踝關(guān)節(jié)生物力學(xué)優(yōu)選ppt資料

踝關(guān)節(jié)生物力學(xué)第一頁，共51頁。AnkleAnatomicalStructuresTibiaFibularTalus第二頁，共51頁。Tibia脛骨(jìnggǔ)Thisisthestrongestlargestboneofthelowerleg.Itbearsweightandthebonecreatesthemedialmalleoli(thebumpontheinsideofyourankle)whichisthemedialaspectofthemortiseorthe(hole)thatthetaluslieswithin.這是最強(qiáng)壯(qiángzhuàng)的小腿骨。它具有承重和形成了內(nèi)側(cè)支撐面(組成腳踝的凹面)，能與距骨相契合第三頁，共51頁。TheTibiaisthemedialboneandlargestboneofthelowerleg.Tibia脛骨是小腿的最大和支撐(zhīchēng)骨的骨頭。第四頁，共51頁。Fibula腓骨(féigǔ)Thisisasmallerlateralboneofthelowerleg.Itisnotvitalforweightbearingyetitcomprisesthelateral(outside)aspectofthemalleoliandmakesupthelateralaspectofthemortise.這是小腿的一根更小的外側(cè)骨頭(gǔtou)。它不承重，它是踝關(guān)節(jié)的外側(cè)支撐面。第五頁，共51頁。Fibula--->Thefibulaislongerandnonweightbearing.Itmakesupthelateralaspectofthemortise.Thelateralmalleoliliesinferior(below)themedialmalleoli它比較(bǐjiào)長和不承重。并組成踝關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)面。并低于內(nèi)側(cè)面_______________________第六頁，共51頁。TalusThisbonetransmitstheforcesfromthecalcaneusupintothetibiaandalsoallowsthearticulationsofPlantarFlexion(pointingthefootdownward)DorsiflexionorpullingthefootupwardandInversion(rollingthefootinward)andEversion(rollingthefootoutward)第七頁，共51頁。------Talus第八頁，共51頁。TalocruralJointTheformationofthemortise(ahole)bythemedialmalleoli(Tibia)andlateralmalleoli(fibula)withthetaluslyinginbetweenthemmakesupthetalocruraljoint.Thisisahingejointandallowsmostofthemotionwithplantarflexionanddorsiflexion.第九頁，共51頁。________________________________TalocruralJt.第十頁，共51頁。SubtalarJointThearticulationbetweenthetalusandthecalcaneusisreferredtoasthesubtalarjoint.Motionallowedbythisjointisinversion(rollinward)/eversion(rolloutward)aswellasrearfootpronation(inwardtiltofthecalcaneus)andsupination(outwardtiltofthecalcaneus).第十一頁，共51頁。calcaneusTalus---SubtalarJointMedialaspectoffoot第十二頁，共51頁。AnkleLigamentsTherearethreelateralligamentspredominantlyresponsibleforthesupportandmaintenanceofboneapposition(bestpossiblefit).Theseligamentspreventinversionofthefoot.Theseligamentsare:AnteriortalofibularligamentCalcaneofibularligamentPosteriortalofibularligament第十三頁，共51頁。TalusFibulaTibiaAnt.TalofibularLigamentAnt.TibiofibularLig.第十四頁，共51頁。Post.TibiofibularLig.<-Fibula<-Ant.TalofibularLig<-TalusPeronealTendonsCalcaneofibularLigamentCalcaneusSubtalarJoint SpaceCuboid第十五頁，共51頁。calcaneus<-FibularheadPosteriortibiofibularLigamentAchillesTendonTalusPosteriortalofibularlig.Peronealtendons第十六頁，共51頁。ThedeltoidligamentThisislocatedonthemedialaspectofthefoot.Itisthelargestligamentbutisactuallycomprisedofseveralsectionsallfusedtogether.Thisligamentprevents(eversion)oftheankle.Thedeltoidligamentistriangularinshapeandhassuperficialanddeeplayers.Itisthemostdifficultligamentinthefoottosprain.第十七頁，共51頁。TibiaXXXNavicular-----TalusTibialisPosteriorTendonTibialisAnt.TendonDeltoidLigamentX第十八頁，共51頁。Musclesofthelowerleg/ankleThereare4compartmentsthatmakeupthelowerlegthatoperatethemotionsoftheankle.Injurycancauseswellinginsidethesecompartmentsthatcanleadtotissuedeathornervedamage.第十九頁，共51頁。第二十頁，共51頁。AnteriorCompartmentAnt.TibialisExt.HallicusLongusExtensorDigitorumLongusContainsAnt.TibialNerveContainsAnteriorTibialArteryDorsiflexorsofthefoot(liftsfootup)<-Ant.Comp第二十一頁，共51頁。LateralCompartmentEvertersofthefoot(turnsfootoutward)PeroneusLongusPeroneusBrevisPeroneusTertiusContainsthesuperficialperonealnerve<-Lat.Comp.第二十二頁，共51頁。PosteriorSuperficialGroupPlantarflexors(pushesfootdownwards)GastrocnemiusSoleusSuperficialPosterior第二十三頁，共51頁。PosteriorDeepAssistswithPlantarflexionTibialisPosteriorFlexorHallicusLongusFlexorDigitorumLongusPosteriortibialarteryPost.Deep---第二十四頁，共51頁。AssessingtheLowerLegandAnkleHistoryPasthistoryMechanismofinjuryWhendoesithurt?Typeof,qualityof,durationofpain?Soundsorfeelings?Howlongwereyoudisabled?Swelling?Previoustreatments?第二十五頁，共51頁。ObservationsPosturaldeviations?Istheredifficultywithwalking?Deformities,asymmetriesorswelling?Colorandtextureofskin,heat,redness?Patientinobviouspain?Israngeofmotionnormal?第二十六頁，共51頁。PercussionandcompressiontestsUsedwhenfractureissuspectedPercussiontestisablowtothetibia,fibulaorheeltocreatevibratoryforcethatresonatesw/infracturecausingpainCompressiontestinvolvescompressionoftibiaandfibulaeitheraboveorbelowsiteofconcernThompsontestSqueezecalfmuscle,whilefootisextendedofftabletotesttheintegrityoftheAchillestendonPositivetestsresultsinnomovementinthefootHoman’stestTestfordeepveinthrombophlebitisWithkneeextendedandfootofftable,ankleismovedintodorsiflexionPainincalfisapositivesignandshouldbereferred第二十七頁，共51頁。CompressionTestPercussionTestHoman’sTestThompsonTest第二十八頁，共51頁。AnkleStabilityTestsAnteriordrawertestUsedtodeterminedamagetoanteriortalofibularligamentprimarilyandotherlateralligamentsecondarilyApositivetestoccurswhenfootslidesforwardand/ormakesaclunkingsoundasitreachestheendpointTalartilttestPerformedtodetermineextentofinversionoreversioninjuriesWithfootat90degreescalcaneusisinvertedandexcessivemotionindicatesinjurytocalcaneofibularligamentandpossiblytheanteriorandposteriortalofibularligamentsIfthecalcaneusiseverted,thedeltoidligamentistested第二十九頁，共51頁。AnteriorDrawerTestTalarTiltTest第三十頁，共51頁。Kleiger’stestUsedprimarilytodetermineextentofdamagetothedeltoidligamentandmaybeusedtoevaluatedistalanklesyndesmosis,anterior/posteriortibiofibularligamentsandtheinterosseusmembraneWithlowerlegstabilized,footisrotatedlaterallytostressthedeltoidMedialSubtalarGlideTestPerformedtodeterminepresenceofexcessivemedialtranslationofthecalcaneusonthetalusTalusisstabilizedinsubtalarneutral,whileotherhandglidesthecalcaneus,mediallyApositivetestpresentswithexcessivemovement,indicatinginjurytothelateralligaments第三十一頁，共51頁。Kleiger’sTestMedialSubtalarGlideTest第三十二頁，共51頁。

FunctionalTestsWhileweightbearingthefollowingshouldbeperformedWalkontoes(plantarflexion)Walkonheels(dorsiflexion)Walkonlateralbordersoffeet(inversion)Walkonmedialbordersoffeet(eversion)HopsoninjuredanklePassive,activeandresistivemovementsshouldbemanuallyappliedtodeterminejointintegrityandmusclefunctionIfanyofthesearepainfultheyshouldbeavoided第三十三頁，共51頁。PreventionofInjurytotheAnkleStretchingoftheAchillestendonStrengtheningofthesurroundingmusclesProprioceptivetraining:balanceexercisesandagilityWearingproperfootwearandortapewhenappropriate第三十四頁，共51頁。SpecificInjuriesAnkleInjuries:SprainsSinglemostcommoninjuryinathleticscausedbysuddeninversionoreversionmomentsInversionSprainsMostcommonandresultininjurytothelateralligamentsAnteriortalofibularligamentisinjuredwithinversion,plantarflexionandinternalrotationOccasionallytheforceisgreatenoughforanavulsionfracturetooccurw/thelateralmalleolus第三十五頁，共51頁。Severityofsprainsisgraded(1-3)Withinversionsprainsthefootisforcefullyinvertedoroccurswhenthefootcomesintocontactw/unevensurfaces第三十六頁，共51頁。第三十七頁，共51頁。Grade1InversionAnkleSprainEtiologyOccurswithinversionplantarflexionandadductionCausesstretchingoftheanteriortalofibularligamentSignsandSymptomsMildpainanddisability;weightbearingisminimallyimpaired;pointtendernessoverligamentsandnolaxityManagementRICEfor1-2days;limitedweightbearinginitiallyandthenaggressiverehabTapemayprovidesomeadditionalsupportReturntoactivityin7-10days第三十八頁，共51頁。Grade2InversionAnkleSprainEtiologyModerateinversionforcecausinggreatdealofdisabilitywithmanydaysoflosttimeSignsandSymptomsFeelorhearpoporsnap;moderatepainw/difficultybearingweight;tendernessandedemaPositivetalartiltandanteriordrawertestsPossibletearingoftheanteriortalofibularandcalcaneofibularligamentsManagementRICEforatleastfirst72hours;X-rayexamtoruleoutfx;crutches5-10days,progressingtoweightbearing第三十九頁，共51頁。Management(continued)WillrequireprotectiveimmobilizationbutbeginROMexercisesearlytoaidinmaintenanceofmotionandproprioceptionTapingwillprovidesupportduringearlystagesofwalkingandrunningLongtermdisabilitywillincludechronicinstabilitywithinjuryrecurrencepotentiallyleadingtojointdegenerationMustcontinuetoengageinrehabtopreventagainstre-injury第四十頁，共51頁。Grade3InversionAnkleSprainEtiologyRelativelyuncommonbutisextremelydisablingCausedbysignificantforce(inversion)resultinginspontaneoussubluxationandreductionCausesdamagetotheanterior/posteriortalofibularandcalcaneofibularligamentsaswellasthecapsuleSignsandSymptomsSeverepain,swelling,hemarthrosis,discolorationUnabletobearweightPositivetalartiltandanteriordrawer第四十一頁，共51頁。ManagementRICE,X-ray(physicianmayapplydorsiflexionsplintfor3-6weeks)CrutchesareprovidedaftercastremovalIsometricsincast;ROM,PREandbalanceexerciseonceoutSurgerymaybewarrantedtostabilizeankleduetoincreasedlaxityandinstability第四十二頁，共51頁。EversionAnkleSprains

-(Represent5-10%ofallanklesprains)EtiologyBonyprotectionandligamentstrengthdecreaseslikelihoodofinjuryEversionforceresultsindamagetodeltoidligamentandpossiblyfxofthefibulaDeltoidcanalsobeimpingedandcontusedwithinversionsprains第四十三頁，共51頁。第四十四頁，共51頁。Pasthistory------TalusThereare4compartmentsthatmakeupthelowerlegthatoperatethemotionsoftheankle.PosteriorMostcommonlyduetolackofrehabilitation,butmoreimportantlylackofneuromusculartraining.AnatomicalStructuresFunctionalTestsTheTibiaisthemedialboneandlargestboneofthelowerleg.MedialaspectoffootThisislocatedonthemedialaspectofthefoot.PositivetestsresultsinnomovementinthefootAchillesTendonIstheredifficultywithwalking?TheTibiaisthemedialboneandlargestboneofthelowerleg.PosteriorWillrequireprotectiveimmobilizationbutbeginROMexercisesearlytoaidinmaintenanceofmotionandproprioception第四十五頁，共51頁。第四十六頁，共51頁。InjuryPreventionStrengthtrainingallowsthesupportingmusculaturetostabilizewhereligamentsmaynolongerbecapabl