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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林城市職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Letchildrenlearntojudgetheirownwork.Achildlearningtotalkdoesnotlearnbybeingcorrectedallthetime.Ifcorrectedtoomuch,hewillstoptalking.Henoticesathousandtimesadaythedifferencebetweenthelanguageheusesandthelanguagethosearoundhimuse.Bitbybit,hemakesthenecessarychangestomakehislanguagelikewhatotherpeoplesay.Inthesameway,whenchildrenlearntodoalltheotherthingstheylearntodowithoutbeingtaught-towork,run,climb,whistle,orrideabicycle.Theycomparethoseperformanceswiththoseofmoreskilledpeople,andslowlymaketheneededchanges.

Butinschoolwenevergiveachildachancetofindouthisownmistakesforhimself,letalonecorrectthem.Wedoitallforhim.Weactasifwethoughtthathewouldnevernoticeamistakeunlessitwaspointedouttohim,orcorrectitunlesshewasmadeto.Soonhebecomesdependentontheteacher.Lethimdoithimself.Lethimworkout,withthehelpofotherchildrenifhewantsit,whatthiswordsays,whatansweristothatproblem,whetherthisisagoodwayofsayingordoingthisornot.Ifitisamatterofrightanswers,asitmaybeinmathematicsorscience,givehimtheanswerbook.Lethimcorrecthisownpapers.

Whyshouldweteacherswastetimeonsuchroutinework?Ourjobshouldbetohelpthechildwhenhetellsusthathecan’tfindawaytogettherightanswer.Let’sendthisnonsenseofgrades,examsandmarks.Letusthrowthemallout,andletthechildrenlearnwhatalleducatedpersonsmustsomedaylean,thatis,howtomeasuretheirownunderstandingandhowtoknowwhattheyknowordonotknow.Letthemgetonwiththisjobinthewaythatseemsmostsensibletothem,withourhelpasschoolteachersiftheyaskforit.

Theideathatthereisabodyofknowledgetobelearntatschoolandusedfortherestofone’slifeisnonsenseinaworldascomplicatedandrapidlychangingasours.Anxiousparentsandteacherssay,“Butsupposetheyfailtolearnsomethingessential,somethingtheywillneedtogetintheworld?”Don’tworry!Ifitisessential,theywillgooutintotheworldandlearnit.

46.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthebestwayforchildrentolearnthings?

47.Accordingtothepassage,ateacher’sdutyisto().

48.Thepassagesuggeststhatlearningtospeakandlearningtorideabicycle().

49.Theextremeviewoftheauthoristhatchildren’sprogressshouldonlybeassessedby().

50.Theauthorthinksthatifchildrenarealwayscorrected,theywillgrowuptobe().

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Bymakingmistakesandhavingthempointedoutbyothers.

B.Byhavingtheirmistakescorrected.

C.Bynoticingtheirproblemsandmakingchanges.

D.Bylisteningtoexplanationsfromskilledpeople.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.providestudentswithhelpwhenitisneeded

B.findoutstudents’mistakesandcorrectingthem

C.teachstudentsknowledgeessentialfortheirfuturelife

D.helpstudentsfindoutcorrectanswers

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.provideessentialskillsforlearningtogrow

B.needalotofteachingandcorrection

C.aresimilarinthattheyarelearntbypracticingandmakingchanges

D.arequitedifferentinthewaytheyarepickedupnaturally

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.educators

B.childrenthemselves

C.teachers

D.parents

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.fearfulofmakingmistakes

B.toocriticalofthemselves

C.unabletothinkforthemselves

D.unabletousebasicskills

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】46.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段Theycomparethoseperformanceswiththoseofmoreskilledpeople,andslowlymaketheneededchanges.(他們將這些表現(xiàn)與更熟練的人進(jìn)行比較,然后慢慢地做出必要的改變。)也就是說(shuō)孩子們學(xué)習(xí)很多技能和學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言一樣,犯了錯(cuò)誤不需要總是被指出并糾正,他們會(huì)自覺(jué)地與其他人做比較,從而發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,并且做出改變,這樣是對(duì)他們最好的,因此C選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)注意他們的問(wèn)題并做出改變”,正確。A選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)犯錯(cuò)誤并讓別人指出來(lái)解決”;B選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)糾正他們的錯(cuò)誤”以及D選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)聽(tīng)取技術(shù)人員的解釋”都不是文章所認(rèn)為的最好的方式。

47.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到第三段第二句Ourjobshouldbetohelpthechildwhenhetellsusthathecan'tfindawaytogettherightanswer.(當(dāng)孩子告訴我們他找不到正確的答案時(shí),我們的工作應(yīng)該是幫助他。)因此A選項(xiàng)“在學(xué)生需要的時(shí)候提供幫助”,正確。B選項(xiàng)“找出學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤并改正”;C選項(xiàng)“教給學(xué)生未來(lái)生活所必需的知識(shí)”;D選項(xiàng)“幫助學(xué)生找出正確的答案”,都是錯(cuò)誤的做法。

48.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到第一段Inthesameway,whenchildrenlearntodoalltheotherthingstheylearntodowithoutbeingtaught-towork,run,climb,whistle,orrideabicycle.(同樣地,當(dāng)孩子們學(xué)會(huì)做所有他們沒(méi)有被教過(guò)的事情時(shí)——工作、跑步、爬山、吹口哨或騎自行車。)Theycomparethoseperformanceswiththoseofmoreskilledpeople,andslowlymaketheneededchanges.(他們將這些表現(xiàn)與更熟練的人進(jìn)行比較,然后慢慢地做出必要的改變。)可以看出來(lái),作者的觀點(diǎn)是,無(wú)論是騎自行車也好,說(shuō)話也好,都是在不斷地練習(xí)和更改中進(jìn)步的,因此C選項(xiàng)“學(xué)習(xí)說(shuō)話和學(xué)習(xí)騎自行車是相似的,因?yàn)樗麄兪峭ㄟ^(guò)練習(xí)和改變來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“提供學(xué)習(xí)成長(zhǎng)所需的基本技能”;B選項(xiàng)“需要大量的教學(xué)和糾正”以及D選項(xiàng)“它們的自然學(xué)習(xí)方式有很大不同”都不正確。

49.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段Letusthrowthemallout,andletthechildrenlearnwhatalleducatedpersonsmustsomedaylean,thatis,howtomeasuretheirownunderstandingandhowtoknowwhattheyknowordonotknow.(讓我們把它們都扔掉,讓孩子們學(xué)習(xí)所有受過(guò)教育的人將來(lái)必須學(xué)習(xí)的東西,那就是,如何衡量自己的理解力,如何知道自己知道什么,不知道什么。)根據(jù)這句話的意思也就是說(shuō),我們應(yīng)該教育孩子們要學(xué)習(xí)和知道的并不是所謂的正確答案,重要的是要對(duì)自己已知和未知的東西有一個(gè)正確的了解,因此只有他們才能對(duì)自己的能力做出正確評(píng)價(jià)。因此B選項(xiàng)“孩子本身”,正確。A選項(xiàng)“教育者”;C選項(xiàng)“老師”以及D選項(xiàng)“家長(zhǎng)”,文章沒(méi)有提及。

50.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段前半段Weactasifwethoughtthathewouldnevernoticeamistakeunlessitwaspointedouttohim,orcorrectitunlesshewasmadeto.Soonhebecomesdependentontheteacher.(除非向他指出錯(cuò)誤,否則他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)注意到錯(cuò)誤,或者除非讓他改正錯(cuò)誤。很快他就變得依賴?yán)蠋熈?。)這句話就表明,如果不斷地去改正孩子,他將無(wú)法獨(dú)立思考,因此C選項(xiàng)“他們長(zhǎng)大后將無(wú)法獨(dú)立思考”正確。A選項(xiàng)“害怕犯錯(cuò)”;B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)自己太嚴(yán)格”;D選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有掌握基本技能的能力”都是原文沒(méi)有提到的。

2.單選題

ThewordeuthanasiaisofGreekoriginandliterallymeans“agooddeath."TheAmericanHeritageDictionarydefinesitas"theactofkillingapersonpainlesslyforreasonsofmercy."Suchkillingcanbedonethroughactivemeans,suchasadministeringalethalinjection,orbypassivemeans,suchaswithholdingmedicalcareorfoodandwater.

InrecentyearsintheUnitedStates,therehavebeennumerouscasesofactiveeuthanasiainthenews.Theyusuallyinvolvethedeliberatekillingofillorincapacitatedpersonsbyrelativesorfriendswhopleadthattheycannolongerbeartoseetheirlovedonessuffer.Althoughsuchkillingsareacrime,theperpetratorsareoftendealtwithlenientlybyourlegalsystem,andthemediausuallyportraysthemascompassionateheroeswhotakepersonalriskstosaveanotherfromunbearablesuffering.

Theseemingacceptanceofactiveformsofeuthanasiaisalarming,butwefaceabigger,moreinsidiousthreatfrompassiveformsofeuthanasia.Everyyear,inhospitalsandnursinghomesaroundthecountry,therearegrowingnumbersofdocumenteddeathscausedbycaregiverswithholdinglifesustainingcare,includingfoodandwater,fromvulnerablepatientswhocannotspeakforthemselves.

Whileitisillegaltokillsomeonedirectly,forexamplewithagunorknife,inmanycasesthelawhasputitsstampofapprovaloncausingdeathbyomittingneededcare.Further,manystateshave“l(fā)ivingwill"lawsdesignedtoprotectthosewhowithholdtreatment,andtherehavebeennumerouscourtrulingswhichhaveapprovedofpatientsbeingdeniedcareandevenstarvedanddehydratedtodeath.

Becausesuchdeathsoccurquietlywithintheconfinesofhospitalsandnursinghomes,theycanbekepthiddenfromthepublic.Mosteuthanasiavictimsareoldorveryill,sotheirdeathsmightbeattributedtoacauseotherthanthedenialofcarethatreallykilledthem.Further,itisoftenrelativesofthepatientwhorequestthatcarebewithheld.Inonecourtcase,thecourtheldthatdecisionstowithholdlife-sustainingcaremaybemadenotonlybyclosefamilymembersbutalsobyanumberofthirdparties,andthatsuchdecisionsneednotbereviewedbythejudicialsystemifthereisnodisagreementbetweendecisionmakersandmedicalstaff.Thecourtwentsofarastorulethatanursinghomemaynotrefusetoparticipateinthefatalwithdrawaloffoodandwaterfromanincompetentpatient!

"Extraordinary"or“heroic"treatmentneednotbeusedwhenthechanceforrecoveryispoorandmedicalinterventionwouldserveonlytoprolongthedyingprocess.Buttodenycustomaryandreasonablecareortodeliberatelystarveordehydratesomeonebecauseheorsheisveryoldorveryillshouldnotbepermitted.Mostofthecasescomingbeforethecourtsdonotinvolvewithholdingheroicmeasuresfromimminentlydyingpeople,butrathertheyseekapprovalfordenyingbasiccare,suchasadministrationoffoodandwater,topeoplewhoarenotelderlyorterminallyill,butwhoarepermanentlyincapacitated.Thesepeoplecouldbeexpectedtoliveindefinitely,thoughinanimpairedstate,iftheyweregivenfoodandwaterandminimaltreatment.

Noonehastherighttojudgethatanother'slifeisnotworthliving.Thebasicrighttolifeshouldnotbeabridgedbecausesomeonedecidesthatsomeoneelse'squalityoflifeistoolow.Ifwebasetherighttolifeonqualityoflifestandards,thereisnologicalplacetodrawtheline.

Toprotectvulnerablepatients,wemustfostermorepositiveattitudestowardspeoplewithseriousandincapacitatingillnessesandconditions.Despitetheravagesoftheirdiseases,theyarestillourfellowhumanbeingsanddeserveourcareandrespect.Wemustalsoenactpositivelegislationthatwillprotectvulnerablepeoplefromthosewhoconsidertheirlivesmeaninglessortoocostlytomaintainandwhowouldcausetheirdeathsbywithholdinglife-sustainingcaresuchasfoodandwater.

1.Thetoneoftheauthorcanbestbedescribedas(

).

2.Inparagraph3,theauthorfindsstarvationanddehydrationinducedeuthanasiaistobe"moreinsidious"because

).

3.Asusedinparagraph3,whatisthebestsynonymforinsidious?

4.Theauthormaintainsthatdeathbywithholdingcareis

).

5.Asusedinparagraph7,whichisthebestdefinitionofabridged?

6.Themainideaofparagraph7isthat

).

7.Inthefinalparagraphtheauthorwrites,"Despitetheravagesoftheirdiseases,theyarestill

ourfellowhumanbeingsanddeserveourcareandrespect."Themainpurposeofthisstatementisto(

).

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleading

B.argumentative

C.compassionate

D.emphatic

E.mpathetic

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.euthanasiaislegallyconsideredtobeacriminalact

B.thepublic'sattitudetowardeuthanasiaisbecomingmorepositive

C.itofteninvolvesthosewhocannotprotest

D.thepatienthasaskedtodiewithdignity

E.itsperpetratorsareviewedaskindlycaregivers

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.mischievous

B.treacherous

C.seductive

D.apparent

E.cumulative

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.largelyconfinedtohospitals

B.largelyconfinedtotheterminallyill

C.oftenrequestedbyfamilymembers

D.approvedbylivingwills

E.difficulttoproveifprosecuted

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.trimmed

B.curtailed

C.lengthened

D.extended

E.compressed

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.lawyerswillbeunabletoprosecuteordefendcaregivers

B.nocomprehensiverightorwrongdefinitionofeuthanasiawillexist

C.usingasubjectivestandardwillmakethedecisiontoendanindividual'slifearbitrary

D.noboundarywillexistbetweeneuthanasiaandcareomission

E.‘qualityoflife’willnolongerbeabletoberigidlydefined

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.proveapreviousargument

B.illustrateanexample

C.gainsayalaterstatement

D.objecttoalargeridea

E.justifyanearlierstatement

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Despitetheravagesoftheirdiseases,theyarestillourfellowhumanbeingsanddeserveourcareandrespect.”盡管他們的疾病肆虐,但他們?nèi)匀皇俏覀兊耐?,值得我們的關(guān)心和尊重,可知作者的語(yǔ)氣是同情的,因此C選項(xiàng)“有同情心的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“懇求的”;B選項(xiàng)“爭(zhēng)論的”;D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)的”;E選項(xiàng)“同感的”。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“Everyyear,inhospitalsandnursinghomesaroundthecountry,therearegrowingnumbersofdocumenteddeathscausedbycaregiverswithholdinglifesustainingcare,includingfoodandwater,fromvulnerablepatientswhocannotspeakforthemselves.”每年,在全國(guó)各地的醫(yī)院和療養(yǎng)院里,有越來(lái)越多的記錄在案的死亡案例是由于護(hù)理人員拒絕給予不能為自己說(shuō)話的病人提供包括食物和水在內(nèi)的生命維持護(hù)理??芍靼刚邽樽o(hù)理人員,因此A選項(xiàng)“它的作案者被視為仁慈的照顧者”符合題意。

3.詞義題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“butwefaceabigger,moreinsidiousthreatfrompassiveformsofeuthanasia.Everyyear,inhospitalsandnursinghomesaroundthecountry,therearegrowingnumbersofdocumenteddeathscausedbycaregiverswithholdinglifesustainingcare,includingfoodandwater,fromvulnerablepatientswhocannotspeakforthemselves.”可知這些病人的不是自愿選擇安樂(lè)死的,而是由護(hù)理人員有意為之的。因此A選項(xiàng)“惡意的”符合題意;B選項(xiàng)“騙人的”;C選項(xiàng)“誘惑的,引誘的”;D選項(xiàng)“表面的,可看得到的”E選項(xiàng)“累積的”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段中“Extraordinary"or“heroic"treatmentneednotbeusedwhenthechanceforrecoveryispoorandmedicalinterventionwouldserveonlytoprolongthedyingprocess.Buttodenycustomaryandreasonablecareortodeliberatelystarveordehydratesomeonebecauseheorsheisveryoldorveryillshouldnotbepermitted.”當(dāng)恢復(fù)的可能性很小,且醫(yī)療干預(yù)只會(huì)延長(zhǎng)垂死的過(guò)程時(shí),就不需要使用“特殊的”或“英勇的”的治療。但因他或她很老或病得嚴(yán)重而拒絕給予慣常、合理的照顧或故意使其饑餓或脫水卻不應(yīng)該被允許,可知B選項(xiàng)“很大程度上僅限于絕癥患者”與作者的主張相符。

5.詞義題。根據(jù)文章第七段中“Noonehastherighttojudgethatanother'slifeisnotworthliving.Thebasicrighttolifeshouldnotbeabridgedbecausesomeonedecidesthatsomeoneelse'squalityoflifeistoolow.”沒(méi)有人有權(quán)力去斷定另一個(gè)人的生命是否值得繼續(xù),基本生存權(quán)不應(yīng)該被……因?yàn)橛腥苏J(rèn)為別人的生活質(zhì)量太低了??芍癮bridge”與生命結(jié)束有關(guān),因此B選項(xiàng)“被縮短”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“被修剪,被整理”;C選項(xiàng)“被加長(zhǎng)”;D選項(xiàng)“被延長(zhǎng)”;E選項(xiàng)“被壓縮”。

6.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第七段中“Noonehastherighttojudgethatanother'slifeisnotworthliving.Thebasicrighttolifeshouldnotbeabridgedbecausesomeonedecidesthatsomeoneelse'squalityoflifeistoolow.”可知每個(gè)人的基本生存權(quán)不能由別人認(rèn)為其生活質(zhì)量太低而被縮短,因此C選項(xiàng)“使用一個(gè)主觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將讓結(jié)束一個(gè)人的生命的決定變得武斷”符合題意”。

7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“Theseemingacceptanceofactiveformsofeuthanasiaisalarming,butwefaceabigger,moreinsidiousthreatfrompassiveformsofeuthanasia.”人們對(duì)主動(dòng)形式的安樂(lè)死的贊同看起來(lái)令人驚訝,但我們面臨著來(lái)自被動(dòng)形式安樂(lè)死的更大、更隱蔽的威脅,和最后一段中“Despitetheravagesoftheirdiseases,theyarestillourfellowhumanbeingsanddeserveourcareandrespect.”盡管他們的疾病肆虐,但他們?nèi)匀皇俏覀兊耐?,值得我們的關(guān)心和尊重??芍髡叻磳?duì)這種被人們接受的觀點(diǎn),因此D選項(xiàng)“反對(duì)一種廣泛的觀點(diǎn)”符合題意。

3.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese

ThereisonelastquestionImustdealwithinthischapter.Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral?Anotherwayofputtingtheproblemisasfollows:Isthereanyclearfoundationorbasisformorality—cananyreasonsbefoundforhumanbeingstobegoodanddorightactsratherthanbebadanddowrongacts?

Alloftheargumentsputfortharecompellingandvalidtosomeextent,providedthatfreequestioningofthemoralprescriptionsthattheyhaveestablishedorthattheysupportisallowedandencouraged.Ihavealreadypointedoutsomeofthedifficultiesassociatedwithestablishingareligiousbasisformorality,butproblemsexistwiththeothertwoargumentsaswell.(1)

Theself-interestargumentcanbeaproblemwhenotherinterestsconflictwithit:oftenitisdifficulttoconvincesomeonewhoseesobviousbenefitsinactingimmorallyinaparticularsituationthatitisinhisorherself-interesttodootherwise.Moralityestablishedbytraditionandlawisproblematicbecauseitisdifficultbothtochangeandtoquestionsuccessfully.Thislackofquestioningsometimesencouragesblindobediencetheimmoralpractices.Itencouragesthebeliefthatbecausesomethinghasbeendoneacertainwayforhundredsofyears,itmustberight.

(2)Arethereanyotherreasonswecangiveastowhyhumanbeingsshouldbemoral?Ifweexaminehumannatureasempiricallyandrationallyaswecan,wediscoverthatallhumanbeingshavemanyneeds,desires,goals,andobjectivesincommon.Forexample,peoplegenerallyseemtoneedfriendship,love,happiness,freedom,peace,creativity,andstabilityintheirlives,notonlyforthemselvesbutforothers,too.(3)

Itdoesn’ttakemuchfurtherexaminationtodiscoverthatinordertosatisfytheseneeds,peoplemustestablishandfollowmoralprinciplesthatencouragethemtocooperatewithoneanotherandthatfreethemfromfearthattheywilllosetheirlives,bemutilated,orbestolenfrom,liedto,cheated,severelyrestricted,orimprisoned.

Itismycontention,then,thatmoralityhascomeaboutbecauseofhumanneedsandthrougharecognitionoftheimportanceoflivingtogetherinaco-operativeandsignificantway.Iamnottryingtosuggestthatallhumanbeingscanbeconvincedthattheyshouldbemoral,oreventhatitwillalwaysbeineachindividual’sself-interesttobemoral.Idobelieve,however,thatthequestion“Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral”generallycanbestbeansweredbythestatementthatadheringtomoralprinciplesenableshumanbeingstolivetheirlivesaspeacefully,happily,creatively,andmeaningfullyasispossible.

Also,asImentionedwhendiscussinglawandmorality,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseintheteachingofethicsinlawschools.Thesametypesofcourseshavebeenestablishedatmedicalschools,andtherehasbeenanincreaseinbioethicsandotherethicscommitteesinhospitalsandvariousbusinesses.Forexample,JamesO’Toolehasbeenconductingvalues-basedleadershipseminarsforCEOsandothermanagersinbusiness.Onemightask.“Doesthismeanthatwearebecomingmoreethical,orthatwewillbe,astheseethicsbegintofilterdowntothegeneralpopulace?”Certainlyitisadmirablethatsomanyevenpoliticians—areinterestedinvaluesandinimprovingtheethicallevelinAmerica.Mymajorconcerniswithhowsuperficialallofthisis,especiallyasitcomesfrompoliticianstryingtogetelected.Idon’tdoubtthatsomeofthesepoliticiansaresincere,butsome-timesIwonderwhosevaluestheywishtoimpose,andalsoIwonderhowmuchtraininganyofthesepeoplehavehadinethics.

(4)Yetregardlessofhowpopular,superficiallyornot,ethicsmaybecome,itcertainlyshouldbethemostimportantaspectofyourlife.Afterall,whatcouldbemoreimportantthanlearninghowtolivemoreethicallyandimprovingthequalityofyourlifeandthelivesofothersaroundyou?AsAlbertEinsteinsaid,“Themostimportanthumanendeavoristhestrivingformoralityinouractions.Ourinnerbalanceandevenourveryexistencedependonit.Onlymoralityinouractionscangivebeautyanddignitytolife.”

(5)Moralitydealsbasicallywithhumansandhowtheyrelatetootherbeings,bothhumanandnonhuman.Itdealswithhowhumanstreatotherbeingssoastopromotemutualwelfare,growth,creativity,andmeaningandtostriveforwhatisgoodoverwhatisbadandwhatisrightoverwhatiswrong.

【答案】1.當(dāng)與他人利益發(fā)生沖突時(shí),利己主義的觀點(diǎn)就會(huì)成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題:在某特定情形下,若不按道德行事,某人會(huì)明顯受益,因此,往往很難說(shuō)服此人遵守道德規(guī)范對(duì)他或她有益。

2.至于人類為何需要遵守道德規(guī)范,我們還能給出其他的理由嗎?如果我們能夠盡可能地憑借經(jīng)驗(yàn)或理性審視人性,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)所有人類都有很多相似的需求、欲望、目標(biāo)和目的。

3.不需要進(jìn)一步調(diào)查就能發(fā)現(xiàn),人類為了滿足這些需求,必須樹立和遵循道德規(guī)范。這會(huì)鼓勵(lì)他們與他人進(jìn)行合作,幫助他們擺脫可能會(huì)喪命、致殘,或者遭他人偷竊、撒謊、欺騙、嚴(yán)重地受限制或囚禁等帶來(lái)的恐懼。

4.然而無(wú)論倫理是否受歡迎或者膚淺,它可能成為,也一定應(yīng)是你的生活中最重要的一面。畢竟,學(xué)習(xí)如何更符合倫理道德地生活,以及改善你的以及身邊人的生活質(zhì)量,難道還有比這更重要的事嗎?

5.道德主要是關(guān)于人,以及他們與其他人或人類以外其他事物之間的關(guān)系。它涉及人類如何對(duì)待其他人或物,從而促進(jìn)共同的福利、發(fā)展、創(chuàng)造力和意義,以及為了好戰(zhàn)勝壞和正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡而努力。

4.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Strongemotionalbondsbetweenmothersandinfantsincreasechildren’swillingnesstoexploretheworld—aneffectthathasbeenobserved(1)theanimalkingdom,inpeople,monkeysandevenspiders.Themoresecureweareinour(2)toMom,themorelikelywearetotrynewthingsandtakerisks.Nowresearchersarediscoveringthatthiseffectcontinuesintoadulthood.AmerereminderofMom’stouchorthesoundofhervoiceonthephoneis(3)tochangepeople’smindsandmoods,affectingtheirdecisionmakinginmeasurableways.

Inastudy(4)onlineinAprilinPsychologicalScience,undergraduatebusinessstudentshadtochoosebetweensafebetsandriskygambles—abondwithaguaranteed4percentyearly(5)orariskierstockoption,forexample.Inhalfthecases,theexperimenterspattedthestudents(6)onthebackoftheshoulderforaboutonesecond(7)providingverbalinstructionsaboutthestudy.Bothmaleandfemalestudentswhoweretouchedbyafemaleexperimenterwere(8)morelikelytochoosetheriskyalternativethanwerethosewhohadnotbeentouchedorwerepattedbymaleexperimenters.Thereassuringtouchofawomanmayhaveinducedearlyassociations,(9)thesameopennesstoexplorationthatisobservedinyoungchildrenofsupportivemothers,explainsJonathanLevav,abusinessprofessoratColumbiaUniversityandleadauthorofthestudy.

Tofurther(10)thatawoman’stouchlinksfeelingsofsecuritywithrisktaking,theresearchersaskeda(11)groupofundergraduatestomakefinancialdecisionsafterawritingexercise.Halfofthemwroteaboutatimetheyfeltsecureandsupported,whereasthe(12)halfwroteaboutfeelinginsecureandalone.Evokinga(13)ofinsecuritymadestudentsinthelattergroup(14)receptivetothegentleshoulderpatsfromfemaleexperimentersandmuchmorewillingtotakearisk—justasachildleavingforafieldtripmightstealonelastreassuringhug(15)Mombeforesteppingonthebus.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.by

B.up

C.above

D.across

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.concern

B.attachment

C.treatment

D.appeal

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.enough

B.ready

C.easy

D.quick

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.exhibited

B.published

C.appeared

D.advertised

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.return

B.expense

C.cost

D.prize

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.seemingly

B.strongly

C.partly

D.lightly

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.if

B.so

C.while

D.whereas

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.rather

B.far

C.further

D.pretty

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.intending

B.inferring

C.inspiring

D.instructing

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.enable

B.ensure

C.consent

D.confirm

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.relative

B.competitive

C.different

D.successive

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.next

B.other

C.minor

D.opposite

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.hint

B.clue

C.chain

D.sense

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.especially

B.specially

C.securely

D.entirely

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.toward

B.into

C.of

D.from

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:D

第7題:C

第8題:B

第9題:C、D

第10題:C、D

第11題:C

第12題:B

第13題:D

第14題:A

第15題:D

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.by通過(guò)B.up向(較高位置),向……上游

C.above在(或向)上面D.across從一邊到另一邊,在……各處

【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義邏輯。

【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,animalkingdom(動(dòng)物王國(guó))是一個(gè)地點(diǎn),所以空格處要填入一個(gè)接地點(diǎn)的介詞,而根據(jù)句意“在動(dòng)物王國(guó)中,人類、猴子甚至蜘蛛上都能觀察到這種效應(yīng)”可知,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)表示被動(dòng),不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu);

C、B項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】在動(dòng)物王國(guó)中,人類、猴子甚至蜘蛛上都能觀察到這種效應(yīng)。

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.concern(尤指許多人共同的)擔(dān)心,憂慮B.attachment依戀,附件

C.treatment治療D.appeal上訴,申訴

【考查點(diǎn)】聯(lián)系上下文。

【解題思路】上文提到“母親和嬰兒之間強(qiáng)烈的情感紐帶會(huì)增加孩子探索世界的意愿”,所以這里的our______toMom指的是“我們對(duì)母親的依戀”,該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D項(xiàng)不符合上下文語(yǔ)義。

【句意】我們對(duì)母親的依戀越有安全感,我們就越有可能去嘗試新事物和冒險(xiǎn)。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.enough足夠的B.ready準(zhǔn)備好的

C.easy容易的D.quick快速的

【考查點(diǎn)】搭配。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“只要想起媽媽的撫摸或她在電話里的聲音,就______改變?nèi)藗兊南敕ê颓榫w”可知,空格表示“足以”符合,且固定搭配beenoughtodo表示“足以做某事”,所以該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】只要想起媽媽的撫摸或她在電話里的聲音,就足以改變?nèi)藗兊南敕ê颓榫w,以可衡量的方式影響他們的決定。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.exhibited展覽,展出B.published出版,發(fā)行

C.appeared顯得,看來(lái)D.advertised(為……)做廣告;登廣告

【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義邏輯。

【解題思路】分析句子可知,空格處為過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)修飾study(研究),根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息PsychologicalScience(《心理科學(xué)》)可知,這個(gè)研究是在這本書上發(fā)表,所以空格處填入B項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D項(xiàng)不符合語(yǔ)義邏輯。

【句意】《心理科學(xué)》4月份在線發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究表明,商學(xué)本科生必須在安全的賭注和危險(xiǎn)的賭博之間做出選擇。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.return回報(bào),收益B.expense開銷,開支

C.cost成本,代價(jià)D.prize獎(jiǎng)賞,獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

【考查點(diǎn)】聯(lián)系上下文。

【解題思路】上文提到“本科生必須在安全的賭注和危險(xiǎn)的賭博之間做出選擇”,這里就舉了一個(gè)例子,即“有______保證的債券或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的股票期權(quán)”,綜合理解可知,此處對(duì)應(yīng)前面的兩種選擇,所以空格處是指有穩(wěn)定回報(bào)的債券,該題選擇A項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B、C項(xiàng)不符合上下文;

D項(xiàng)是指贏得某個(gè)比賽所獲得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

【句意】例如,有4%的年回報(bào)率保證的債券或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的股票期權(quán)。

6.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.seemingly看似,貌似B.strongly堅(jiān)定地,強(qiáng)有力地

C.partly一定程度上,部分地D.lightly輕柔地,輕微地

【考查點(diǎn)】搭配。

【解題思路】分析句子可知,空格處填入一個(gè)副詞修飾動(dòng)詞patted(拍),根據(jù)句意“在一半的案例中,實(shí)驗(yàn)者會(huì)拍學(xué)生的肩背約一秒鐘”可推測(cè),空格處應(yīng)該表示“輕輕地”,所以選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)不符合語(yǔ)義邏輯。

【句意】在一半的案例中,實(shí)驗(yàn)者會(huì)輕拍學(xué)生的肩背約一秒鐘。

7.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.if如果B.so因此,所以

C.while當(dāng)……時(shí),盡管D.whereas然而

【考查點(diǎn)】邏輯。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“實(shí)驗(yàn)者會(huì)輕輕拍拍學(xué)生的肩膀,持續(xù)了大約一秒鐘的時(shí)間,______提供關(guān)于研究的口頭說(shuō)明”可知,輕拍肩膀和提供口頭說(shuō)明都是同時(shí)發(fā)生的,所以空格處要填入一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ),C項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)不符合句子邏輯。

【句意】在一半的案例中,實(shí)驗(yàn)者在提供關(guān)于研究的口頭說(shuō)明的同時(shí),會(huì)輕輕拍拍學(xué)生的肩膀,持續(xù)了大約一秒鐘的時(shí)間。

8.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.rather相當(dāng),在某種程度上B.far遠(yuǎn),久

C.further(空間距離)較遠(yuǎn),更遠(yuǎn)D.pretty頗,相當(dāng)

【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義邏輯。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“被女性實(shí)驗(yàn)者觸碰過(guò)的男學(xué)生和女學(xué)生都比那些沒(méi)有被男性實(shí)驗(yàn)者觸碰過(guò)或者被男性實(shí)驗(yàn)者拍過(guò)肩膀的學(xué)生______有可能選擇危險(xiǎn)的選項(xiàng)”,空格處需要填入一個(gè)程度副詞修飾morelikelyto(更有可能),而far表示程度,一般用于修飾比較級(jí),表示“遠(yuǎn)比……,……得多”,所以該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、D項(xiàng)意指低/高出一般水平或者出乎意料的好/差,在這不符合句子語(yǔ)義;

C項(xiàng)也不符合句意。

【句意】無(wú)論是男學(xué)生還是女學(xué)生,被女性實(shí)驗(yàn)者觸碰過(guò)的都比那些沒(méi)有被男性實(shí)驗(yàn)者觸碰過(guò)或者被男性實(shí)驗(yàn)者拍過(guò)肩膀的學(xué)生更有可能選擇危險(xiǎn)的選項(xiàng)。

9.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.intending打算,計(jì)劃B.inferring推斷,推論

C.inspiring激勵(lì),鼓舞D.instructing指示,命令

【考查點(diǎn)】聯(lián)系上下文。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“女性令人安心的撫摸可能會(huì)引發(fā)早期聯(lián)想,______與母親支持孩子一樣的探索開放性”,第一段首句提到“母親和嬰兒之間強(qiáng)烈的情感紐帶會(huì)增加孩子探索世界的意愿”,所以該句表示“女性令人安心的撫摸能激發(fā)與母親支持的孩子一樣的探索開放性”,該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)不符合上下文語(yǔ)義。

【句意】該研究的主要作者、哥倫比亞大學(xué)商學(xué)院教授喬納森?萊瓦夫解釋說(shuō),女性令人安心的撫摸可能會(huì)引發(fā)早期聯(lián)想,激發(fā)出與母親支持的孩子一樣的探索開放性。

10.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.enable使能夠,使有機(jī)會(huì)B.ensure保證

C.consent同意,準(zhǔn)許D.confirm(尤指提供證據(jù)來(lái))證實(shí),證明

【考查點(diǎn)】聯(lián)系上下文。

【解題思路】上文提到“女性令人安心的撫摸可能會(huì)激發(fā)出與母親支持的孩子一樣的探索開放性”,這一句接著說(shuō)“為了進(jìn)一步______女性的觸摸將安全感與冒險(xiǎn)精神聯(lián)系在一起”可知,這一段是對(duì)上一段得出的結(jié)論進(jìn)行證實(shí),所以該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)不符合上下文語(yǔ)義。

【句意】為了進(jìn)一步證實(shí)女性的觸摸將安全感與冒險(xiǎn)精神聯(lián)系在一起。

11.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.relative相比較而言的,比較的B.competitive競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的

C.different不同的,有區(qū)別的D.successive連續(xù)的,接連的

【考查點(diǎn)】聯(lián)系上下文。

【解題思路】上文提到一項(xiàng)研究,即讓一組學(xué)生進(jìn)行決策實(shí)驗(yàn),最后得出女性令人安心的撫摸可能會(huì)引發(fā)早期聯(lián)想,激發(fā)探索開放性,這里接著提到,為了證實(shí)這一結(jié)論,研究員進(jìn)行了另一組實(shí)驗(yàn),所以空格處表示“不同的另一組大學(xué)生”,該題選擇C項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)不符合上下文。

【句意】為了進(jìn)一步證實(shí)女性的觸摸與安全感和冒險(xiǎn)之間的聯(lián)系,研究人員讓另一組大學(xué)生在寫下一些東西后做財(cái)務(wù)決策。

12.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.next緊接著的B.other其他的,另外的

C.minor較小的,次要的D.opposite對(duì)面的,相反的

【考查點(diǎn)】句間邏輯。

【解題思路】通過(guò)whereas(然而)可知,句子前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,前面提到了Halfofthem(其中一半人),所以后面表示的是“另一半人”,故選擇B項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D項(xiàng)不符合句間邏輯。

【句意】其中一半人寫的是他們感到安全和被支持的時(shí)候,而另一半人寫的是感到不安全和孤獨(dú)的時(shí)候。

13.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.hint暗示,提示B.clue線索

C.chain鏈條,一系列D.sense感覺(jué)官能,(對(duì)重大事情的)感覺(jué)

【考查點(diǎn)】聯(lián)系上下文。

【解題思路】上一句提到“另一半人寫的是感到不安全和孤獨(dú)的時(shí)候”,所以這里表示的是“不安全感”,D項(xiàng)符合句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)不符合上下文語(yǔ)義。

【句意】由于產(chǎn)生了不安全感,后一組的學(xué)生……接受女性實(shí)驗(yàn)者溫柔的拍肩,也更愿意冒險(xiǎn)

14.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.especially尤其,特別B.specially專門地,特意

C.securely安全地,牢固地D.entirely全部地,完整地

【考查點(diǎn)】聯(lián)系上下文。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“由于產(chǎn)生了不安全感,后一組的學(xué)生______接受女性實(shí)驗(yàn)者溫柔的拍肩,也更愿意冒險(xiǎn)”,結(jié)合上文說(shuō)女性觸摸能激發(fā)探索開放性,可知該處表示“更愿意,尤其容易”,所以A項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D項(xiàng)不符合上下文語(yǔ)義。

【句意】由于產(chǎn)生了不安全感,后一組的學(xué)生尤其容易接受女性實(shí)驗(yàn)者溫柔的拍肩,也更愿意冒險(xiǎn)。

15.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.toward向,朝B.into到……里面

C.of……的D.from從……來(lái)

【考查點(diǎn)】搭配。

【解題思路】分析句子可知,空格處填入一個(gè)介詞和steal搭配,stealfrom是常見(jiàn)搭配,表示“從……偷走”,所以該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)不與steal搭配。

【句意】就像一個(gè)要去郊游的孩子可能會(huì)在上車前從媽媽那里偷走最后一個(gè)讓她安心的擁抱一樣。

5.單選題

Wehadto()alotofnoisewhenthechildrenwereathome.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.goinfor

B.holdonto

C.putupwith

D.keeppacewith

【答案】C

【解析】句意:孩子在家的時(shí)候,我們不得不忍受孩子們的吵鬧聲。

考查短語(yǔ)辨析。goinfor參加,追求,從事;holdonto堅(jiān)持;putupwith忍受/容忍…;keeppacewith趕上,齊頭并進(jìn)。因此,C項(xiàng)符合句意。

6.單選題

1.Lovehastoppledkings,inspiredpoets,sparkedwars,soothedbeasts,andchangedthecourseofhistory.Itiscreditedforlife'sgreatestjoys,blamedforthemostcrushingsorrows.Andofcourse,it"makestheworldgoaround."

2.Allofwhichisnosurprisetobiologists.Theyknowthatloveiscentraltohumanexistence.Wearenotjustprogrammedforreproduction.Thecapacityforlovingemotionsisalsowrittenintoourbiochemistry,essentialifchildrenaretogrowandtothrive.Andlove'sabsencecanbedevastating.Thelossofaspouseoftenhastensdeathinolderpeople.

3.Lovebeganwithmotherhood.Formammalianyoungtosurvive,mothersmustinvestconsiderabletimeandenergyinthem.Ofcourse,thevaryinggrowthratesofmammalianspeciesrequiresomemotherstoinvestmoretimeandenergythanothers.Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.

4.Withthehelpofoxytocin(achemicalthat

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