainlyconcerned?

2.Thehydraisakindof（）.

3.Inthelastparagraph,thephrase“tookto”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinsectsdonothave（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whathelpstocoordinatethecomplexphysicalactivityofamammal?

問題1選項

A.Thesensoryorgansofinvertebrates.

B.Theanatomyoftinyorganisms

C.Theoriginofthebrainandcentralnervoussystem.

D.Theimportanceofvisionforfishandadvancedanimals.

問題2選項

A.flatworm

B.coelenterate

C.seaanemone

D.nervecell

問題3選項

A.began

B.fledto

C.carriedto

D.becamefriendlytoward

問題4選項

A.brains

B.backbones

C.nervecells

D.reflexes

問題5選項

A.Thecerebellum

B.Theforebrain

C.Thecerebrum

D.Themidbrain

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文章主要講中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和大腦的起源，因此C項正確。

第2題:細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞hydra定位至第一段“hollow-gutted”organismslikethehydraandtheseaanemone”(諸如水螅和?？惹荒c動物)。由此可知，B項“腔腸動物”正確。

第3題:詞義題。對于短語“tookto”的理解可參考句子:Advancedmammalssuchasmonkeys,apesandhuman(theprimates)havebrainsderivedfromancestorsthattooktolivinginthetrees(先進的哺乳動物，如猴子、猿和人類（靈長類動物）的大腦是由祖先進化而來的，它們…在樹上生活)，taketo本意為“開始從事”。

第4題:判斷推理題。第三段指出:Thetiniestfishhasalargerbrainthanthelargestinsect(最微小的魚相比最大的昆蟲有更大的頭腦)。由此可知，A項“大腦”正確。

第5題:細節(jié)事實題。題干為:由文章可知，什么有助于協(xié)調(diào)哺乳動物復(fù)雜的身體活動?倒數(shù)第二段指出:Meanwhilethehindbraingainedalargecerebellumtocoordinatecomplicatedmovements(同時，后腦獲得了巨大的小腦來協(xié)調(diào)復(fù)雜的運動)。由此可知A項“小腦”正確。

14.單選題

Thatpublicfigurewasreally（）forsayingthosethingsinpublic,eventhoughpeoplecanunderstandhimandseehispointofviewonthematter.

問題1選項

A.behindthelines

B.outofline

C.offtheline

D.inhisline

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。behindthelines“在后方；繩子的背后”，outofline“不協(xié)調(diào)，違規(guī)”，offtheline“打完電話”，沒有搭配inhisline。句意：那位公眾人物在公共場合說那些話真是不合規(guī)矩，盡管人們能理解他，也能看到他對這件事情的看法。選項B符合題意。

15.不定項選擇題

“Theideaofdeath,thefearofit,hauntsthehumananimallikenothingelse,”wroteErnestBeckerinhisbook.Butwedon’tneedtoworrysomuch,accordingtonewresearchcomparingourperc