考研考博-英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱應(yīng)用職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱應(yīng)用職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

AnothermilestoneonthejourneytowardsdigitalcashwaspassedonNovember13th.Thatdatemarkedtheemergencefrombeta-testinginAmericaofV.me,a“digitalwallet”thatholdsmultiplepaymentcards,inavirtualrepository(容器).1.Insteadofprovidingtheirpersonaldetailandcardnumberstopayforstuffonline,customersjustenterausernameandapassword.TheserviceisprovidedbyVisa,agiantcard-paymentnetworkwhoseheadquartersisintheheartofSiliconValley,closetoahostoftechnologyfirmswhichwouldlovetogettheirhandsonachunkoftheglobalpaymentsbusiness.

TheshorttermnewtechnologyisactuallyboostingusageofplasticSmartphoneappsoftenrequireuserstoentertheircarddetailstopayforservices.FirmssuchasSquareandPayPalhavedevelopedtinycardreadersthatplugintosmartphonesandallowsmalltradersusingtheirfewertoacceptpaymentscheaply.EdMcLaughlin,whooverseesemergingpaymentstechnologiesatMasterCard,reckonssuchdevelopmentshaveadded1.2mnewbusinessesoverthepast12monthstothecardfirmslistofmerchants.

2.Butevenifplasticcardseventuallygothewayofvinylrecords(黑膠唱片),cardnetworksshouldstillprosperbecausetheytooareinvestingheavilyinnewtechnologyandhaveseveralbuilt-inadvantages.VisaisbettinghasmemberbanscanhelpittonarrowthegapwithrivalslikePayPal,forinstance,whichispartofe-Bayandhasgrownto11mactiveusers,thanksinparttoitsuseontheauctionsite.Over50financialinstitutionsaresupportingthelaunchofV.me,whichacceptsnon-visacardsinitswallet,tooMasterCardandothersarealsotoutingdigitalwallets,someofwhichcanholddigitalcouponsandticketsaswellascarddetails.

Beforelongallofthesewalletsarelikelytoenduponmobilephones,whichcanbeusedtobuythingsinstoresandotherplaces.ThisiswherefirmssuchasSquare,whichhasdevelopeditsownelegantandeasy-to-usemobilewalletandGooglehavebeenfocusingplentyofenergy.JenniferSchulz,Visa’sglobalheadofe-commerce,predictstherewillbeashake-outthatleavesonlyafewwalletprovidersstanding.Thankstotheirtrustedbrands,bigbudgetsandpaymentssavvy(機(jī)智，悟性),oneormorecardcompanieswillbeamongthem.

Cardnetworksarealsotakingstakesininnovativefirmstokeepaneyeonpotentiallydisruptivetechnologies.Visaownspartofsquare,whichrecentlystruckadealwithStarbuckstomakeitsmobile-paymentserviceavailablein7,000ofthecoffeechainoutletsinAmerica,VisahasalsoinvestedinMonitise,amobile-bankingspecialist.AmericanExpress,foritspart,hassetupa$100mdigital-commercefund,oneofwhoseinvestmentsisiniZettle,aSquare-likefirmbasedinSweden.

Sofarfewhavetriedtocreatenewpaymentssystemsfromscratch.Thosethathavetoyedwiththeidea,suchasISIS,aconsortiumoftelecomscompaniesinAmerica,haveconcludeditisfartoocostlyandpainfultodealwithregulators,setupanti-fraudsystemsandsoforth.Fearsaboutthesecurityofnew-fangledpaymentsystemsalsoplayintothehandsofestablishedcardfirms.

Still,theycannotrelax.BryanKeane,ananalystatDeutscheRank,pointsoutrivaldigitalwalletscouldpromotealternativestocreditanddebitcards,includingstorevaluecardsanddirectbank-account-to-bank-accountpayments3.BigretailersinAmericahaveclubbedtogethertocreatetheirowndigitalwalletandarelikelytopromptuserstochoosethepaymentoptionsthatarecheapestforthechainsbyofferingthemincentiveslikecoupons.

JackDorsey,thebossofSquareandaco-founderofTwitter,agreesthatdigitalwalletswillmakethetrade-offsbetweenvariouspaymentoptionsclearertoconsumerandreckonsthiswillforcecardnetworkstouptheirgame.“Theyhadamajorinnovation60yearsago”,hesays,“andtherehavebeenvery,veryfewinnovationssince”4.Someinthepaymentsworldmightquibble(狡辯)withthatbutonethingtheycanallagreeonisthatspreadofmobilepaymentswillbringmaymorecustomers.MasterCard'sMr.McLaughlinclaimsthat85%ofcommercestillinvolvescashandcheck.Asmobilepurchasestakeoff,moreofthisactivitywillmoveonline.

5.Thebiggestprizeofallliesinemergingmarkets,wherealackoffinancialinfrastructureishasteningtheriseofphone-basedpaymentssystemsuchasM-PesawhichservesKenyaandseveralothermarket.VisahassnappedupFandom,whichspecializesinpaymentservetotheunbankedandunder-bankedinemergingmarkets;MasterCardhassetupajointventurecalledWandawithTelefonica,aSpanishtelecomfirm,whichaimtomobilepaymentsacrossLatinAmerica.Thepaymentsworldischangingfastbutthecardfirmsarenotabouttoletrivalsswipetheirbusiness.

【答案】1.顧客只需要輸入用戶名和密碼，而不是提供他們個(gè)人信息和卡號(hào)來(lái)進(jìn)行在線支付。

2.但是盡管信用卡最終會(huì)重蹈黑膠唱片的覆轍，信用卡網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)依然繁榮，因?yàn)樗麄円舱罅ν顿Y新技術(shù)，并且存在一些內(nèi)在優(yōu)勢(shì)。

3.美國(guó)大型零售商聯(lián)合起來(lái)創(chuàng)建了他們自己的數(shù)字錢包，并且可能通過(guò)提供優(yōu)惠券等鼓勵(lì)措施促使用戶選擇對(duì)他們聯(lián)營(yíng)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)最實(shí)惠的支付方式。

4.一些支付領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的信用卡公司可能會(huì)對(duì)此有所狡辯，但是他們共同贊成的一件事情是移動(dòng)支付的普及將帶來(lái)更多的客戶。

5.移動(dòng)支付帶來(lái)的最大好處在于新興市場(chǎng)，在這個(gè)市場(chǎng)中，金融設(shè)施的缺乏促進(jìn)了手機(jī)支付系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，如服務(wù)于肯尼亞和其他幾個(gè)市場(chǎng)的M-Pesa移動(dòng)錢包服務(wù)。

2.單選題

SincethefirstsettlersfromEnglandhadarrivedinVirginiaintheseventeenthcentury,independencefortheUnitedStateswasalongtimecoming.ButevenifEnglandhadnotgiventhecoloniescauseforrebellion,therewouldprobablyhavebeenaseparationfromthemothercountry,fortherootsofAmericanindependencelayinthecharacteroftheAmericancolonists.AnypeoplewhowouldwillinglyforsakethecomfortsandsafetyoftheOldWorldtowrestahomefromthewildernessintherawNewWorldwouldnevertakekindlytoareinontheirliberties.AndEnglandassuredlydidstirthecoloniststorebellionbyitsWritsofAssistance,StampAct,andtaxontea.Further,manyofthecolonistshadneverseenEngland,eitherbeingdescendantsofEnglishsettlersorcomingfromfamiliesrootedinothernations;thus,thetiestoEnglandweretenuousatbest.

Aswithanyexplosivesituation,however,ittookasingleacttoignitethepowderkeg.Thelightforthefusewassupplied"whenEngland'staxedteawasthrownoverboardfromshipsinBostonHarborinDecemberof1773inwhatiscalledtheBostonTeaParty.Englanddemandedpayment,anditsBostonPortActproposedtoclosetheharboruntiltheteawaspaidfor."Withthis,allthirteencoloniesflared.Theysaw,clearly,thatBoston'sfatecouldbetheirown,andthatBoston'sfightwastheirfight.Alone,nocolonycouldprevailagainstEngland.Together,theyhadafightchance.ThemovementtounitebeganatanunofficialsessionoftheVirginiaHouseofBurgessesonMay27,1774.BySeptemberofthissameyeartheFirstContinentalCongressmetandforcedthenucleusofaunion.ThedelegatesagreedtoboycottBritishgoods.BeforetheSecondContinentalCongresscouldholditsfirstmeetingonMay10,1775,theAmericanRevolutionhadbegun.WiththeshotsexchangedbetweenthecolonistsandtheBritishatLexingtonandConcordonApril19,1775,thenationexplodedintowar.ByJunetheAmericanshadanarmywithGeorgeWashingtonasitscommanderinchief.Byspringof1776allthirteencoloniesdelegatestoCongressfeltkeenlythemandateofthepeople.TheSecondContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphiainJuneandformedacommitteetodrawupaDeclarationofIndependence.ThomasJeffersonwasappointedbythecommitteetodrafttheDeclaration.TheDeclarationasweknowittodaywasunanimouslyadoptedonJuly4,andwassignedonAugust2,1776.

TheDeclarationofIndependencecontainedfiveofthemostearthshakingwordseverwritten,“...allmenarecreatedequal.”Notsincethesigningof...England'sMagnaCartain1215hadsuchanastonishingideafounditswayintothepublicconsciousness.Thedocumenthasoftenbeenconfusedwithadeclarationofwar,whichitdefinitelywasnot,sincewashadexistedbeforeJuly4,1776.ItwasprimarilyastatementofthereasonstotheworldofthecolonistsforwishingindependencefromEngland:Astheworldtookheed,thephrase“...allmenarecreatedequal”stuckinmen'smindsandcouldnotbedislodged.ThefervorforfreedomflamedinFrancewherethatnation'sfirstgreatrevolutionbeganin1789,foughtunderthebannerof“Liberty,Equality,andFraternity.”Later,PresidentAbrahamLincolnwastosay,“IhaveofteninquiredofmyselfwhatgreatprincipleorideaitwasthatkeptthisConfederacysolongtogether.ItwasnotthemerematteroftheseparationoftheColoniesfromthemotherland;butthatsentimentintheDeclarationofIndependencewhichgaveliberty,notalonetothepeopleofthiscountry,but,Ihope,totheworld,forallfuturetime.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theseparationfromEnglandwas（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?

3.Theword"boycott"inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

4.Whatcanyoulearnfromthelastparagraph?

5.Wecaninferthat（）.

6.Theword"document"inline3ofthelastparagraphrefersto（）.

7.Theword"motherland"refersto（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inevitable

B.avoidable

C.doomedtofailure

D.reconcilable

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ThethirteenstatesusedtobecoloniesofEngland.

B.ThomasJeffersonwasappointedtodrafttheDeclarationofIndependence.

C.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasactuallyadeclarationofwar.

D.GeorgeWashingtonwasthecommanderinchiefoftheAmericanarmy.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tobewillingtoaccept

B.Tohesitatetotake

C.Tobreak

D.Torefusetobuy

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheDeclarationofIndependencecontained"allmenarecreatedequal".

B.AbrahamLincolnspokehighlyofthedocument.

C.TheDeclarationofIndependencehasafar-reachinginfluenceontheworld.

D.Peoplewerefrightenedbythefivewords.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.BostonTeaPartystartedthemovementofindependence

B.theDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftedin1215

C.Englandwantedtomakemoneybygoverningthecolonists

D.ThomasJeffersonbecameawritereversincehewrotetheDeclarationofIndependence

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.England'sMagnaCarta

B.DeclarationofIndependence

C.anastonishingidea

D.wayintothepublicconsciousness

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.America

B.Union

C.Colonies

D.England

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的第二句“ButevenifEnglandhadnotgiventhecoloniescauseforrebellion,therewouldprobablyhavebeenaseparationfromthemothercountry...”即使英國(guó)沒(méi)有激發(fā)殖民地的起義,美國(guó)也很可能會(huì)從英國(guó)分裂出去,也就是說(shuō),美國(guó)的獨(dú)立是無(wú)法避免的。選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.根據(jù)最后一段第三句“Thedocumenthasoftenbeenconfusedwithadeclarationofwar,whichitdefinitelywasnot,...”可知,選項(xiàng)C不正確。

3.根據(jù)上文可知,波士頓傾茶運(yùn)動(dòng)是殖民地對(duì)英國(guó)感到不滿,由此引發(fā)殖民地團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)反抗英國(guó)。所以,他們對(duì)英國(guó)的商品是抵制的態(tài)度,選項(xiàng)D最符合原文語(yǔ)境。

4.根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知,選項(xiàng)A是原文中的事實(shí)；選項(xiàng)C中根據(jù)林肯總統(tǒng)說(shuō)的hope可推斷出《獨(dú)立宣言》暫時(shí)只是對(duì)美國(guó)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,還沒(méi)有影響到世界；選項(xiàng)D表述錯(cuò)誤；選項(xiàng)B林肯總統(tǒng)對(duì)《獨(dú)立宣言》給予了高度的評(píng)價(jià),符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第二段前半部分可知,波士頓茶黨是對(duì)殖民地進(jìn)行反抗,沒(méi)有涉及到獨(dú)立,所以選項(xiàng)A不正確；根據(jù)原文可知,《獨(dú)立宣言》是于1776年起草的,1215年頒布的是英國(guó)的《大憲章》,所以選項(xiàng)B也錯(cuò)誤；選項(xiàng)D在文中沒(méi)有提及；選項(xiàng)C英國(guó)想通過(guò)統(tǒng)治殖民者來(lái)賺錢,正確。

6.根據(jù)上下文可知,人們常常將這個(gè)文件和《宣戰(zhàn)書(shū)》混為一談,實(shí)際上它并不是。由此可知,這個(gè)文件指的是《獨(dú)立宣言》

7.根據(jù)原文可知,這里指美國(guó)從英國(guó)獨(dú)立出來(lái),所以“motherland”指的是英國(guó),選項(xiàng)D正確。

3.單選題

TheSupremeCourt（）thejudgmentofthelowercourt.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.amplified

B.affirmed

C.ascended

D.applauded

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：最高法院

下級(jí)法院的判決。amplify擴(kuò)大，詳述；affirm斷定，確認(rèn)，批準(zhǔn)，支持；ascend上升；applaud鼓掌。因此，B項(xiàng)符合句意。

4.單選題

NearlyeverywriteronthephilosophyofcivilrightsactivistMartinLutherKing,itmakesaconnectionbetweenKingandHenryDavidThoreau,usuallyviaThoreau’sfamousessay.”CivilDisobedience"(1849).InhisbookStrideTowardFreedom(1958),KinghimselfstatedthatThoreau’sessaywashisfirstintellectualcontactwiththetheoryofpassiveresistancetogovernmentallawsthatareperceivedasmorallyunjust.However,thisemphasisonThoreau’sinfluenceonKingisunfortunate:first,KingwouldnothaveagreedwithmanyotheraspectsofThoreau’sphilosophy,includingThoreau'sultimateacceptanceofviolenceasaformofprotest;second,anoveremphasisontheinfluenceofoneessayhaskepthistoriansfromnotingothercorrespondencesbetweenKing'sphilosophyandtranscendentalism."CivilDisobedience"astheonlyexampleoftranscendentalistwritingwithwhichKingwasfamiliar,andinmanyothertranscendentalistwritings,includingworksbyRalphWaldoEmersonandMargaretFuller,Kingwouldhavefoundideasmorenearlyakintohisown.

ThekindofcivildisobedienceKinghadinmindwas,infact,quitedifferentfromThoreau’sviewofcivildisobedience.Thoreau,likemostothertranscendentalists,wasprimarilyinterestedinreformoftheindividual,whereasKingwasprimarilyinterestedinreformofsociety.AsaprotestagainsttheMexicanWar,Thoreaurefusedtopaytaxes,buthedidnothopebyhisactiontoforceachangeinnationalpolicy.Whileheencouragedotherstoadoptsimilarprotests,hedidnotattempttomountanymassprotestactionagainstunjustlaws.IncontrasttoThoreau,Kingbegantoadvocatetheuseofmasscivildisobediencetoaffectrevolutionarychangeswithinthesocialsystem.

However,King’swritingssuggestthat,withoutrealizingit,hewasanincipienttranscendentalist.Mosttranscendentalistssubscribedtotheconceptof“higherlaw”andincludedcivildisobediencetounjustlawsaspartoftheirstrategy.TheyofteninvokedtheconceptofhigherlawtojustifytheiroppositiontoslaveryandtoadvocatedisobediencetothestrengthenedFugitiveSlaveLawof1850.Inhissecondmajorbook,King’sdiscussionofjustandunjustlawsandtheresponsibilityoftheindividualisverysimilartothetranscendentalists'discussionofhigherlaw.Inreferencetohowonecanadvocatebreakingsomelawsandobeyingothers,Kingnotesthattherearetwotypesoflaws,justandunjust;hedescribesajustlawasa“codethatsquareswiththemorallaw”andanunjustlawasa“codethatisoutofharmonywiththemorallaw.”Thus,King’soppositiontotheinjusticeoflegalizedsegregationinthetwentiethcenturyisphilosophicallyakintothetranscendentalists9oppositiontotheFugitiveSlaveLawinthenineteenthcentury.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthemanideaofthepassage?

2.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsabout“CivilDisobedience”wouldtheauthorconsidermostaccurate?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingistrueofEmersonandFuller?

4.ThepassagesuggestswhichoneofthefollowingaboutThoreau?

5.Accordingtothepassage,Kingdifferedfrommosttranscendentalistsinthathe（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.King’sphilosophywasmoreinfluencedbyThoreau’sessayoncivildisobediencethanbyanyotherwritingofthetranscendentalists

B.WhilehistoriansmayhaveoverestimatedThoreau’sinfluenceonKing,Kingwasgreatlyinfluencedbyanumberofthetranscendentalistphilosophers.

C.Thoreau’sandKing’sviewsoncivildisobediencedifferedinthatKingwasmoreconcernedwiththesocialreformthanwiththeeconomicreformofsociety.

D.AlthoughhistorianshaveoveremphasizedThoreau’sinfluenceonKing,thereareparallelsbetweenKing’sphilosophyandtranscendentalismthathavenotbeenfullyappreciated.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ItinfluencedKing’sphilosophyonpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.

B.ItwasnotKing’sfirstcontactwiththeconceptofpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.

C.ItprovidedKingwithamodelforusingpassiveresistancetoeffectsocialchange.

D.Itcontainsanumberofideaswithwhichothertranscendentalistsstronglydisagreed

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.SomeoftheirideaswerelesstypicaloftranscendentalismthanweresomeofThoreau’sideas.

B.SomeoftheirideasweremoresimilartoKing’sthanweresomeofThoreau's.

C.Theirideasaboutcivildisobedienceandunjustlawsareaswell'knownasThoreau’sare.

D.TheywouldhavebeenmorelikelythanThoreautoagreewithKingonthenecessityofmassprotestincivildisobedience.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Hewasthefirsttodevelopfullythetheoryofcivildisobedience.

B.HisworkhashadagreaterinfluenceoncontemporarythinkersthanhastheworkofEmersonandFuller.

C.Headvocatedusingcivildisobediencetoforcethefederalgovernmenttochangeitspoliciesonwar.

D.Hisphilosophydoesnotcontainallofthesameelementsasthephilosophiesoftheothertranscendentalists.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.opposedviolenceasaformofcivilprotest.

B.believedthatjustlawshadaninherentmoralvalue.

C.showedmoreinterestedinreformingsocietythaninreformingtheindividual.

D.protestedsocialandlegalinjusticeinUnitedStatessocietyratherthanUnitedStatesforeignpolicy.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的中心句However,thisemphasisonThoreau’sinfluenceonKingisunfortunate:first,...second.確定作者認(rèn)為大部分作家過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)梭羅與金思想上的聯(lián)系，并且忽略了金與其他先驗(yàn)論主義者的聯(lián)系。由此推斷出D選項(xiàng)‘盡管歷史學(xué)家過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)梭羅對(duì)金的影響，但金的哲學(xué)與超驗(yàn)主義之間存在著尚未得到充分認(rèn)識(shí)的相似之處。’正確。

2.根據(jù)文章第一段，可知金的哲學(xué)思想是受到了梭羅的影響，這種影響帶到政治生活中即是：King’sdiscussionofjustandunjustlawsandtheresponsibilityoftheindividualisKingnotesthattherearetwotypesoflaws,justandunjust;hedescribesajustlawasa“codethatsquareswiththemorallaw馬丁路德金對(duì)公正和不公正法律的討論以及個(gè)人的責(zé)任指出有兩種類型的法律，公正和不公正;他把公正的法律描述為“符合道德法則的準(zhǔn)則”，所以A選項(xiàng)‘ItinfluencedKing’sphilosophyonpassiveresistancetounjustlaws.它影響了金對(duì)不公正法律的消極抵抗的哲學(xué)。正確。

3.根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句‘IncontrasttoThoreau,Kingbegantoadvocatetheuseofmasscivildisobediencetoaffectrevolutionarychangeswithinthesocialsystem.與梭羅相反，金開(kāi)始提倡使用大規(guī)模的公民不服從來(lái)影響社會(huì)體系內(nèi)的革命變革?！妥詈笠欢巍?..isverysimilartothetranscendentalists’discussionofhigherlaw.因此，馬丁?路德?金反對(duì)20世紀(jì)不公正的種族隔離合法化，在哲學(xué)上類似于19世紀(jì)超驗(yàn)主義者反對(duì)逃亡奴隸法?！茰y(cè)出D選項(xiàng)‘愛(ài)默生和福勒會(huì)比梭羅更贊同其非暴力反抗的大規(guī)模抗議的必要性‘正確。

4.根據(jù)文章第二段AsaprotestagainsttheMexicanWar,Thoreaurefusedtopaytaxes,buthedidnothopebyhisactiontoforceachangeinnationalpolicy.作為對(duì)墨西哥戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的抗議，梭羅拒絕交稅，但他不希望通過(guò)自己的行動(dòng)迫使國(guó)家政策發(fā)生改變?！笨芍狢選項(xiàng)’他主張用非暴力反抗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)迫使聯(lián)邦政府改變其政策‘正確。A，B皆為錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)。D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.根據(jù)文章第二段“Thoreau,likemostothertranscendentalists,wasprimarilyinterestedinreformoftheindividual,whereasKingwasprimarilyinterestedinreformofsociety.梭羅和大多數(shù)先驗(yàn)論者一樣，主要對(duì)個(gè)人的改革感興趣，而金主要對(duì)社會(huì)的改革感興趣。”確定C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparksingrade-schoolchildrensuggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward（）.

2.Whatistheviewheldbymanyeducatorsconcerningexternalrewardsforstudents?

3.Accordingtotheresultofthestudymentionedinthepassage,whatshouldeducatorsdotostimulatemotivationandcreativity?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingfactsabout“tokeneconomics”isNOTcorrect?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards

B.theappropriateamountofexternalrewards

C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactions

D.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents’performance

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyapproveofexternalrewards

B.Theydon'tthinkexternalrewards

C.Theyhavedoubtsaboutexternalrewards

D.Theybelieveexternalrewardscanmotivatesmallchildren,butnotcollegestudents

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Giverewardsforperformanceswhichdeservethem

B.Alwayspromiserewards

C.Assigntaskswhicharenotverychallenging

D.Bemoretoleranttostudentswhenmistakesaremade

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillstudents'creativity

B.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding

C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards

D.discouragingthestudents’anticipationforeasyrewardsismatterofurgency

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Studentsareassignedchallengingtasks

B.Rewardsaregivenforgoodperformances

C.Studentsareevaluatedaccordingtotheefforttheyputintothetask

D.Withtokeneconomics,students，creativitycanbeenhanced

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段“Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.研究行為和行為之間關(guān)系的行為主義者認(rèn)為，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)可以提高工作和學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)。其他一些研究精神生活各個(gè)方面的研究人員認(rèn)為，這些獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)會(huì)鼓勵(lì)人們依賴他人的認(rèn)可和禮物，從而破壞創(chuàng)造力。”可知研究者對(duì)于獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是否能提高工作和學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)持相反意見(jiàn)。故D項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.后一種觀點(diǎn)得到了許多人的支持，尤其是教育工作者?！焙笠环N觀點(diǎn)即第一段提到的反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。由第三段“Iftheyknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”如果他們知道自己是為了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而工作，并且能夠?qū)Ｗ⒂谝豁?xiàng)相對(duì)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)，他們就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出最大的創(chuàng)造力，”特拉華大學(xué)紐瓦克分校的RobertEsenberger說(shuō)。但如果對(duì)表現(xiàn)不佳的學(xué)生進(jìn)行獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，或者讓學(xué)生對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有太多的預(yù)期，就很容易扼殺創(chuàng)造力?？芍狢項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由倒數(shù)第二段“Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.Esenberger認(rèn)為，如果一個(gè)老師不斷地把注意力放在獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)上，或者對(duì)一般的成績(jī)給予高分，那么他最終只能培養(yǎng)出缺乏靈感的學(xué)生。作為后一種觀點(diǎn)的例證，他指出，主要大學(xué)正在努力加強(qiáng)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，恢復(fù)下降的成績(jī)。”可知A項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由最后一段“Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.這位特拉華大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家稱，在較早的年級(jí)，所謂的代幣經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（tokeneconomics）的使用顯示出提高努力程度和創(chuàng)造力的潛力。代幣經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)指的是讓學(xué)生處理具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問(wèn)題，并根據(jù)表現(xiàn)獲得分?jǐn)?shù)，從而獲得有價(jià)值的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)?？芍狟項(xiàng)“對(duì)好的表現(xiàn)給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”不正確。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

6.單選題

TheSantaAnaappealscourtupheldanearlierjuryverdictawarding$3.2millionindamagestoAlexisSartiwhosufferedseriousnervedamageafterafoodpoisoningepisodeatarestaurant.（1）

InApril2005,SartiaterawtunaattheSaltCreekGrillerestaurant.Afterwards,shesufferedfromsuddenparalysisanddoublevision.Shespentthenext49daysinthehospital,andhadtodropoutofcollegeformorethanayearandahalfafterthefoodpoisoningincident,formedicalcareandtherapy.

（2）Musclesandspasmsbotherheronadailybasis,althoughshesaysshe’susedtothesenow.Shehasrecoveredsomewhatsincethen.Butstrenuousactivityisoutofthequestion,andwhat’sworse,sheexpectshersituationtodeteriorateasshegetsolder.

Sartifiledalawsuitagainsttherestaurant,andclaimedcrosscontaminationofthetunawithaformofbacteriathatexistsinrawpoultry.

（3）

TheverdictwassetasidebySuperiorCourtJudgeDerekW.Hunt.The4thDistrictCourtofAppealinSantaAnahasnowoverturnedJudgeHunt’sruling.

Indeliveringhisdecision,JudgeHuntsaidhewasconstrainedbya35-year-oldappellatedecisionthatprohibitsjuriesfromassumingthatcrosscontaminationintherestaurantswastheresultoffaultypracticesofhandling.

TheSantaAnaappealscourtseemstohavedisregardedthatolderappellatedecision.

（4）

Ithasbeencitedforinroperfoodstorage,crosscontaminationandincorrecthandlingonthreeseparateinstances.

ItwasclearthatthenegligentfoodhandlingpracticesatthisrestaurantwereresponsibleforadeadlycrosscontaminationthatresultedinSard’sfoodpoisoning.

（5）

Still,shehasincurredmorethanamilliondollarsworthofmedicalbills,andexpectstoneedmoremedicalcareinthefuture.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Atthetrial,Sard’sattorneysarguedthatSaltCreekGrillehasarecordofpoorhandlingpracticesinitskitchens.

B.Sartisaidmedicalbillstotaledabout$1millionandshewantstoputasideanother$1millionforfutureexpenses.

C.Sartiinsiststhatthevictoryisamoral,ratherthanmonetaryone.

D.Onceahighschoolcrosscountryrunner,Sartitodayisunabletotakepartinsportslikerunning,orotherformsofextremephysicalactivity.

E.It’samilestonedecisionthatcannowbecitedacrossotherfoodpoisoninglawsuits.

F.Ajuryhandeddownaverdictfor$3.2million,andSaltCreekGrille,whichalsohasbranchesinNewYorkandNewJersey,appealed.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Atthetrial,Sard’sattorneysarguedthatSaltCreekGrillehasarecordofpoorhandlingpracticesinitskitchens.

B.Sartisaidmedicalbillstotaledabout$1millionandshewantstoputasideanother$1millionforfutureexpenses.

C.Sartiinsiststhatthevictoryisamoral,ratherthanmonetaryone.

D.Onceahighschoolcrosscountryrunner,Sartitodayisunabletotakepartinsportslikerunning,orotherformsofextremephysicalactivity.

E.It’samilestonedecisionthatcannowbecitedacrossotherfoodpoisoninglawsuits.

F.Ajuryhandeddownaverdictfor$3.2million,andSaltCreekGrille,whichalsohasbranchesinNewYorkandNewJersey,appealed.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Atthetrial,Sard’sattorneysarguedthatSaltCreekGrillehasarecordofpoorhandlingpracticesinitskitchens.

B.Sartisaidmedicalbillstotaledabout$1millionandshewantstoputasideanother$1millionforfutureexpenses.

C.Sartiinsiststhatthevictoryisamoral,ratherthanmonetaryone.

D.Onceahighschoolcross