哈佛大學(xué)幸福課第二課中英文講義

哈佛大學(xué)幸福課第二課中英文講義哈佛大學(xué)幸福課第二課中英文講義哈佛大學(xué)幸福課第二課中英文講義哈佛大學(xué)幸福課第二課中英文講義編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:哈佛大學(xué)幸福課第二課中英文講義早上好Hi.Goodmorning.很高興你們都來(lái)了I'msogladthatyoucame.我還擔(dān)心在這種天氣沒(méi)人會(huì)來(lái)Iwasworriedthatnoonewouldshowupinthisweather.很高興你們都很好I'mgladyouareOk.首先做幾個(gè)聲明Justacoupleofannouncements.我通過(guò)郵件收到的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題QuestionsthatIreceivedviaemail.在開(kāi)始課程之前我要說(shuō)的幾件事情Afewthingsbeforewejumpintothematerial.首先有人問(wèn)我"這門(mén)課程是為誰(shuí)設(shè)置的"Firstofall,Iwasasked,"whoisthisclassfor"這是積極心理學(xué)"Isitforpeople--youknowit'spositivepsychology--"它是為非常不開(kāi)心的人設(shè)置的嗎"peoplethatareveryunhappy"它只是為抑郁的人設(shè)置的嗎"Isitonlyforpeoplewhoaredepressed"這門(mén)課程是為誰(shuí)設(shè)置的"whoisthisclassfor"這門(mén)課程的授課對(duì)象是Well,theclassisforanyonewhoisinterestedin對(duì)積極心理學(xué)有興趣的人及想更開(kāi)心的人Positivepsychologyandanyonewhowantstobehappier.如果你非常開(kāi)心你還可以更開(kāi)心Ifyouareextremelyhappy,youcanstillbehappier.如果你非常不開(kāi)心你也可以更開(kāi)心Ifyouareveryunhappy,youcanstillbehappier.所以這門(mén)課程適合任何sotheclassessentiallyisforanyone對(duì)它感興趣的人who'sinterestedinthematerial-我會(huì)邀請(qǐng)有興趣投入andIwouldaddsomeonewhoisreallyinterestedtowork,我們上次談到的那種努力的人上來(lái)toputthekindofeffortthatwetalkedaboutlasttime.你不需要投入那種Justnotthekindofeffortthatwewouldrequireyouto為了明白某個(gè)概念而大為頭痛的努力wreckyourheadaboutunderstandingcertainconcept,而是努力把這些觀念融入你的生活butitiseffortintermsofapplyingtheseideastoyourlives.也許你之所以上這門(mén)課程N(yùn)owyoumaywanttotakethisclass,是因?yàn)槟銓?duì)積極心理學(xué)的理論感興趣becauseyouareinterestedonacademiclevelinpositive這也沒(méi)問(wèn)題psychologythat'sperfectlyfine.你將會(huì)得到很多...Andyou'llgetmany--我們每節(jié)課都會(huì)談到非常多的研究we'lltalkaboutnumerousstudiesineverylecture,從下節(jié)課開(kāi)始startingnexttime.我們將接二連三地談到那些研究We'lltalkaboutstudyafterstudyafterstudy,所以你也可以得到理論方面的知識(shí)soyou'llgetthatelementaswell.但是如果你修積極心理學(xué)However,ifyouarethinkingabouttakingpositivepsychology是為了個(gè)人利益那么你就需要努力forpersonalbenefits,youneedtoputtheeffortin.對(duì)此今天我會(huì)作進(jìn)一步的闡述AndI'lltalkmoreaboutthattoday.所以這門(mén)課程任何人都可以修Sotheclassisforeveryone.包括那些非常開(kāi)心而且想更開(kāi)心的人Anyonewho'sextremelyhappyandwantstobehappier,及那些不開(kāi)心但是想更開(kāi)心的人andanyonewho'snothappyandwantstobehappier.考試成績(jī)這不是個(gè)問(wèn)題Pass/fail--perfectlyfine.這門(mén)課程的宗旨以你們的利益為上Againtheideaaboutthisclassisfirstandforemostforyou.所以我建議如果你想及格SoIwouldurgeyouifyoudotakepass那么就要努力andfailtoputinthework,因此是否及格的決定因素之一andthat'swhytheoneelementofpass/failisnotnegotiableis就是所有的回應(yīng)報(bào)告必須交上來(lái)thatalltheresponsepapershavetobesubmitted.回應(yīng)報(bào)告不會(huì)評(píng)分Nowtheresponsepapers,asyouknow,arenotgraded.它們基本上就是心得體會(huì)Theyarebasicallyreflectionpapers.也就是你會(huì)思考能夠融入Willyoureflectabouttheideasaboutthings你的生活的想法和事情嗎t(yī)hatcanbeappliedtoyourlife它們是必需要交的Buttheyarerequired.你交上來(lái)你就及格Soyouhandthemin,youpass.不交就不及格Ifyoudon'thandthemin,youfail.除此之外Butotherthanthat,byallmeans,如果你想?yún)⒓涌荚嚹且矝](méi)問(wèn)題ifyouwanttotakethisclasspass/fail,it'sperfectlyfine.第三件事Thirdthing,在這門(mén)課程你將會(huì)接觸很多理論和觀點(diǎn)you'llbeexposedtomanytheories,tomanyideasinthisclass.不是所有理論觀點(diǎn)都會(huì)引起你的共鳴Noteverythingwouldresonateofyou.2008年出版了一本很棒的書(shū)There'sawonderfulbookjustcameoutin2008,就在兩周前書(shū)名叫《快樂(lè)之道》justtwoweeksago,called"TheHowofHappiness"它由SonjaLyubomirsky所著bySonjaLyubomirsky.在書(shū)中她談到了一個(gè)概念...Andthereshetalksabouttheconcept--她是加州大學(xué)河濱分校的教授she'saprofessoratRiverside(UC),哈佛大學(xué)的畢業(yè)生斯坦福大學(xué)的研究生HarvardcollegegraduateandwenttoStanfordforgraduateschool她談到了找到"適合"的重要性shetalksabouttheimportanceoffindingfit,63也就是某種方法meaningthefitbetweencertaintechnique,某種工具某種觀點(diǎn)是否適合你ortool,oridea,andyourself.并不是你聽(tīng)到的每種觀點(diǎn)Noteveryidea,每種研究noteverystudythatyou'veheardabout,以及你運(yùn)用的每種介入方法...noteveryinterventionthatyouactuallypractice你在生活中將會(huì)運(yùn)用介入方法andyouwillpracticeinterventionsinyourlife,不管是作善舉whetherit'sdoingactsofkindness,還是表達(dá)感激whetherit'sexpressinggratitude,還是體育鍛煉還是寫(xiě)日記whetherit'sphysicalexercising,whetherit'sjournaling.這些事情你在整個(gè)學(xué)期里都要做Youwilldoallthesethingsthroughoutthesemester.然而并不是一切都適合你Noteverythingwouldberightforyou.你將會(huì)接觸它You'llbeexposedtoit.嘗試它You'lltryit.然后你將作出決定Andthenyou'llmakeupyourmind,"對(duì)我想把它融入到生活中""yes,thisiswhatIwanttoincorporate"或者"不它對(duì)我沒(méi)什么意義"or"no,thisisjustnotrelevantforme."所以記住這一點(diǎn)很重要Soit'simportanttokeepthatinmind.我所說(shuō)的一切都有研究論證AnythingthatItalkaboutisbackedbyresearch,但是研究沒(méi)有說(shuō)它適合所有人buttheresearchdoesn'tsayit'srightforeveryone.它說(shuō)這對(duì)于大多數(shù)人或者對(duì)于很多人Itsaysit'sformostpeopleorformanypeople;都有作用或者正在起作用thishasworkedoritisworking.所以你要積極參與到課程中Soagainbeanactiveparticipantinthisclass而非某種學(xué)說(shuō)的被動(dòng)接受者asopposedtopassiverecipientofadoctrine.鑒別哪些東西適合你...不是一切東西Andidentifythethingsthatworkforyou--noteverything.我敢說(shuō)并非一切東西都適合你Iguaranteenoteverythingwillworkforyou,但是有很多東西會(huì)適合你butalotofthingswill.關(guān)于我之前提到的回應(yīng)報(bào)告YourresponsepapersthatIjustmentionedearlier:它們?cè)谙挛缥妩c(diǎn)鐘就要交很抱歉theyaredueat5pm,sorry,從下周二開(kāi)始你將在每周二下午五點(diǎn)收到y(tǒng)ou'llgetthemby5pmonTuesday,startingnextTuesday.然后在周日下午五點(diǎn)前交到你的任務(wù)組Andtheywillbedueat5pmonSundaytoyourTF.回應(yīng)報(bào)告對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)Againtheresponsepapersareusuallyformostpeoplefun,都是有趣而好玩的活動(dòng)interestingandengagingactivities.它不會(huì)評(píng)分它讓你去思考Notgraded,justbasicallyforyoutoreflect,并通過(guò)它們?nèi)コ砷L(zhǎng)foryoutogrowthroughthem.要寫(xiě)論文的人Thesiswriters.你們中有多少人要寫(xiě)論文Howmanyofyouarethesiswriters請(qǐng)舉手讓我看看JustsoIgetashowofhandhere.好的很抱歉我沒(méi)有在開(kāi)玩笑Ok,Iamsorry.NoI'mkidding.要寫(xiě)論文的人你們不用參加期中考試Thesiswriters:you'llnotneedtotakethemidterms.我知道那段時(shí)間里非常緊張...Iknowit'scrunchtimearoundthattime-我自己也經(jīng)歷過(guò)那段時(shí)期beingthroughitmyselfhere.所以你們不用參加期中考試Soyou'llnothavetotakethemidterm.你的期末考占更多分?jǐn)?shù)Yourfinalwillaccountformore.除非你想?yún)⒓悠谥锌荚嘦nlessyouwanttotakethemidterm,當(dāng)然我們非常歡迎你參加ofcourseyou'llmorethanwelcometo.我們不會(huì)把你扔到教室外面wewon'tthrowyououtoftheclassroom.寫(xiě)論文的人可以不用參加Yourthesiswritersmay.網(wǎng)上將會(huì)有很多公告There'llbemanyannouncementsonline.請(qǐng)經(jīng)常查看網(wǎng)站Docheckthewebsiteontheregularbasis.我們會(huì)發(fā)布很多東西而不是向你發(fā)郵件Wecommunicatealotofthings.Insteadofsendingyouemails,我們會(huì)發(fā)布公告we'llhavetheannouncements.需要經(jīng)常查看一下大概每天六七次Checkthemregularly,about67timesaday.這只是開(kāi)玩笑Justkidding.一兩天一次就已經(jīng)足夠了Onceadayoronceeverytwodaysismorethanenough.在開(kāi)始課程之前...I'dlikeBeforeIdojumpintothematerial今天的課程非常令人興奮andwehaveaveryexcitinglecturetoday,我們會(huì)邀請(qǐng)進(jìn)修學(xué)院任務(wù)組組長(zhǎng)DebLevytoinviteDebLevywhoistheheadTFforextensionschool--哈佛進(jìn)修學(xué)院的同學(xué)們soextensionschoolstudents,我知道該學(xué)院的一些同學(xué)在這里Iknowthereareacoupleofyouhere,還有一些在家里...thoseofyouathome--有請(qǐng)DebLevyheresheis.DebLevy.00:06:13,050-->00:06:14,280好的DebLevy:Alright.我大概有二三十分鐘的發(fā)言時(shí)間Ihaveabout20,30minutestotalk所以我會(huì)從我小時(shí)候講起...這只是開(kāi)玩笑soI'mgonnastartwithmychildhood.Iamjustkidding.我是進(jìn)修學(xué)院的任務(wù)組組長(zhǎng)我們很激動(dòng)IamtheheadTFfortheextensionschoolandwearethrilled.進(jìn)修學(xué)院有296名學(xué)生在選修這門(mén)課程Wehave296extensionstudentstakingthiscourseonline,也就是說(shuō)他們會(huì)收看視頻whichmeanstheyaregoingtowatchvideos,進(jìn)修學(xué)院的學(xué)生們andthenextensionstudents你們會(huì)參加電話會(huì)議you'llbeinsectionsonteleconference,人們會(huì)打電話進(jìn)來(lái)Whenpeoplearegonnacallin,所以我們將會(huì)有電話會(huì)議therearegonnabeteleconferences這是個(gè)很好的機(jī)會(huì)whichisgoingtobeagreatopportunity.我們跟新西蘭的人打聲招呼Let'ssayhitopeopleoutthereinNewZealand.還有法國(guó)的肯塔基州的萊克星頓的人Hi.France.Kentucky.Lexington.真是難以置信It'sreallyunbelievable.另一件事就是我想拍一張照片SotheotherthingisIwanttotakeapictureactually.教室里不準(zhǔn)拍照(Tal:Nopicturesintheclassroom.)也給你拍一張TalYou'lltakeapictureTal.我不會(huì)授課SoIamnotgoingtodoanylecturing.但是Tal和我有著相似的系統(tǒng)知識(shí)ButsinceTalandIhaveverysimilarsystematicstuff,所以如果Tal因某種原因缺席的話soifTalisabsentforanyreason,我會(huì)代你授課I'llbedoingthelectureforyou.很好(Tal:Good.)另一件事就是進(jìn)修學(xué)院的學(xué)生們Theotheris:peoplewhoareextension,希望你們要耐心點(diǎn)Iwanttoyoubepatient.我們會(huì)盡快把信息發(fā)出去Wearegoingtogetinformationoutthereassoonaswecan.大概下周你們就會(huì)分組Andyou'llallbesectionedinnextweekorso.能來(lái)這里真是太激動(dòng)了Andfeelthrilledtobehere.好的謝謝你DebGreat.ThankyouDeb.我想以一個(gè)故事開(kāi)始今天的課程SoIwanttostartwithastory,那是兩年前發(fā)生在我身上的事somethingthathappenedtomeexactly2yearsago,恰好兩年justabouttotheday,那是我上次教積極心理學(xué)的最后一節(jié)課whenwasthelasttimewhenItaughtpositivepsychology.那學(xué)期開(kāi)始的時(shí)候Asthesemesterstarted,同時(shí)那是壓力很大的一個(gè)時(shí)期我的導(dǎo)師itwasaverystressfulperiodalso,mymentor,我要把這節(jié)課程whoIamdedicatingthisclassaswellas以及將來(lái)的積極心理學(xué)課程獻(xiàn)給allmyfuturepositivepsychologyclassisto,在課程開(kāi)始前一天去世的PhilipStonePhilipStonepassedawayjustthedaybeforetheclassstarted.那時(shí)候我壓力非常大Verystressfulperiod.我生病了病得非常嚴(yán)重AndIgotsick.AndIgotverysick.然而我還是上完了課SomehowIgotthroughtheclass.我教授周四的課程它從兩年前開(kāi)始ItaughttheThursdayclass.Thatstarted2yearsago.課程在周二上ItstartedonTuesday.SoItaughtonTuesday.后來(lái)改為周四我服了很多藥SomehowThursday,completelydrugged.然而我還是上完了課ThislectureImadeitthroughsomehow.我回家后無(wú)法入睡AndIwenttohomeandIcouldn'tfallasleep.我感到非常痛所以我去看醫(yī)生了Iwasinrealpain.Iwenttothedoctors.那是周五下午我說(shuō)ThatwasonFridayafternoon,justsaying"我必須要看醫(yī)生我服的藥不起作用""youknowIhavetogo.ThemedicationItookdidn'thelp."我去看了醫(yī)生驗(yàn)了血Wenttothedoctors.Hadsomebloodtests.幾天無(wú)法入睡之后AndfinallyafterdaysIcouldn'tsleep由于痛苦我終于睡著了becauseofpain,fellasleep.那是周五晚上ThiswasFridaynight.午夜的時(shí)候電話響了Inthemidnight,therewasaphonecall.我沒(méi)有去接我很快睡著了Idon'thearit.Iamfastasleep.我的妻子Tommy拿起了話筒Mywifepicksitup.Tommypicksitup.那是醫(yī)生打來(lái)的It'sthedoctor.醫(yī)生對(duì)Tommy說(shuō)AndthedoctorsaystoTommy,結(jié)果出來(lái)了"thetestresultsjustcamein.Tal要立刻到醫(yī)院來(lái)AndTalshouldgettothehospitalnow."她對(duì)醫(yī)生說(shuō)Shesaidtothedoctor,他剛睡著他幾天沒(méi)睡了"Hejustfellasleep.Hehasn'tsleptfordays.能不能等到明天再去Canitwaittiltomorrowmorning"醫(yī)生說(shuō)不行他要到BethIsrael醫(yī)院Andthedoctorsaid,"No.AndhehastogotoBethIsrael,那里有最好的實(shí)驗(yàn)室可以給他提供治療becausetheyhavethebestlabsforwhatheneedsrightnow."她沒(méi)有再說(shuō)Andshedoesn'telaborateitanymore.Tommy叫醒了我告訴我發(fā)生的事Tommywakesmeup,retellsmethestoryofwhat'shappening.我起來(lái)了SomehowIgetup.她不能帶我去醫(yī)院因?yàn)镈avidShecan'ttakemetothehospitalbecauseDavid,當(dāng)時(shí)他才一歲他正在睡覺(jué)atthattimeoneyearold,isasleep.我們不想叫醒他Wedon'twanttowakehimup.我們叫了一輛計(jì)程車(chē)帶我到BethIsrael醫(yī)院SowegetacabtotakemetoBethIsrael.路上...這是我不做Ontheway--sothiswastheyearLeverett的常駐導(dǎo)師資格的第二年afterIwasnolongerresidenttutorsinLeverett.我們駛經(jīng)查爾斯河Wewere(),drivingdowntheCharlesRiver.然后我們經(jīng)過(guò)哈佛UpanddriveandthennexttoHarvard.我當(dāng)時(shí)看著哈佛看著美麗的河IlookatHarvard.Ilookatthebeautifulriver.四周靜悄悄It'sveryquiet.周五午夜之后沒(méi)有多少車(chē)輛NotmanycarsjustaftermidnightonaFridaynight.我情不自禁地想AndIcan'thelpmyselfbutthink,如果情況真的很?chē)?yán)重呢"whatifthere'ssomethingreallyterriblegoingon"他們?yōu)槭裁次缫菇形胰メt(yī)院Imean,whywouldtheycallmemidnighttothehospital--還指定是BethIsrael醫(yī)院BethIsrael,insistingonjustonespecifichospital一定是出了很?chē)?yán)重的問(wèn)題Theremustbesomethingreallywrong.我開(kāi)始思考Andmymindbeginstowander.我說(shuō)AndIsay,如果我只剩下一年時(shí)間呢我在這一年里會(huì)做什么"whatifIonlyhaveayearleftWhatwouldIdointhatyear"我變得非常傷心因?yàn)槲铱床坏紻avid長(zhǎng)大IbecomeverysadbecauseIthinkIwon'tseeDavidgrowup.我以后再也不會(huì)有孩子Iwon'tsee--Iwon'thaveanyfuturechildren.在上面要小心謹(jǐn)慎Becarefulupthere.我變得十分憂郁悲傷AndIbecomeverywistfulandsad.然后我問(wèn)自己好的在職業(yè)上AndthenIaskmyself,"Oksoprofessionally,我在最后一年想做什么whatwouldIwanttodointhatlastyear"我知道在生活在我要做什么SoIknowpersonallyexactlywhatI'lldo.我會(huì)用所有時(shí)間和家人一起度過(guò)I'llspendallthetimethatIcanwithmyfamily.但是在職業(yè)上在這一年我想完成什么ButprofessionallywhatdoIwanttoaccomplishinthisyear我的第一反應(yīng)就是Andmyimmediateresponsewas我要留下一個(gè)系列的課程Iwanttoleavebehindacoherentbodyofwork,一個(gè)向人們介紹積極心理學(xué)的系列課程acoherentcourseintroducingpeopletopositivepsychology.我到達(dá)醫(yī)院之后再進(jìn)行了一些檢查WhileIarrivedatthehospital,Ihadsomemorechecks.結(jié)果是沒(méi)什么嚴(yán)重情況Itendsupbeingnothingtooserious.他們讓我服抗生素Theyputmeonantibiotics.幾天之內(nèi)我就開(kāi)始復(fù)原了AndwithinacoupleofdaysIamonthewaytorecovery.但是今天我要和你們探討Iwanttosharewithyoutodaythoughwhy.為什么對(duì)我最重要的事情...Whyisitthemostimportantthingforme那時(shí)和現(xiàn)在都是如此atthattimeandstilltoday,就是留下一系列istoleavebehindacoherentbodyofwork關(guān)于積極心理學(xué)的課程aboutpositivepsychology,向你們介紹這個(gè)奇妙的領(lǐng)域tointroduceyoutothiswonderfulfield為什么是積極心理學(xué)為什么是這個(gè)領(lǐng)域WhypositivepsychologyWhyisitItsownfield為什么不只是研究Whyisitnot--well,juststudyhappiness,社會(huì)心理學(xué)或臨床心理學(xué)的幸福wellbeingaspartofsocialpsychologyorclinicalpsychology為什么世界上這么多學(xué)者Whyhavesomanyscholarsaroundtheworld都在研究積極心理學(xué)這個(gè)概念unitedaroundthisconceptofpositivepsychology這是我今天要說(shuō)的SothisiswhatIwanttodotoday.2000年DavidMyers做了一項(xiàng)研究Intheyearof2000,aresearchwasdonebyDavidMyers.霍普學(xué)院的DavidMyers你們當(dāng)中學(xué)過(guò)DavisMyers,fromHopeCollege--someofyou社會(huì)心理學(xué)的可能讀過(guò)他的書(shū)who'vestudiedsocialpsychologymayhavereadhistextbook,他做了心理學(xué)概念方面的研究didresearch,lookingatpsychologicalabstracts.他研究的是Whathelookedatwastheratio"消極研究"和"積極研究"之間的比率between"negativeresearch"and"positiveresearch".這是他的研究結(jié)果Hereiswhathefound.從1967年到2000年From1967toyearof2000-這是積極心理學(xué)的形成期thiswasaroundthetimewhenpositivepsychologystarted,他發(fā)現(xiàn)在這33年里有5000篇文章研究憤怒whathefoundinthe33yearsareover5000articlesonanger,5000篇文章研究憤怒5000researcharticlesonanger.超過(guò)41000篇文章研究焦慮Hefoundover41000researcharticlesonanxiety還有超過(guò)54000篇研究抑郁andover54000articlesondepression.然后他看看積極的概念積極的研究Andthenhelookedatthepositivewords,positiveresearch.他尋找關(guān)于快樂(lè)的研究Helookedforresearchonjoy.他僅僅找到了415篇研究Andhefoundstaggering415studies.情況會(huì)有所改善Itdoesgetbetter.他尋找關(guān)于幸福的研究Helookedatresearchonhappiness他發(fā)現(xiàn)在33年里有接近2000篇文章研究幸福andhefoundcloseto2000articlesonhappinessin33years.生活滿(mǎn)意度研究最多超過(guò)2500篇研究文章Lifesatisfactioncameontop:over2500studies.但是如果你看看Still,ifyoulookatthat,消極研究和積極研究的對(duì)比thenegativestudiesversusthepositivestudies,你得到的比率是21比theratiothatyougetis21to1.每份研究某個(gè)積極方面Foreveryonearticleonsomepositiveaspect,積極因素的文章somepositiveelementoflife,不管是研究健康滿(mǎn)意程度快樂(lè)還是幸福wellbeing,satisfaction,joy,happiness,都有21份消極方面的文章包括抑郁焦慮youget21articlesondepression,anxiety,精神分裂神經(jīng)衰弱等等schizophrenia,neurosisandsoon.21比1的比率Ratioof21to1.我得承認(rèn)這是非常令人郁悶的比率Verydepressingratio,Imustadmit.實(shí)際上它讓我非常生氣和憂慮Infact,itmademeveryangryandanxious.那些研究主要集中于不起作用的東西上Studiesfocuson,primarilyonwhatdoesn'twork,大部分都是這樣而且這也不是新現(xiàn)象mostlyonwhatdoesn'twork.Andthisisnotanewphenomenon.這是AbrahamMaslow寫(xiě)的一些東西HereissomethingfromAbrahamMaslow,我們上次提到過(guò)他whowementionedlasttime,他在1954年談到過(guò)這種現(xiàn)象talkingaboutthisphenomenonin1954:"心理學(xué)這一學(xué)科對(duì)于消極方面的研究""Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessful"遠(yuǎn)比對(duì)于積極方面的研究成功"onthenegativethanonthepositiveside."它向我們展示了人類(lèi)的短處"Ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutman'sshortcomings,"他的缺點(diǎn)他的過(guò)失"hisillnesses,hissins,"但很少談到他的潛能他的長(zhǎng)處"butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,"他的實(shí)際愿望或精神高度"hisachievableaspirationsorhispsychologicalheight."好像心理學(xué)自愿固步自封"Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonly"讓自己僅限于研究黑暗低劣的一半"halfitsrightfuljurisdictionandthatdarker,meanerhalf."心理學(xué)研究什么Sowhatdoespsychologystudy學(xué)心理學(xué)的人Imeanthepsychologyconcentratorshereknowthat,可能會(huì)猜probablyguessthat.我們大量地研究偏見(jiàn)Westudyalotofprejudice.我們大量地研究抑郁和焦慮Westudyalotdepressionandanxiety.我們大量地研究相似性Westudyalotaboutconformity.我們大量地研究判斷錯(cuò)誤和過(guò)失Westudyalotaboutmisjudgmentsanderrors,大概就是專(zhuān)門(mén)研究這方面而很少...verymuchfocusingonthisaspectandverylittle--21比1的比率表明很少研究積極方面again,21to1,verylittle--onthepositive.看到這個(gè)比率時(shí)我想AndwhenIlookatthisratioandIthinkaboutit,那是1954年到現(xiàn)在也沒(méi)多大改變thisis1954--hasn'tchangedmuchsince.當(dāng)我思考它調(diào)查它的時(shí)候AndwhenIthinkaboutitandIlookintoit,我覺(jué)得心理學(xué)需要幫助Ithinkthatpsychologyneedshelp.我真的這樣覺(jué)得Ireallydo.你可以從個(gè)人的角度想想它Imeanthinkaboutitatapersonallevel.如果一個(gè)人一天里有21小時(shí)感到消沉thatifyouhadapersonwho21hoursadaywasdepressed而只有一個(gè)小時(shí)感覺(jué)良好會(huì)怎樣andonehourinadayfeltgood或者有一天感覺(jué)良好便有21天覺(jué)得焦慮Oronedayfeelinggoodandthen21daysfeelinganxious和消沉?xí)鯓觓nddepressed你會(huì)說(shuō)這個(gè)人需要幫助Youwouldsaythatthispersonwouldneedhelp.我覺(jué)得這個(gè)領(lǐng)域需要幫助AndthefieldIthink,needshelp.但問(wèn)題是這是正確的比喻嗎Butthequestionbecomes"isittherightanalogy"我們應(yīng)該這樣去看待它嗎Shouldwelookatitthisway因?yàn)?1比1的比率是不健康的Becausethe21ratioisunhealthy,從個(gè)人的角度來(lái)看肯定也是這樣certainlywouldbesoontheindividuallevel,但是它從多個(gè)角度反映了現(xiàn)實(shí)butitreflectsrealityinmanyways.因?yàn)槲覀兘裉焖吹降腂ecausewhatweareseeingtoday是越來(lái)越多的研究表明inmoreandmoreresearchshowingthatthereismoreandmore世界上出現(xiàn)了越來(lái)越多的抑郁癥depressionaroundtheworld,還有越來(lái)越多的焦慮東南西北thatthereismoreandmoreanxiety,east,west,north,south--世界各地aroundtheworld.有些人會(huì)爭(zhēng)辯道...Andonecouldargue--那些主張繼續(xù)研究這片領(lǐng)域peoplewhoargueforcontinuingtodoresearchinthisarea,而少點(diǎn)研究積極心理的人認(rèn)為fordoinglessinpositivepsychologies,--我們應(yīng)該讓這個(gè)比率大于21比wellweshouldbedoingevenmorethanthe21to1ratio,因?yàn)槲覀兿刖徍腿藗兪艿降腷ecausewewanttoalleviatetheanxiety焦慮和抑郁anddepressionthatpeopleexperience.今天的抑郁癥病例比1960年高十倍Todaydepressionis10timeshigherthanitwasin1960.部分的原因是人們的意識(shí)程度高了Nowpartofitisbecausethere'smoreawareness,我們對(duì)抑郁癥的診斷更準(zhǔn)確becausewemeasurebetter.但這并非全部原因Butthat'snotall.還因?yàn)橐钟舭Y在客觀上增加了It'salsosimplybecauseobjectivelythere'smoredepression.其中的一種跡象就是最客觀的"診斷"Andonewayofknowingthatisthatthemostobjective"measure"不幸的是就是自殺thatwehaveisunfortunatelysuicide.自殺人數(shù)在世界范圍內(nèi)明顯上升Andnumbershaverisensignificantlyaroundtheworld,327不僅是在美國(guó)notjustintheUnitedStates--不管是在中國(guó)澳大利亞還是這里whetherit'sinChina,whetherit'sAustralia--aswellashere.現(xiàn)在抑郁癥人群的平均年齡小于15歲Themeanagefordepressiontodayislessthan15.孩子們?cè)诤苄〉臅r(shí)候就接觸了Kidsatveryyoungageareintroducedtothe信息高速公路"informationhighway".通常來(lái)說(shuō)他們都沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好Andveryoften,theyarenotprepared,他們無(wú)法有效地應(yīng)對(duì)它notabletodealwithitinaneffectiveway.所以當(dāng)我們看到這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)Sowhenwelookatthisdata,我們認(rèn)為我們需要更多的研究幫助人們wesaywedoneedmoreresearchtohelppeople克服抑郁癥克服焦慮overcomedepression,tohelppeopleovercomeanxiety.這應(yīng)引起足夠的重視AndIdon'twanttobelittlethat.這非常重要極度的重要Thatisimportant.Itisextremelyimportant.我主張的WhatI'marguing,whatIwillarguefor,是天平的偏移istheshiftofthependulum.這樣它將不會(huì)再是21比Soit'snolonger21to1.要有更多的研究關(guān)于積極心理學(xué)Therearemore,manymorestudiesinpositivepsychology,不是要只研究它根本不是--nottotheexclusionof,notatall,而是讓天平偏移一點(diǎn)butjustshiftingthependulum.這里的情況如何Howabouthere我們的象牙塔里的情況如何Inourlocalvillage有一篇文章...我無(wú)法找到更新的研究Thisarticle,--Icouldn'tfindastudythatismorerecent,它是在2004年發(fā)表的thiswaspublishedin2004.《哈佛克里姆森》HarvardCrimson這篇文章說(shuō)經(jīng)過(guò)他們6個(gè)月的研究Thisarticlesaysthat,intheir6monthsstudyofthis,哈佛大學(xué)八成的學(xué)生在過(guò)去一年80%ofHarvardstudentsexperienceddepression都經(jīng)歷過(guò)抑郁期overthepastyear.我們說(shuō)的不是大多數(shù)人一天里Nowwearenottalkingabouttheregularupsanddowns經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的情緒起伏我也是如此thatmostpeoplehavetentimesaday--Icertainlydo.我們說(shuō)的是抑郁Wearetalkingaboutdepressionhere.它會(huì)持續(xù)一段時(shí)間Foranextendedperiodoftime.根據(jù)這份研究47%的哈佛學(xué)生...47%ofHarvardstudents,accordingtothis,--這不是學(xué)術(shù)研究andgrantit:thisisnotacademicstudy,但是我待會(huì)就和你們分享學(xué)術(shù)研究butIwillsharewithyouacademicstudyinaminute,它發(fā)表在高級(jí)期刊上publishedinatop-tierrefereedjournal.但是克里姆森里的研究表明ButCrimsonhasfoundedinitssurvey47%的哈佛學(xué)生在過(guò)去一年that47%Harvardstudentsoverthepastyear經(jīng)歷過(guò)無(wú)法正常生活學(xué)習(xí)的抑郁期haveexperienceddepressiontothepointofnotfunctioning.他們無(wú)法出門(mén)Sotheycouldn'tleavehome.他們要痛苦地度日Theywerereallystrugglingtojustbasicallygetthroughtheday.47%的人47%.人們看到這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候他們說(shuō)Nowwhenpeoplelookatthis,theysay"當(dāng)然了我們要努力研究精神病理學(xué)""wellofcourse,weneedtofocusmoreonpsychopathology."21比1還不足夠30比1才像樣"21to1--notenough!30to1soundsmorelikeit."這樣的情況各個(gè)校園都有Weseeitaroundcampuses.而不僅僅是哈佛ThisisnotpeculiartoHarvard.絕對(duì)不是哈佛才有的現(xiàn)象NotatallpeculiartoHarvard.RichardKadisonRichardKadison,他是這里的心理健康服務(wù)中心的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)whoistheheadofmentalhealthserviceshere,他最近在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)先雜志intheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine--《新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》上probablytheleadingjournalinthefieldofMedicine,發(fā)表了一篇文章recentlypublishedanarticle,他談到了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查wherehetalkedaboutasurvey調(diào)查對(duì)象是全國(guó)13500名大學(xué)生thatwasdoneamong13500collegestudentsnationwide,他們來(lái)自不同類(lèi)別的學(xué)院differentkindsofcolleges,大學(xué)公立學(xué)校私立學(xué)校universities,statesschools,privateschools.他們?cè)谶@項(xiàng)重要的研究里發(fā)現(xiàn)Andwhattheyfoundinthisverysignificantstudy全國(guó)45%的大學(xué)生在過(guò)去一年wasthat45%ofcollegestudentsnationwideoverthepastyear經(jīng)歷過(guò)無(wú)法正常生活學(xué)習(xí)的抑郁期haveexperienceddepressiontothepointofnotfunctioning.《哈佛克里姆森》的數(shù)據(jù)是47%SoTheHarvardCrimsonfound47;在全國(guó)范圍的數(shù)據(jù)是45%基本上是一樣nationwide,itwas45--essentiallyidentical,兩者之間的差異并不大nosignificantdifferenceamongthetwo.這是一個(gè)全國(guó)性的現(xiàn)象Thisisanationwidephenomenon.這份研究表明Inthisstudy,全國(guó)94%的大學(xué)生感到壓抑94%ofcollegestudentsnationwidefeeloverwhelmed因?yàn)樗麄儽仨氁龅氖露豢柏?fù)重andstressedbyeverythingthattheyhavetodo.94%94%.這本應(yīng)該是我們一生中最美好的四年Imeanthesearesupposedtobethebestfouryearsofourlives.事情不對(duì)勁Somethingisgoingonhere.不僅是美國(guó)才有這種現(xiàn)象NowthisisnotuniquetoUnitedStates.我最近剛從一次游歷回來(lái)Ijustrecentlycamebackfromatour.我到了歐洲包括英國(guó)法國(guó)Iwasin--spenttimeinEurope--intheUK,France;我在中國(guó)逗留了很久也去了澳洲spentalotoftimeinChinaandsometimeinAustralia.所有這些地方Ineveryoneoftheseplaces,政府都非常擔(dān)憂...thegovernmentsarereallyconcerned;大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)們都非常擔(dān)憂universitypresidentsareveryconcerned越來(lái)越多的抑郁現(xiàn)象aboutthegrowinglevelofdepression,焦慮精神紊亂anxietyandgeneralmentaldisorder,自殺率的上升上面提到的所有國(guó)家都是如此riseofsuicideratesinallofthesecountriesthatImentioned.所以這是全球性流行病Sowehaveaglobalepidemichere.我們?cè)倏纯?1比1的比率是好事嗎Andonceagaingoingbackso:Isitthe21:1ratiogood它重要嗎它不是應(yīng)該擴(kuò)大嗎IsitimportantShouldn'titbeincreased我們?cè)趺纯梢匀パ芯啃腋owcanweeventhinkaboutstudyinghappiness健康愛(ài)和快樂(lè)andwell-beingandloveandjoy我們不是應(yīng)該首先處理Shouldn'twefirstdealwith真正迫切的問(wèn)題嗎比如抑郁therealpressingproblemofdepression,焦慮神經(jīng)衰弱等等anxiety,neurosisandsoon這樣說(shuō)確實(shí)有些道理--Sometruthtothat,但是在這個(gè)課程里我要主張的是butagainwhatI'mgoingtoargueforinthisclass我們也要...isthatwedoneedtoalso,不是專(zhuān)門(mén)也不用主要notonly,notexclusively,notevennecessarilyprimarily,我們也要集中研究積極心理學(xué)weneedtoalsofocusonthepositive.我要說(shuō)三個(gè)為什么應(yīng)該這樣做的理由Iamgoingtotalkaboutthreereasonswhyweshoulddothat.首先集中研究有用的東西至關(guān)重要Thefirstreasonisthatitisimportanttofocusonwhatworks,因?yàn)橛杏玫幕蛘呒醒芯康臅?huì)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)becausewhatworksorwhatwefocusonrathercreatesreality.如果我們集中研究起作用的Ifwefocusonwhatisworking,它就會(huì)在世界起更大的作用we'llhavemoreworkinginourworld,在我們身上以及關(guān)系上起更大作用moreworkinginourselves,moreworkinginourrelationships.其次為什么積極心理學(xué)Thesecondreasonwhypositivepsychology作為一門(mén)獨(dú)立領(lǐng)域的研究學(xué)科asanindependentfieldofstudyasacoursein是重要的這是因?yàn)榭鞓?lè)andofitselfisimportantisthatbeinghappy并非只是對(duì)痛苦的否定isnotjustthenegationofhappiness.擺脫我正在經(jīng)歷的Itdoesn'tmeanjustgetridofdepressionoranxiety抑郁或者焦慮并不意味著thatIamexperiencing,我同時(shí)就變得快樂(lè)了Ispontaneouslybecomehappy.情況并非是這樣問(wèn)題不會(huì)這樣被解決That'snotthecase.That'snothowitworks.最后預(yù)防在今天來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要Andfinally,preventionwhichisveryimportanttoday,預(yù)防困苦最有效的方法...themosteffectivewayofpreventinghardship,不管是抑郁還是焦慮--whetherit'sdepression,whetherit'sanxiety,實(shí)際上是通過(guò)專(zhuān)注于培養(yǎng)積極心態(tài)--isactuallybyfocusingonandcultivatingthepositive.我會(huì)跟你們分享一些關(guān)于這點(diǎn)的研究NowIwillsharewithyousomestudiesaboutthis.這三個(gè)原因表明我們需要積極心理學(xué)Soforthesethreereasons,weneedpositivepsychology.我從專(zhuān)注于有效方法的重要性開(kāi)始Letmebeginwiththeimportanceoffocusingonwhatworks.在《積極心理學(xué)手冊(cè)》的序言里IntheintroductiontotheHandbookofPositivePsychology,我們上次提到的MartinSeligman...MartinSeligmanwhowetalkedaboutlasttime,他被認(rèn)為是積極心理學(xué)之父consideredthefatherofpositivepsychology,影響了很多學(xué)者他說(shuō)networkofscholars,saysthis:"積極心理學(xué)的目標(biāo)是促成一種變化""Theaimofpositivepsychologyistocatalyzeachange"讓心理學(xué)從只關(guān)注補(bǔ)救生活中最糟糕的事"inpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworst"到同時(shí)建立生活中最美好的事"thingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife."請(qǐng)留意他說(shuō)的是同時(shí)Notethathesaysalso.他沒(méi)有說(shuō)專(zhuān)門(mén)甚至沒(méi)有說(shuō)主要Hedoesn'tsayexclusivelyorevenprimarily.專(zhuān)注于研究有效的東西至關(guān)重要It'simportanttofocusonwhatworks,不管是對(duì)我們的關(guān)系對(duì)我們自身--whetheritisinourrelationship,whetherit'sinourselves,對(duì)其他人對(duì)哈佛whetherit'sinothers,whetherit'sinHarvard,對(duì)美國(guó)還是對(duì)世界而言whetherit'sinUnitedStatesortheworld--這是為了獲得更多有效的東西inordertohavemorewhatworks.問(wèn)題是"如何專(zhuān)注于研究有效的東西"Nowthequestionis"howdowefocusonwhatworks"這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案Andtheanswertothisquestion就在我們提出的問(wèn)題的本身isthroughthequestionsthatweask.我通過(guò)一個(gè)案例研究來(lái)闡明這點(diǎn)Letmeillustratethroughacasestudy.心理學(xué)家在20世紀(jì)40年代末開(kāi)始Psychologists,startinginthelate1940s,研究受危人群studiedat-riskpopulation.越來(lái)越多的錢(qián)政府資金大學(xué)資金Moreandmoremoney--governmentmoney,universitymoney,慈善基金都投入到研究城市或地區(qū)里philanthropistmoney--wentintostudyinthecitiesorplaces所謂的受危兒童的身上wheregenerallythekidswereconsideredatrisk--他們更容易退學(xué)morepronetodroppingoutofschool,以后更容易犯罪少女妊娠等等morepronetolater-oncrime,teenpregnancyandsoon.他們?yōu)檫@項(xiàng)研究投入了大量金錢(qián)Sothisstudytheyputinalotofmoney,大量的精力alotofeffortintothis.心理學(xué)家們問(wèn)的問(wèn)題是Thequestionthatthepsychologistsaskedwas"為什么這些人會(huì)失敗""whydotheseindividualsfail00:25:47,760-->00:25:50,240"為什么受危人群中"whydoessuchahighpercentageofstudentsin"有如此高比例的學(xué)生退學(xué)"thatas-riskpopulationendupdroppingoutofschool"懷孕犯罪"GettingpregnantCrime"我們下周再談統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)--Andwe'lltalkaboutthestatisticslateronnextweek."為什么他們當(dāng)中有這么多人會(huì)失敗""Whydosomanyoftheseindividualsfail"他們提出了很重要的問(wèn)題Nowanimportantquestion,心理學(xué)家們動(dòng)機(jī)良好頭腦靈活投入了很多錢(qián)goodintentionsofthepsychologists,smartpeople,lotofmoney,投入了很多資源lotofresourcesgoingin.然而變化卻非常少However,verylittlechangewasintroduced.這些研究帶來(lái)的變化微乎其微Verylittlechangecameaboutasresultsofthesestudies.很多地區(qū)的情況繼續(xù)惡化Andthesituationinmanyareascontinuedtoexacerbate.情況沒(méi)有任何好轉(zhuǎn)雖然動(dòng)機(jī)良好Certaindidn'tgetanybetter,despitethegoodintentions,雖然資源充足雖然人們頭腦靈活despitetheresources,despitethebrainpower它們都被投入去研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題thattwinedintotheresearchingintothisquestion.得到的答案卻非常有意思Interestinganswers--我們需要更好的教育更好的建筑well,weneedbettereducation,weneedbetterbuildings,更多的資源weneedmoreresources,但是實(shí)際上發(fā)生的變化很少butverylittlechangeactuallyinpracticecameabout.然后出現(xiàn)了一種范式Andthentherewasaparadigm,20世紀(jì)80年代出現(xiàn)了范式轉(zhuǎn)移quiteliterallyaparadigmshiftinthe1980s.通過(guò)Antonovsky的努力我上次提到過(guò)他ThroughtheworkofAntonovskywhoImentionedlasttime今天我要再次提到他通過(guò)AntonovskyandI'llmentionagaintoday,throughtheworkofAntonovsky,及EllenLanger和AliceIsen等其他人的努力andotherpeoplelikeEllenLanger,otherpeoplelikeAliceIsen,心理學(xué)家們提出了不同的問(wèn)題differentquestionsstartedtobeaskedbypsychologists.他們不去問(wèn)為什么這些人會(huì)失敗Insteadofaskingwhatdidtheseindividualsfail,積極心理學(xué)家開(kāi)始問(wèn)是什么讓某些人positivepsychologistsstartedtoaskwhatmadesomeindividuals成功了即便面對(duì)的是不理想的環(huán)境succeeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances也許是有很多人失敗了但并非所有人Maybeitwasthecasethatmanyfailed,butnoteveryone.有些人成功了而且非常成功Somesucceededandsucceededbigtime.心理學(xué)家們此時(shí)便開(kāi)始問(wèn)為什么Andwhatpsychologistsstartedtodothenwastoaskwhy.為什么他們?nèi)绱顺晒hatisitaboutthemthatissosuccessful用Frost的話來(lái)說(shuō)這才是至關(guān)重要的Andthat,inthewordsofFrost,madeallthedifference.心理學(xué)家們開(kāi)始識(shí)別這些人的各種因素Thepsychologistsstartedtoidentifyelements,以及各個(gè)方面并深入分析他們aspectsoftheseindividualsandstudiedthemindepth,他們開(kāi)始研究這些成功的人