考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Ifthiskindoffishbecomes（

）,futuregenerationsmaynevertasteitatall.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.minimum

B.short

C.seldom

D.scarce

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。minimum最小的；short短的；seldom很少，不常；scarce缺乏的，不足的。

句意：如果這種魚(yú)變得稀缺，未來(lái)的幾代人可能再也嘗不到它的味道了。選項(xiàng)D符合語(yǔ)境。

2.單選題

Itmaybeworthwhileatthismomentto（）andseewhatprogresswehavemadeafteroneyear’sstudyincollege.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.lookinto

B.lookaround

C.lookover

D.lookback

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。Lookinto“調(diào)查，研究”；lookaround“環(huán)顧”；lookover“查看”；lookback“回顧”。句意：現(xiàn)在回顧一下我們?cè)诖髮W(xué)的一年學(xué)習(xí)中所取得的進(jìn)步是值得的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.單選題

Originally,plasticwashailedforitspotentialtoreducehumankind’sheavyenvironmentalfootprint.Theearliestplasticwereinventedassubstitutesforshrinkingsuppliesofnaturalmaterialslikeivoryortortoiseshell.Today,plasticisperceivedasnature’snemesis.Butagenericdistasteforplasticcanmuddyourthinkingaboutthetrade-offsinvolvedwhenwereplaceplasticwithothermaterials.

Takeplasticbags,theemblemforallbadthings.Theyclogstormdrains,tangleuprecyclingequipment,litterparksandbeachesandthreatenwildlifeonlandandatsea.SuchproblemshavefueledbansonbagsaroundtheworldandinmorethanadozenAmericancities.Unfortunately,thebanstypicallyleadtoahugeincreaseintheuseofpaperbags,whichalsohaveenvironmentaldrawbacks.Inotherwords,plasticsaren’tnecessarilybadfortheenvironment;itsthewaywemakeandusethemthat’stheproblem.

It’sestimatedthathalfofthenearly600billionpoundsofplasticsproducedeach,yeargointosingle-useproducts.Someareindisputablyvaluable,likedisposablesyringes,whichhavebeenagreatallyinpreventingthespreadofinfectiousdiseaseslikeHIVandevenplasticwaterbottles,which,afterdiseasesliketheJapanesetsunami,arecriticaltosavinglives.Yetmanydisposables,likethebags,drinkingstrawsandpackagingcommonlyfoundinbeachclean-ups,areessentiallyprefablitterwithaheavyenvironmentalcost.

Andthere’sanothercost.Pouringsomuchplasticintodisposableconvenienceshashelpedtodiminishourviewofafamilyofmaterialsweonceheldinhighesteem.Plastichasbecomesynonymouswithcheapandworthless,wheninfactthosechainsofhydrocarbonsoughttoberegardedasamongthemostvaluablesubstancesontheplanet.Ifweunderstoodplastic’strueworth,wewouldstopwastingitontrivialthrowawaysandtakebetteradvantageofwhatthisversatilematerialcandoforus.

Inaworldofnearlysevenbillionsoulsandcounting,wearenotgoingtofeed,clotheandhouseourselvessolelyfromwood,oreandstone;weneedplastics.Andinanerawhenwe’reconcernedaboutourcarbonfootprint,wecanappreciatethatlightweightplasticstakelessenergytoproduceandtransportthanmanyothermaterials.

Yetwecan’thopetoachieveplastic’spromiseforthe21stcenturyifwestickwithwasteful20thcenturyhabitsofplasticproductionandconsumption.Wehavethetechnologytomakebetterandsaferplastics-forgedfromrenewablesources,ratherthanfinitefossilfuels,usingchemicalsthatinflictminimalornoharmontheplanetandourhealth.

1.Fromtheresultsofbanningplasticbags,welearnthat______.

2.Whatdoweknowaboutthesingle-useplasticproductsfromthethirdparagraph?

3.Theauthorbelievesthatpeoplewouldstopwastingplasticifthey?______.

4.Lightweightplasticsenjoygreatadvantageoverothermaterialsinthatthattheyare______.

5.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefutureofplastic?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.bettermaterialsarestilltobefoundtoreplaceplasticbags

B.thewayofmakingandusingplasticbagsmattersalot

C.plasticbagsreallycausemanyenvironmentalproblems

D.thebansonplasticbagsgreatlyboostthepaperindustry

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Plasticbagsaccountforonlyasmallpart.

B.Theyareallindispensableinemergenciesordisasters.

C.Massesofthemusuallyendupaslitter.

D.Mostaremadegooduseofbypeople.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.knewthehistoryofitsinvention

B.gotpunishedforwastingit

C.realizeditsimpactontheenvironment

D.didn’ttakeitsvalueforgranted

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.moredurableandhardertobreak

B.energy-efficientinmakingandtransporting

C.easytoproduceanduse

D.widelyusedingreentechnology

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Objective

B.Pessimistic

C.Passionate

D.Unknown

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Inotherwords,plasticsaren’tnecessarilybadfortheenvironment;itsthewaywemakeandusethemthat’stheproblem.（換句話(huà)說(shuō)，塑料不一定對(duì)環(huán)境有害；我們制造和使用它們的方式才是問(wèn)題所在。因此可推測(cè)，對(duì)于塑料對(duì)環(huán)境是否有害，取決于制造和使用方式）。B選項(xiàng)“制作和使用塑料袋的方法很重要”，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“人們?nèi)栽趯ふ腋玫牟牧蟻?lái)取代塑料袋”，文章沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)內(nèi)容，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“塑料袋確實(shí)造成了許多環(huán)境問(wèn)題”，文章對(duì)塑料袋造成禁令，但是也會(huì)造成紙袋的使用上升，因此可排除C選項(xiàng)。D選項(xiàng)“禁止使用塑料袋極大地促進(jìn)了造紙業(yè)的發(fā)展”，文章中沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)內(nèi)容，可排除。因此正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

2.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。我們可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Yetmanydisposables,likethebags,drinkingstrawsandpackagingcommonlyfoundinbeachclean-ups,areessentiallyprefablitterwithaheavyenvironmentalcost.（然而，許多一次性用品，比如海灘清潔用品中常見(jiàn)的袋子、吸管和包裝，本質(zhì)上都是預(yù)制垃圾，造成了沉重的環(huán)境成本）。C選項(xiàng)“大量的垃圾通常會(huì)被丟棄”，文章所說(shuō)，塑料的本質(zhì)都是預(yù)制垃圾，因此可推測(cè)，塑料會(huì)被當(dāng)成垃圾扔掉，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“塑料袋只占小部分”，文章所說(shuō)，許多一次性用品，例如常見(jiàn)的袋子，說(shuō)明塑料袋不只占小部分，因此A選項(xiàng)可排除。B選項(xiàng)“它們?cè)诰o急情況或?yàn)?zāi)難中都是必不可少的”，文章所說(shuō)，它們只是對(duì)生命拯救至關(guān)重要，沒(méi)有說(shuō)是必不可少的，因此B選項(xiàng)可排除。D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)都被人們很好地利用了”，文章所說(shuō)，會(huì)把塑料浪費(fèi)在微不足道的一次性物品上，因此D選項(xiàng)可排除。因此正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干我們可以定位到文章第四段最后一句Ifweunderstoodplastic’strueworth,wewouldstopwastingitontrivialthrowawaysandtakebetteradvantageofwhatthisversatilematerialcandoforus.（如果我們理解塑料的真正價(jià)值，我們就不會(huì)再把它浪費(fèi)在微不足道的一次性物品上，而是更好地利用這種多功能材料為我們做的事情）。D選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有認(rèn)為它的價(jià)值是理所當(dāng)然的”，文章所說(shuō)，如果人們理解塑料的真正價(jià)值，便不會(huì)浪費(fèi)塑料，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“知道它的發(fā)明歷史”，文章沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)內(nèi)容，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)槔速M(fèi)了它而受到懲罰”，文章沒(méi)有提到，浪費(fèi)塑料會(huì)受到懲罰，因此B選項(xiàng)可排除。C選項(xiàng)“意識(shí)到它對(duì)環(huán)境的影響”，文章所說(shuō)，即便知道會(huì)污染環(huán)境，人們還是在浪費(fèi)塑料，因此C選項(xiàng)可排除。因此正確答案為D選項(xiàng)。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干我們可以定位到文章第五段最后一句wecanappreciatethatlightweightplasticstakelessenergytoproduceandtransportthanmanyothermaterials.（我們可以認(rèn)識(shí)到，與許多其他材料相比，輕質(zhì)塑料的生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸所消耗的能源更少）。B選項(xiàng)“在制造和運(yùn)輸上節(jié)能”，文章所說(shuō)，輕質(zhì)塑料的生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸所消耗的能源更少，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“更耐用，更不易斷裂”，文章沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)內(nèi)容，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“易于生產(chǎn)和使用”，文章沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)內(nèi)容，可排除C選項(xiàng)。D選項(xiàng)“廣泛應(yīng)用于綠色科技”，塑料并沒(méi)有廣泛地運(yùn)用在綠色科技，D選項(xiàng)可排除。因此正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。通讀全文，作者既講述了塑料的危害，也說(shuō)了對(duì)于塑料的使用需要明白制作和使用方式以及理解塑料的真正價(jià)值，因此作者對(duì)待塑料的態(tài)度是客觀(guān)理性的。A選項(xiàng)“客觀(guān)的”符合作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度，因此正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

4.單選題

Intohernineties,herthinking（）acuteandhercharacterforceful.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.remained

B.retained

C.maintained

D.contained

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)remained“保持”；B選項(xiàng)retained“保存”；C選項(xiàng)maintained“維護(hù)”；D選項(xiàng)contained“包含”。句意：雖已年屆九旬，她（）頭腦敏銳，個(gè)性很強(qiáng)。題干的意思是雖然她年紀(jì)很大了，但還是保持清晰的頭腦，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Myeldestsisterwentonwiththestoryandyoungchildrenaroundher（）withwonderful!”fromtimetotime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.brokeout

B.brokeoff

C.brokein

D.brokeup

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。breakout“爆發(fā)，突發(fā)”；breakoff“折斷，突然停止”；breakin“打斷，闖入”；breakup“打碎，結(jié)束”，句意：我的姐姐繼續(xù)講故事，圍在她身邊的小孩子時(shí)不時(shí)地打斷歡呼“太棒了！”。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

6.單選題

Cancerresearchersarelearningtoreadgeneslikeacrystalballtopredicthowpatientswillrespondtocancertherapy,whowillsuffertheworstsideeffectsandwhattreatmentsmaybebestforaparticularpatient.Foreseeingtheoutcomeoftreatment,andknowingwithcertaintywhichdrugsarebestforindividualpatients,havelongbeenthegoalsofcancerresearchers.

Foratleast40years,oncologistshavepuzzledoverwhysomepatientsrespondsowelltochemotherapywhileothersobtainmodestbenefitsornoneatall.ThediscoverydecadesagothatlinkedachromosomeabnormalitytooneformofleukemiapavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthedrugGleevecbyDrukerandtheabilitytoidentifythepatientsmostlikelytobenefit.Morerecently,withthewealthofknowledgefromthehumanGenomeProject,researchershavebeenabletodevelopevenmorespecifictoolstocreategeneticprofilesoftumorsandmatchthoseprofileswiththerightdrugs.Thetoolsalsohelpdeterminewhichpatientsaremostlikelytoexperiencetheworstsideeffectsofspecifictypesofchemotherapyandguidethemtoothertreatments.

ResearchersfromtheUniversityofChicagostudiedalterationsoftheUGT1A1gene,associatedwithanincreasedchanceofchemotherapysideeffects.MarkRatainandhisteamstudied61coloncancerpatientsreceivingirinotecanandlearnedthatpatientswithalterationsofthegenelabeledas7/7weremostlikelytosufferseverelossesofwhitebloodcells.Patientswiththe6/7alterationtypehadintermediatesideeffects,andpatientswiththe6/6typehadnone.

ScientistsattheMassachusettsGeneralHospitalexaminedgenesthatnormallyhavetheabilitytorepairdamagetoDNAincellscalledXPDandXRCC1.Thenumberofvariationsinthesegenesindicateshowlongapatientislikelytosurvive.SaradaGurubhagavatulaandherteamstudiedvariationsofthesegenesin103patientsdiagnosedwithadvancednon-small-celllungcancer.Patientswithatotalofthreevariationsinthegenessurvivedamedianof6.8months;thosewithtwovariationssurvived11months;patientswithonevariationsurvived16.6months;andthosewithnovariationssurvived20.4months.Gurubhagavatulasaysthevariationscouldbeidentifiedandthosewiththeworstpredictedoutcomesputonchemotherapyregimensthatofferbetteroddsofsurvival.

ScientistsatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterandGenomicHealthInc.havedevelopedawaytotestlungtumorforgeneticprofilesassociatedwithresponsestothenewlungcancerdrugIressa.Thedrughasbeenshowntoshrinktumorsin10%to12%ofpatientswithadvancedlungcancer.DavidAgusatCedar-Sinaifoundapatternof185genesthatareturnedoffandoninamannerthatcorrelateswithresponsetoIressaortoalackofresponse.Whenusedcommercially,thetestwilltargetpatientsmostlikelytobenefitandwillallowpatientstomakeotherchoicesifthenegativeprofileisfound.

1.Thetextismainlyabout（

）.

2.TheachievementsfromHumanGenomeProjectenableresearchersto

（

）.

3.Thepurposeoftheauthorinmentioningthethreeresearchesisto

（

）.

4.Saradaandherteamareconvincedthat

（

）.

5.Inthe3rdparagraph,theword"alteration"means（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thesearchforeffectivecancertreatmentdrugs

B.thegoalsofcancertreatment

C.thesuccessinreadinggenes

D.thecancertreatmentbyexamination

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.diagnoseachromosomeabnormalitymoreaccurately.

B.developcancertreatmentdrugslikeGleevec.

C.administercancertreatmentwithlesssideeffect.

D.comeupwithchemotherapyasaneffectivetoolforcancertreatment.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.makeacontrastiveanalysisofthem.

B.illustratetheachievementsincancertherapy.

C.presentthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthem.

D.showhowalteredgenescancausecancer.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.researchongenesoffersthemgreaterpredictivepower.

B.lungcanceriscausedbyvariationofgenes.

C.patientscansurvivelungcancerbyalteringtheirgenes.

D.chemotherapycansaveeventheworstlungcancerpatients.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.investigations

B.activities

C.predictions

D.changes

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目問(wèn)的是“這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容是……”。文章第一段提到癌癥研究者正在像占卜者看水晶球一樣來(lái)閱讀基因（Cancerresearchersarelearningtoreadgeneslikeacrystalballtopredicthowpatientswillrespondtocancertherapy）；文章第二段提到研究者如何通過(guò)基因計(jì)劃提高對(duì)癌癥這類(lèi)病的了解，并研究出相應(yīng)的藥物（Morerecently,withthewealthofknowledgefromthehumanGenomeProject,researchershavebeenabletodevelopevenmorespecifictoolstocreategeneticprofilesoftumorsandmatchthoseprofileswiththerightdrugs.），接下來(lái)的段落通過(guò)一些例子來(lái)說(shuō)明在基因方面的成就，可知全文都是在講述基因檢測(cè)與癌癥治療，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“人類(lèi)基因工程的成果讓研究者……”。文章第二段提到“研究人員能夠開(kāi)發(fā)出更具體的工具來(lái)創(chuàng)建腫瘤的基因圖譜，并將這些圖譜與正確的藥物進(jìn)行匹配”（Morerecently,withthewealthofknowledgefromthehumanGenomeProject,researchershavebeenabletodevelopevenmorespecifictoolstocreategeneticprofilesoftumorsandmatchthoseprofileswiththerightdrugs），由此可知選項(xiàng)C“用副作用更少的藥物進(jìn)行治療”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者提及三位研究者的目的是什么”。文章第三、四、五段是為了用具體的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明在人類(lèi)基因工程的幫助下，在治療癌癥方面取得的成就。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“Sarada和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為……”。文章第四段提到Sarada和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)研究了能夠修復(fù)DNA中受損的基因。他們的研究了103例晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的這些基因變異，她認(rèn)為這些變異可以被識(shí)別，然后把最糟糕的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果考慮進(jìn)化學(xué)治療的實(shí)施中，從而提高生存幾率（thevariationscouldbeidentifiedandthosewiththeworstpredictedoutcomesputonchemotherapyregimensthatofferbetteroddsofsurvival），由此可以推斷選項(xiàng)A“對(duì)基因的研究提高了預(yù)測(cè)能力”符合題意。

5.詞義題。題目問(wèn)的是“在第三段中，alteration的意思是……”。文章第三段第一句提到“芝加哥大學(xué)的研究人員研究了UGT1A1基因的改變，這與化學(xué)療法副作用增加有關(guān)”（ResearchersfromtheUniversityofChicagostudiedalterationsoftheUGT1A1gene,associatedwithanincreasedchanceofchemotherapysideeffects），alteration有“改變”的意思，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.單選題

Anotherofthesocialsciencesrelyinguponresearchisanthropology,thestudyofhumanbeingsandtheirculture.Anthropologicaltheoriesalsoresultfrominvestigationintothecharacteristicsofpeopleandtheirproducts,whichcontributestoabetterunderstandingofthepatternsofhumanbehaviors.Intheirsystematicexamination,researchersinallbranchesofanthropologyfollowthesamebasicsteps.Themethodcalledparticipantobservationismostwidespread,althoughothertechniquesareusedaswell.Atfirst,theanthropologistentersacommunitytogatherinformationfrommembersoftheircommunitythroughobservationsandconversations.Thefieldworkertakescopiousnotesand,lateron,beginstoposehypothesesfromthesethatwillformthebasisoffurtherresearch.Afterspecifichypotheseshavebeendeveloped,theresearchergathersinformationtolestthem,oftenintheformofsurveysorrecordedinterviews.Finally,theanthropologistorganizeswilltheinformationandevaluatesthehypothesesinlightofthedata.Theconclusionsoftenformthebasisofarticlesforscientificjournals,booksandlectures.

1.Theparagraphprecedingthispassagemostlikelydiscusses（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,investigationintohumantraitsleadsto（）.

3.Inline9,theitalicizedword“copious”mostcloselymeans（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthefirststepintheparticipantobservationmethod?

5.Intheline10,theitalicizedword“these”referstowhichofthefollowing?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.othersocialsciencefields

B.theoriginofanthropology

C.researchinanothersocialscience

D.branchesofanthropology

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.refinementsinhumanproducts

B.betterawarenessofpatternsinhumanconduct

C.systematicexaminationofallanthropologicalfields

D.constantadjustmentstothestepsofbasicresearch

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.ample

B.preliminary

C.outlined

D.specific

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Selectingacommunitytostudy

B.Developingspecifichypotheses

C.Organizingandevaluatingdata

D.Observingandconservingwithcommunitymembers

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.hypotheses

B.observations

C.notes

D.conversations

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段“Anotherofthesocialsciencesrelyinguponresearchisanthropology.”可知，另一個(gè)依靠研究的社會(huì)科學(xué)是人類(lèi)學(xué)，說(shuō)明前文應(yīng)該已經(jīng)提到過(guò)一種社會(huì)科學(xué)，因此，A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。通過(guò)原文第一段“Anthropologicaltheoriesalsoresultfrominvestigationintothecharacteristicsofpeopleandtheirproducts,whichcontributestoabetterunderstandingofthepatternsofhumanbehaviors.”可知，這種研究有助于更好地理解人類(lèi)行為的模式，which應(yīng)指代前文中“人類(lèi)學(xué)是對(duì)人類(lèi)特征的研究”這一內(nèi)容，因此，B項(xiàng)為正確答案。

3.詞匯題。由原文第二段可知，這種方法的基本步驟包括：首先進(jìn)入社區(qū)，通過(guò)觀(guān)察和交流，收集社區(qū)成員信息。然后，從這些能成為進(jìn)一步研究基礎(chǔ)的筆記中提出假設(shè)。因此，根據(jù)邏輯意義可知，調(diào)查研究需要基于大量的事實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。因此，A項(xiàng)“大量的；豐富的”與“note”最為恰當(dāng)，copiousnotes表示“詳細(xì)的筆記”，故正確答案為A。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第二段“Atfirst,theanthropologistentersacommunitytogatherinformationfrommembersoftheircommunitythroughobservationsandconversations.”可知，調(diào)查研究的第一步是進(jìn)入社區(qū)，通過(guò)觀(guān)察和交流，收集社區(qū)成員的信息。因此，D項(xiàng)是正確答案。

5.詞匯題。分析these所在句Thefieldworkertakescopiousnotesand,lateron,beginstoposehypothesesfromthesethatwillformthebasisoffurtherresearch.可知，工作人員做了大量的筆記，然后，從這些能成為進(jìn)一步研究基礎(chǔ)的筆記中提出假設(shè)。所以，these指代的應(yīng)是前文中的copiousnotes，故正確答案是C項(xiàng)。

8.單選題

Hisexpenditureonholidaysandluxuriesisratherhighin（）tohisincome.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.comparison

B.proportion

C.association

D.calculation

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)incomparisonto“與，與……相比，與……比較而言”；B選項(xiàng)inproportionto“與……成比例的；與……相稱(chēng)的”，反義詞詞組是outofproportion；C選項(xiàng)association“協(xié)會(huì)，聯(lián)合，聯(lián)想”，沒(méi)有inassociationto這個(gè)說(shuō)法；D選項(xiàng)calculation“計(jì)算，估計(jì)，計(jì)算的結(jié)果，深思熟慮”，也沒(méi)有incalculationto這個(gè)說(shuō)法，句意：他在度假和奢侈品上的開(kāi)支與他的收入比起來(lái)相當(dāng)高。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Foreignbusinessmen（）hesitatetoinvestalargesumofmoneyinatime-consumingandhigh-costprojectifthecountryisunderpoliticaldisturbances.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.permanently

B.routinely

C.temporarily

D.unswervingly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。permanently“永久地；長(zhǎng)期不變地”；routinely“例行公事地，老一套地”；temporarily“臨時(shí)地”；unswervingly“堅(jiān)定不移地”。句意：如果一個(gè)國(guó)家政局不穩(wěn)，外商通常會(huì)猶豫是否投資耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)、成本高的項(xiàng)目。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

10.單選題

Democrituswasfascinatedbythequestionofwhatprincipleunderlaythematerialuniverseanddevelopedasolutionthatrevealedthebrillianceofhisthought.Everymaterialthing,Democritusbelieved,ismadeupofafinitenumberofdiscreteparticles,oratoms,ashecalledthem,whosejoiningtogetherandsubsequentseparationaccountforthecomingtobeofthingsandfortheirpassingaway.Theatomsthemselves,hesaid,areinfiniteinnumberandeternal.Theymove,accordingtoanecessarymotion,inthevoid,whichwewouldcallspace.

MostofthemaintenetsoftheatomismofDemocrituswereastonishinglymodern.First,theatomswereinvisiblysmall.Theywereallofthesamestuff,ornature,buttheycameinamultitudeofdifferentshapesandsizes.Thoughimpermeable(Democritusdidnotknowthatatomscouldbesplit),theyactedupononeanother,aggregatingandclingingtooneanothersoastoproducethegreatvarietyofbodiesthatwesee.Thespaceoutsidetheatomswasempty,aconceptthatmostofDemocritus’contemporariescouldnotaccept.

Second,theatomswereinperpetualmotion,ineverydirection,throughoutemptyspace.Thereisnoaboveorbelow,beforeorbehind,inemptyspace,saidDemocritus.Inmodernterms,emptyspacedidnotvaryaccordingtodirection.Thiswasanextremelysophisticatednotion.

Third,thecontinualmotionoftheatomswasinherent.Theypossessedwhatwouldcallinertialmass.Thenotionthattheatomskeptonmovingwithoutbeingpushed,besidesbeinganotherremarkableintellectualconcept,wasnotacceptabletoAristotleandothers.Onlythecelestialbodies,Aristotlethought,keptonmovingofanybythemselves,becausetheyweredivine.ThegeneralrefusalbyAristotleandhisinfluentialfollowerstoacceptthelawofinertiastoodasanobstacletothedevelopmentofphysicsfortwothousandyears.

Fourth,weightorgravitywasnotapropertyofatomsorindeedofaggregatesthereof.HereDemocrituswasaswrongaswrongcouldbe.

WhetherDemocrituswasrightorwrongaboutafifthpointisnotdefinitelydecidedtothisday.Heheldthatthesoulisbreathandbecausebreathismaterial,andthereforemadeupofatoms,somustthesoulbe.Hemaintainedthat,becausethesoulisaphysicalthing,itmustbedeterminedbyphysicallaws;itcannotbefree.Eventhehardythinkerswhoclaimtoacceptthistheorydonotactasiftheydo.Theymaydenytheinnatefreedomofothers,buttheyactasiftheybelieveintheirown.

Thetensionbuiltupbythisantinomyhasprovedtobefruitfuloverthecenturies.However,thenotionthatthesoulwasmaterialprovedsounacceptabletoboththeAristoteliansandtheChristiansthatfornearlytwomillenniatheatomichypothesislanguished.

26.AccordingtoDemocritus,emptyspace______.

27.TheauthordiscussesthebeliefsofAristotleandhisfollowers(inParagraph4)inorderto______.

28.ItcanbeinferredfromDemocritus’inclusionofthesoulinhistheoriesofthematerialuniverse(inParagraph6)that______.

29.Democrituswouldmostlikelybelievethatwhichofthefollowingwouldexplainthelifecycleofaflower?

30.Whichismotanalogoustoa“hardythinkers”(inParagraph6)viewofthesoul?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.doesnotexistwithregardtoatoms

B.isdirectionlesswithregardtothemovementofatoms

C.isanerroneousnotionconcerningatoms

D.possessesinertialmass

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.supportthevalidityofDemocritus’theories

B.notethatinfluentialindividualsdelayedtheacceptanceofscientifictruth

C.highlighttheaccuracyofcertainpartsofDemocritus’theory

D.addanelementofphilosophyintoanotherwisescientificdiscussion

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.philosophy,religion,andsciencewerenotalwaysthoughtofasseparatefields

B.scientistsareoftenunsuccessfulinmakingphilosophicaltheories

C.hislineofthinkingwasessentiallyunsound

D.hewasattemptinghisthinkingwiththatofAristotle

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Auniquetypeofmatterisdrawntoapointinthevoidandtakesroot.

B.Theconstantmotionofatomsproducestheillusionofaflower.

C.Thesamematerialthatcomposesthesoulalsobreatheslifeintoplants.

D.Atomscometogetherastheflowergrowsanddisperseasitdies.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Apolitician’spracticeofusingpublictransportationbecausethatishoweveryoneinhiscitytravels.

B.Adoctor’srecommendationthathispatientquitsmokingtoimprovethepatient’shealthwhilethedoctorsmokesapackaday.

C.Amothertakingherdaughtertoballetpracticeeverydaybecausethemotherneverhadthatopportunityasachild.

D.Amuseumcuratordecidingnottorunanexhibitionbecausehebelievesthepublicwillnotenjoyit.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】26.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

26.AccordingtoDemocritus,emptyspace______.26.根據(jù)德謨克利特的說(shuō)法，真空______。

A.doesnotexistwithregardtoatomsA.對(duì)于原子來(lái)說(shuō)是不存在的

B.isdirectionlesswithregardtothemovementofatomsB.對(duì)于原子的運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)說(shuō)是沒(méi)有方向的

C.isanerroneousnotionconcerningatomsC.關(guān)于原子，它的概念是錯(cuò)誤的

D.possessesinertialmassD.具有慣性質(zhì)量

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位到第三段前兩句“第二，在整個(gè)真空中原子在每個(gè)方向（ineverydirection）無(wú)限運(yùn)動(dòng)（inperpetualmotion）。德謨克利特說(shuō)，在真空中沒(méi)有上面或下面、前面或后面?！?，這一點(diǎn)屬于德謨克利特原子論的其中一點(diǎn)，所以根據(jù)德謨克利特的說(shuō)法，在真空中，原子的運(yùn)動(dòng)是沒(méi)有方向的，B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)定位第二段最后一句“原子外的空間是真空的（Thespaceoutsidetheatomswasempty），這是德謨克利特同時(shí)代的大多數(shù)人無(wú)法接受的概念”，可知A項(xiàng)與原文相反，為反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)在原文并未提及德謨克利特對(duì)于原子的概念是錯(cuò)誤的，屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)講的是原子的連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，和題干無(wú)關(guān)，屬于張冠李戴。

27.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

27.TheauthordiscussesthebeliefsofAristotleandhisfollowers(inParagraph4)inorderto______.27.作者在第4段討論了亞里士多德和他的追隨者的信仰，是為了______。

A.supportthevalidityofDemocritus’theoriesA.支持德謨克利特理論的可信性

B.notethatinfluentialindividualsdelayedtheacceptanceofscientifictruthB.注意到有影響力的個(gè)人推遲了對(duì)科學(xué)真理的接受

C.highlighttheaccuracyofcertainpartsofDemocritus’theoryC.強(qiáng)調(diào)德謨克利特理論某些部分的準(zhǔn)確性

D.addanelementofphilosophyintoanotherwisescientificdiscussionD.在科學(xué)討論中加入哲學(xué)元素

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位第四段最后一句“亞里士多德和他的有影響力的追隨者普遍拒絕接受慣性定律，這成為物理學(xué)發(fā)展的一個(gè)障礙（anobstacletothedevelopmentofphysics），持續(xù)了兩千年”，由obstacle可知，亞里士多德和他的追隨者對(duì)慣性定律的普遍拒絕阻礙了物理學(xué)的發(fā)展，B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、C選項(xiàng)在這一段沒(méi)有討論到德謨克利特理論準(zhǔn)確性，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)在該處沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)，也屬于無(wú)中生有。

28.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

28.ItcanbeinferredfromDemocritus’inclusionofthesoulinhistheoriesofthematerialuniverse(inParagraph6)that______.28.從第6段的德謨克利特將靈魂包含在他的物質(zhì)宇宙理論中可以推斷出______。

A.philosophy,religion,andsciencewerenotalwaysthoughtofasseparatefieldsA.哲學(xué)、宗教和科學(xué)并不總是被認(rèn)為是獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)域

B.scientistsareoftenunsuccessfulinmakingphilosophicaltheoriesB.科學(xué)家們?cè)谔岢稣軐W(xué)理論方面常常不成功

C.hislineofthinkingwasessentiallyunsoundC.他的思路基本上是不正確的

D.hewasattemptinghisthinkingwiththatofAristotleD.他試圖用亞里士多德的思想來(lái)思考

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位到第六段“他認(rèn)為靈魂是呼吸，因?yàn)楹粑俏镔|(zhì)的，因此由原子構(gòu)成，所以靈魂也必然是這樣。他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，因?yàn)殪`魂是物理的東西，它必須由物理定律決定，它不可能是自由的。”，可知，德謨克利特認(rèn)為靈魂是呼吸，而呼吸是由原子構(gòu)成的物質(zhì)，所以靈魂也是由原子構(gòu)成的物質(zhì)，屬于物理，由物理定律決定。綜上所述，從德謨克利特的這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)我們可以推斷，哲學(xué)和物理是相互依存的，故A項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B、C選項(xiàng)定位至第六段第一句“德謨克利特關(guān)于第五點(diǎn)的判斷是對(duì)還是錯(cuò)，直到今天還沒(méi)有定論”，可知，德謨克利特關(guān)于靈魂的觀(guān)點(diǎn)直到今天還不知道是否正確，所以這兩項(xiàng)無(wú)從推敲，屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

29.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

29.Democrituswouldmostlikelybelievethatwhichofthefollowingwouldexplainthelifecycleofaflower?29.德謨克利特很可能相信下列哪一項(xiàng)可以解釋一朵花的生命周期？

A.Auniquetypeofmatterisdrawntoapointinthevoidandtakesroot.

A.一種獨(dú)特的物質(zhì)被吸引到真空中的某一點(diǎn)并扎根。

B.Theconstantmotionofatomsproducestheillusionofaflower.

B.原子的不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生了花朵的錯(cuò)覺(jué)。

C.Thesamematerialthatcomposesthesoulalsobreatheslifeintoplants.

C.構(gòu)成靈魂的物質(zhì)同樣也將生命吸入植物。

D.Atomscometogetherastheflowergrowsanddisperseasitdies.

D.花朵生長(zhǎng)時(shí)原子聚集在一起，死亡時(shí)原子分散。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位第一段第二句“德謨克利特認(rèn)為，每一個(gè)物質(zhì)事物都是由有限數(shù)量的離散粒子組成的，他稱(chēng)之為原子，這些粒子的結(jié)合和隨后的分離解釋了事物的產(chǎn)生和消逝”，可知，德謨克利特認(rèn)為物體的產(chǎn)生和消逝和原子的聚集和分散有關(guān)，D項(xiàng)符合這一理論，該項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C選項(xiàng)都不符合德謨克利特關(guān)于原子的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，屬于曲解原文。

30.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

30.Whichismotanalogoustoa“hardythinkers”(inParagraph6)viewofthesoul?30.下列哪一種觀(guān)點(diǎn)與第6段中勇敢的思想家關(guān)于靈魂的觀(guān)點(diǎn)類(lèi)似？

A.Apolitician’spracticeofusingpublictransportationbecausethatishoweveryoneinhiscitytravels.A.政治家使用公共交通工具的習(xí)慣，因?yàn)樗诔鞘械拿總€(gè)人都是這樣出行的。

B.Adoctor’srecommendationthathispatientquitsmokingtoimprovethepatient’shealthwhilethedoctorsmokesapackaday.B.醫(yī)生建議他的病人戒煙，以改善病人的健康，而醫(yī)生每天抽一包煙。

C.Amothertakingherdaughtertoballetpracticeeverydaybecausethemotherneverhadthatopportunityasachild.C.一位母親每天帶她的女兒去練芭蕾舞，因?yàn)樗r(shí)候從來(lái)沒(méi)有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。

D.Amuseumcuratordecidingnottorunanexhibitionbecausehebelievesthepublicwillnotenjoyit.D.一個(gè)博物館館長(zhǎng)決定不舉辦展覽，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為公眾不會(huì)喜歡它。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位到第六段最后兩句“即使是那些聲稱(chēng)接受這一理論的勇敢的思想家們，也沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)得好像他們接受了這一理論。他們可能會(huì)否認(rèn)別人天生的自由，但他們表現(xiàn)得好像相信自己的自由?！?，由此可知，聲稱(chēng)接受了靈魂不是自由的觀(guān)點(diǎn)的勇敢的思想家們，在行動(dòng)上并沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)得他們接受這一個(gè)理論，他們一邊接受別人沒(méi)有天生自由，一邊卻相信自己的自由，這和B項(xiàng)是一樣的，所以B項(xiàng)是正確的。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D選項(xiàng)都不符合這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)，屬于曲解原文。

11.單選題

China'sfirstsetofregulationsonhumanorgantransplant,whichprohibitsorganizationsandindividualsfromtradinghumanorgansinanyform,（）onMay1st,2007.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.fellback

B.fellshort

C.wentintoeffect

D.cametothepoint

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)fellback表示“后退”；B選項(xiàng)fellshort表示“不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，缺乏”；C選項(xiàng)wentintoeffect表示“生效”；D選項(xiàng)cometothepoint表示“直截了當(dāng)?shù)恼f(shuō)，簡(jiǎn)明扼要的說(shuō)”。分析句意可知，中國(guó)頒布的首部人體器官移植條例是從2007年5月1日開(kāi)始（）。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)的詞義更符合句意。因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

12.單選題

Theymakebetteruseofthetimetheyhave,andtheyarelesslikelytosuccumbtofatigueinstressfuljobs.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.sustain

B.yield

C.endure

D.expose

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：他們更好地利用時(shí)間，并且在有壓力的工作中也不會(huì)……疲勞。sustain“維持（生命、生存）”；yield“屈服，投降”；endure“忍耐”；expose“揭露”。根據(jù)“fatigueinstressfuljobs”可以推測(cè)劃線(xiàn)單詞的意思是“屈服”，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

13.單選題

Atthesametime,thepublicwillnotadmittherandom,（

）alterationofplans,norwithoutcomplainthechangeablenessofplans.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.capricious

B.randomicity

C.unpublicized

D.sedentary

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞及名詞辨析。capricious“反復(fù)無(wú)常的”；randomicity“任意性”；unpublicized“未公布的”；sedentary“靜坐的”。句意：同時(shí)，民眾將不會(huì)容許對(duì)計(jì)劃進(jìn)行任意和反復(fù)無(wú)常的變更，也不會(huì)毫無(wú)怨言的容許計(jì)劃的易變性。由random及changeablenessofplans可知A項(xiàng)符合題意。答案A。

14.單選題

Inmostcasespoliticiansare______astheyseldomtellthetruth.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.credible

B.credulous

C.incredulous

D.incredible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)credible“可靠的，可信的”，B項(xiàng)credulous“輕信的，因輕信而產(chǎn)生的”，C項(xiàng)incredulous“不肯相信的，表示懷疑的”，D項(xiàng)incredible“不可能相信的，很難相信的”。由主語(yǔ)politicians（政客）和關(guān)鍵信息astheyseldomtellthetruth（因?yàn)樗麄兒苌僦v真話(huà)）可知，politiciansare______表示的是“政客都是不能相信的”，D項(xiàng)符合。句意：在大多數(shù)情況下，政客們都是難以令人相信的，因?yàn)樗麄兒苌僦v真話(huà)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

15.案例