考研考博-英語-華北電力大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華北電力大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Peter’smotherkepttellinghimthat（）inthestreetisdangerous,buthewouldnotlisten.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.played

B.willplay

C.playing

D.beenplaying

【答案】C

【解析】that引導(dǎo)的句子在句中作補(bǔ)語，在that從句中缺少主語，因此應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式作主語。所以，選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.單選題

Ifacompanyisalreadyeffectively（

）itscompetitorsbecauseitprovidesservicethatavoidsadamagingreputationandkeepscustomers（

）leavingatanunacceptablerate,theninvestmentinhigherservicelevelsmaybewasted,sinceserviceisadecidingfactorforcustomersonlyinextremesituation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inparwith...from

B.inaparwith...in

C.onparwith...outof

D.onaparwith...from

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。第一空的固定搭配是onaparwith“與……同等；和……一樣”；第二個(gè)空格處的搭配是“keepsb.fromdoingsth.”。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents（答問卷者）listed“togivechildrenagoodstartacademically”asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.

IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented（強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性發(fā)展的），Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.

LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschool.

SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.

1.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericanbelieve（）.

2.MostAmericansurveyedbelievethatpreschoolsshouldalsoattachimportanceto（）.

3.InJapan’spreschooleducation,thefocusison（）.

4.FreeplayhasbeenintroducedinsomeJapanesekindergartensinorderto（）.

5.WhydosomeJapaneseparentssendtheirchildrentouniversity-basedkindergartens?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.JapaneseparentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparents.

B.Japan’seconomicsuccessisaresultoritsscientificachievements.

C.Japanesepreschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstruction.

D.Japan’shighereducationissuperiortotheirs.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.problemsolving

B.groupexperience

C.parentalguidance

D.individually–orienteddevelopment

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.preparingchildrenacademically

B.developingchildren’sartisticinterests

C.lappingchildren’spotential

D.shapingchildren’scharacter

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.broadenchildren’shorizon

B.cultivatechildren’screativity

C.lightenchildren’sstudyload

D.enrichchildren’sknowledge

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theycandobetterintheirfuturestudies.

B.Theycanaccumulatemoregroupexperiencethere.

C.Theycanbeindividuallyorientedwhentheygrowup.

D.Theycanhavebetterchancesofgettingafirst-rateeducation.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.”，可知日本的學(xué)前教育提供的答案并不是美國人所期望的。令人驚訝的是，在大多數(shù)日本學(xué)前教育中，很少強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)術(shù)教育指導(dǎo)?？膳袛喑雒绹讼嘈湃毡镜膶W(xué)前教育強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)術(shù)指導(dǎo)。相信C符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented，Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.”，可知91%的日本受訪者認(rèn)為，讓孩子們有團(tuán)體經(jīng)歷是日本社會(huì)讓孩子接受學(xué)前教育的三大理由之一，62%的美國受訪者將團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)歷列為他們的三大選擇之一。可判斷出大多數(shù)接受調(diào)查的美國人認(rèn)為學(xué)齡前兒童也應(yīng)該重視團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。相信B符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.”，可知日本的學(xué)校不教授閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)等學(xué)業(yè)知識(shí)，而是教授諸如堅(jiān)持、專注和團(tuán)隊(duì)意識(shí)等能力?？膳袛喑鲈谌毡镜膶W(xué)前教育中，關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)在于塑造孩子的性格。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一句，“SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.”，可知一些更先進(jìn)的項(xiàng)目引入了自由游戲，作為一些日本幼兒園擺脫沉重的課業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)的方法?？膳袛喑鋈毡镜膶W(xué)前教育引入了自由玩耍的項(xiàng)目，目的是為了減輕孩子的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.”，可知一些日本父母認(rèn)為，如果他們的孩子參加一個(gè)大學(xué)的項(xiàng)目，這將使孩子未來更有可能被一流學(xué)校和大學(xué)錄取?？膳袛喑鲆恍┤毡靖改赴押⒆铀偷酱髮W(xué)附屬的幼兒園，原因在于這能增加他們上一流大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)，從而接受最好的教育。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.單選題

Whathesaidinthemeeting（）everybodypresent.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.repelled

B.dismissed

C.disposed

D.eliminated

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)repel“抵制，使厭惡”；B選項(xiàng)dismiss“解散，不予考慮”；C選項(xiàng)dispose“處理，處置”；D選項(xiàng)eliminate“消除，排除”。句意：他說的話令在場(chǎng)的所有人厭惡。由選項(xiàng)意思和句意可知，A選項(xiàng)符合句意。

5.翻譯題

坦白說有壓力是我們所有人正常生活狀態(tài)里的一部分，重要的是我們不能讓壓力攪亂我們的生活，或者讓壓力超出了我們的控制范圍，即使空閑時(shí)間是奢侈的，也請(qǐng)擠出幾分鐘或幾小時(shí)放松自己，這是自我愛護(hù)的重要的部分，那么你就有了理由，喝杯咖啡或是撤銷今晚計(jì)劃的理由，最終你擁有了屬于你自己的空間。

【答案】Frankly,thereisstressallofusinanormalpartoflife,butthekeyismakingsureitdoesn’trunourlivesorgrowoutofcontrol.Evenwhenfreetimeisaluxury,squeezeoutafewminutesorhourstorelaxisanimportantpartofself-care.Sothereyouhaveit—anexcusetotakeacoffeebreakorcancelyourplanstonight,andfinallymakesometimeforyou.

6.單選題

Airplaneandtelevisionareamongthe（）ofscience.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.masks

B.martyrs

C.marvels

D.marrow

【答案】C

【解析】句意:飛機(jī)和電視都是科學(xué)的奇跡。

考查名詞辨析。mask面具，口罩；martyr烈士;marvel奇跡；marrow骨髓，精華。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有C項(xiàng)符合句意。

7.單選題

8.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Shewillgetsomeadvicefromthedesk.

B.Shewillundergosomelabtests.

C.Shewillarrangeanappointment.

D.Shewillgetthetextresults.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Takethesliptothefrontdeskandthenarrangeanappointmentforthetests.

W:Thankyou,doctor!Haveaniceday!

Q:Whatwillthewomando?

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。男士對(duì)女士說：Takethesliptothefrontdeskandthenarrangeanappointmentforthetests（把小條拿到前臺(tái)去做檢查預(yù)約）。

8.單選題

ThesimplewoodenhousesitsinanunremarkableoldneighborhoodinanOsakasuburb,thekindofplacepeopleforgetstillexistsinmodemJapan.Therearenopachinkoparlorsorcybercafes—noshopsofanykind,really.It'sanunlikelyplacetoencounterthenextversionofJapan'stechnologicalevolution.Butlistentowhathappenswhenagray-hairedseptuagenariannamedKazukoKomiyamareturnsaftervisitingfriends,"Welcomehome,"avoicechirps."Isn’titaniceday?”

Thehigh-pitchedgreetingbelongstoarobot.It’sasimplemachine,tobesure.Thisisn'tathoughtfulroboticcharacterlikethosefoundinaStarWarsmovie,orlikeJapan’sownpopularcreationAstroBoy.Butit’sarobotnonetheless:achocolate-brownwombatthateventuallywillbeable,toflutteritseyeswhenKomiyama,77,enterstheroomandgigglewhenshescratchesitsfuzzylittlehead.Ittellsherwhattheweatherislike.Itremindsherwhenit’stimetotakehermedicine.Itsingssweetsongstoher.

ForKomiyama,amechanicalcompanionisaguardagainstthedreadfullonelinessmanyelderlyJapanesemustendure.ShesawonesuchtragicstoryonaTVnewsshowrecently.“Anoldman'sdeathwentunnoticedbecausehelivedalone,”shesays.“Dayafterday,hisdiaryread,‘Ididn'tmeetanybodytoday.Again.’Idon’twanttoenduplikethat.”SowhenwelfareworkersfromtheOsakasuburbofIkedaaskedforvolunteerstotesttheprototypeofMatsushitaElectricIndustrialCo.'spetrobot,shejumpedatthechance.Shekeepstherobotsittinginherlivingroom.Afteramonth,she’sstartingtowarm-uptothething,despiteoneirritatinghabit“Itspeakswithachildishvoice,”shecomplains.“ThatmakesmefeellikeI’mtreatedasanoldperson.Iwouldratherhaveanequalrelationshipwitharobot.”

ThisismodemJapan,aGizmoNationwhereevengrandmothersmakefriendswiththeirgadgets.Forhalfacentury,theJapanesehavemadeitaculturalmissiontoturnoutasuccessionofcool,elegantandincreasinglyhumanmachines.Andwhatmachinestheyhavebecome:roboticgeishas;headgearthatprojectscomputerscreensinmidairinfrontofwearers'eyes;toiletsthatmeasureaperson’sweight,bodyfatandurinesugarlevels.Thecountrythatgavetheworldtransistorradios,theWalkmanandhand-heldvideogamesisnowpositionedtoturnitsloveofgadgetryintoaprofitablenationalenterpriseonceagain.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.WhogigglesafterKomiyamacomesintotheroomaccordingtothepassage?

3.WecaninferfromthethirdparagraphthatnowadaysmanyoldpeopleinJapanare（）.

4.Thephrase"warm-upto"inthethirdparagraphcanbemostlikelyreplacedby（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasoneoftherolestherobotscanplay?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.itisimpossibleforpeopletofindhigh-techrobotsinasimplewoodenhouse

B.itiseasyforpeopletothinkofasimplewoodenhouseinthemodemJapan

C.Komiyamausuallygoestoacoffeerestauranttoreleaseherloneliness

D.Komiyamahasamechanicalcompanionwhosevoiceisverysharpandshort

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.TheoldwomanKomiyamaherself.

B.Komiyama'sfantasticpetrobot

C.AmechanicalcompanioninStarWars.

D.AnaughtyJapan'screationAstroBoy.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.treatedasoldpersons

B.verylonelyintheirlife

C.enjoyingthemselves

D.nottakengoodcareof

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.becomewarmerandwarmer

B.prepareforagamewiththerobot

C.starttolikeorbefriendlywith

D.approachtoorcomeupto

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Helpfulinstruments.

B.Friendlycompanions.

C.Entertainingmachines.

D.Instructiveeducators

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的第三句“It'sanunlikelyplacetoencounterthenextversionofJapan'stechnologicalevolution.”可知選項(xiàng)A正確。選項(xiàng)B,C,D都與原文不符。

2.根據(jù)第二段的一二三句“Thehigh-pitchedgreetingbelongstoarobot.選項(xiàng)A首先排除。It’sasimplemachine,tobesure.Thisisn'tathoughtfulroboticcharacterlikethosefoundinaStarWarsmovie,orlikeJapan’sownpopularcreationAstroBoy.”既不是星球大戰(zhàn)里的機(jī)器人,也不是日本人創(chuàng)造的阿童木,所以排除選項(xiàng)C和D。

3.根據(jù)第三段的第一句“ForKomiyama,amechanicalcompanionisaguardagainstthedreadfullonelinessmanyelderlyJapanesemustendure.”可知,選項(xiàng)B日本的老人都很孤獨(dú),符合原文。

4.根據(jù)原文,老人把機(jī)器人放在客廳,一個(gè)月后,開始慢慢的接受它。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知,只有選項(xiàng)D有益的教育工作者,在文中沒有被提及,其他的均提到了。

9.單選題

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科學(xué)的日常實(shí)踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)常常遵循一條模糊而復(fù)雜的路線。A項(xiàng)中的uncertainty和complexity分別為ambiguous和complicated的同義替換，故A項(xiàng)正確。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程中可能存在很多誤解、錯(cuò)誤和自欺。但這些只是可能性，不是科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的本質(zhì)特點(diǎn)，故排除B項(xiàng)。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科學(xué)是如何進(jìn)行的理想化狀態(tài)中，關(guān)于世界的事實(shí)正等著被客觀的研究人員觀察和收集，他們用科學(xué)的方法來進(jìn)行他們的工作?！盋D兩項(xiàng)提到的都是理想化的特點(diǎn)，不是科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的真實(shí)特點(diǎn)，故排除。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.這就是可信度的過程，通過這個(gè)過程，個(gè)體研究者的我，在這里，現(xiàn)在變成了社區(qū)的任何人，任何地方，任何時(shí)間?？陀^知識(shí)是目標(biāo)，不是起點(diǎn)。可知科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得公眾可信度的過程需要每個(gè)人的努力，故B項(xiàng)正確。ACD三項(xiàng)都是該過程的一個(gè)方面。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.”當(dāng)一項(xiàng)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)在科學(xué)界中傳播時(shí)，關(guān)于所涉及的科學(xué)和技術(shù)的共享和相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的信念之間的相互作用和對(duì)抗會(huì)將個(gè)人的發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭茖W(xué)界的可靠發(fā)現(xiàn)?！笨芍?jīng)過科學(xué)界的檢查后，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)將變得可靠。故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第四段NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者、生理學(xué)家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾將發(fā)現(xiàn)描述為“看到每個(gè)人看到的，思考沒有人想過的”。由此可知，阿爾貝特?圣捷爾吉強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)不能循規(guī)蹈矩，要有創(chuàng)新精神和批判精神。故D項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段講述了日?？茖W(xué)研究存在不確定性和復(fù)雜性。第二段指出，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)需要經(jīng)過可信性證實(shí)過程才能變?yōu)榭煽康摹５谌谓榻B了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)可信性的證實(shí)過程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性證實(shí)過程中存在的兩個(gè)矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在論述科學(xué)可信性的證實(shí)過程。所以C項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeople（1）believethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical（2）bydrug（3）.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisis（4）themoreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenused（5）“drugabuse”to（6）thatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully（7）asheroinandcocaine.

Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)is（8）:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobe（9）,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakenin（10）willproduce（11）effectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptual（12）.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreased（13）,withmoreandmoreofthesubstance（14）toproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasan（15）symptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.

Drugs(substances)that（16）thecentralnervoussystemand（17）perception,moodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,（18）depressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheir（19）effectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifestation”)becausetheyseemedto（20）alterone’sstateofconsciousness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.seldom

B.always

C.mistakenly

D.rarely

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.made

B.taken

C.drunk

D.eaten

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.users

B.addicts

C.misuses

D.eaters

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.when

B.forwhich

C.that

D.why

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.than

B.morethan

C.lessthan

D.insteadof

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.ensure

B.sure

C.assure

D.insurer

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.misused

B.used

C.misuse

D.user

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.perverse

B.perspicuous

C.pervasive

D.perspicacious

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.sociable

B.affable

C.cordial

D.social

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.access

B.excess

C.redundancy

D.quantity

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.positive

B.good

C.neutral

D.negative

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.distortions

B.deformation

C.distraction

D.distress

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.tolerance

B.intolerance

C.toleration

D.endurance

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.requiring

B.beingrequired

C.required

D.havingbeenrequired

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.withdrawal

B.retraction

C.revocation

D.annulment

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.effect

B.influence

C.affect

D.impact

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.change

B.influence

C.switch

D.transform

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.and

B.or

C.meanwhile

D.whereas

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.primary

B.primal

C.major

D.prior

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.radically

B.drastically

C.radiantly

D.dramatically

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:A

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:B

第11題:D

第12題:A

第13題:A

第14題:C

第15題:A

第16題:C

第17題:A

第18題:D

第19題:A

第20題:A

【解析】第1題:考查副詞辨析。seldom很少；always總是；常常；mistakenly錯(cuò)誤地；曲解地；rarely很少地；難得；罕有地。該處句意為:很多人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為毒品…。故選C。

第2題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。選項(xiàng)均為對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式?？崭袂盀閟omesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical(一些種類的藥品或一種非法的化學(xué)藥品)。因此，B項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:考查名詞辨析。由空格前“anillegalchemical一種非法的化學(xué)藥品”的對(duì)應(yīng)可知這里指代“吸毒者”，故B項(xiàng)構(gòu)成的“drugaddicts吸毒者”正確。

第4題:語法題?？疾閺木涞囊龑?dǎo)詞。空格前面句意為:Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs(他們沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到諸如酒精和煙草的常見物質(zhì)也是毒品)，是解釋說明后面moreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists(更中性的詞（即藥物濫用）如今被很多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學(xué)家使用)的原因。因此D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:語義題。此處句意為:“substanceabuse”這個(gè)短語代替“drugabuse”使用。

第6題:考查詞義辨析。ensure保證，確保；使安全；sure確信的；可靠的；必定的；assure保證；擔(dān)保；使確信；弄清楚;insure給……保險(xiǎn)：確保?？崭裉帒?yīng)填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而且賓語是:substancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully(諸如酒精和煙草等物質(zhì)可以一樣有害)。因此C項(xiàng)正確。

第7題:語義題。這里是為了解釋說明“substanceabuse”(藥物濫用)，而且空格處應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式表被動(dòng)。因此A項(xiàng)“濫用”符合句意。

第8題:考查形容詞辨析。perverse墮落的；不正當(dāng)?shù)模贿`反常情的；perspicuous明了的；清晰明白的；易懂的；pervasive普遍的；到處滲透的；流行的；perspicacious有洞察力的；聰穎的；敏銳的。該處句意為:我們生活在一個(gè)藥物的醫(yī)學(xué)和社會(huì)用途…的社會(huì)：用阿司匹林緩解頭痛…。由此可知C項(xiàng)符合句意。

第9題:考查形容詞辨析。sociable社交的；好交際的；友善的；affable和藹可親的；友善的；cordial熱忱的；誠懇的；興奮的；social社會(huì)的；群居的。這里表示:為了社交而喝酒。因此A項(xiàng)正確。

第10題:考查名詞辨析。該處表示:首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的…使用都會(huì)產(chǎn)生…影響，如中毒或嚴(yán)重的感知錯(cuò)亂。因此，B項(xiàng)所構(gòu)成的“inexcess(過量，過度)正確。

第11題:考查形容詞辨析。positive積極的；肯定的；good好的；優(yōu)良的；愉快的；neutral中立的；中性的；negative［數(shù)］負(fù)的；消極的；否定的；陰性的；負(fù)面的。參照本句句意可知此處表示“負(fù)面的影響”。

第12題:考查名詞辨析。distortion變形；扭曲；曲解；deformation變形；distraction注意力分散；消遣；心煩意亂；distress危難；不幸；貧困。此題解題可以參照最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(對(duì)感知有影響，扭曲且改變它)。因此這里表示“感知的扭曲”。

第13題:考查名詞辨析。tolerance公差；容忍；【醫(yī)學(xué)】耐藥力；耐受性；intolerance（尤指對(duì)別人的意見）不寬容；偏執(zhí)；toleration寬容；忍受；endurance忍耐；持久；耐久。這里表示:藥物依賴首先表現(xiàn)為…增強(qiáng)。因此A項(xiàng)符合句意。

第14題:語法題?？疾榉侵^語。此處是with+主語+動(dòng)詞分詞引導(dǎo)伴隨狀語。而動(dòng)詞require的分詞與邏輯主語substance(藥物)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用require的過去分詞形式。

第15題:考查固定搭配。withdrawalsymptoms表示“斷癥狀；脫癮綜合征”，因此A項(xiàng)正確。

第16題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。effect使發(fā)生；引起；實(shí)現(xiàn)；使生效；influence影響（可以是好的或壞的影響）；改變；affect影響（側(cè)重不好的影響）；感染：感動(dòng)；impact撞擊；對(duì)…產(chǎn)生影響（一般與on搭配使用）?？崭窈鬄椤皌hecentralnervoussystem中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)”，由此可知C項(xiàng)正確。

第17題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。Change改變；influence影響；switch轉(zhuǎn)換；transform變換；轉(zhuǎn)化；使改變（思想、性格等）。此題解題可參考最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(對(duì)感知有影響，扭曲且改變它)，由此可知這里表示“改變感知”。

第18題:考查連詞辨析。由空格前“speeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem(加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))”與空格后“(slowitdown)使其慢下來”可知前后屬于轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。因此D項(xiàng)“然而”正確。

第19題:考查形容詞辨析。primary主要的；初級(jí)的；基本的;primal首要的；原始的；最初的;major重要的；主修的；較多的；prior優(yōu)先的；在前的。這里表示“迷幻藥對(duì)感知的…影響”，因此A符合句意。

第20題:考查副詞辨析。radically根本上；徹底地；以激進(jìn)的方式；drastically徹底地；激烈地；radiantly清朗地；輝煌地；dramatically顯著地；劇烈地。該句表示:這些藥物通常被稱為迷幻藥（來自希臘語，意思是“精神顯現(xiàn)”），因?yàn)樗鼈兯坪酢淖兞艘粋€(gè)人的意識(shí)狀態(tài)。因此A符合句意。

11.單選題

Mamapracticed______bydressingthekidsinhand-me-downsratherthaninnewclothes.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.avarice

B.thrift

C.benevolence

D.luxury

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)avarice表示“貪婪，貪財(cái)”，B項(xiàng)thrift表示“節(jié)儉，節(jié)約”，C項(xiàng)benevolence表示“仁慈，善行”，D項(xiàng)luxury表示“奢侈，奢華，奢侈品”。根據(jù)dressingthekidsinhand-me–downs（給孩子們穿舊衣服）可知，“節(jié)儉”符合語境。句意：媽媽節(jié)儉，給孩子們穿舊衣服，而不是新衣服。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Thereisageneral______thatpouringoldwineintothesamebottlesisthewrongwaytogo.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.consensus

B.census

C.censorship

D.conscience

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)consensus“一致；輿論；合意”；B選項(xiàng)census“人口普查，人口調(diào)查；（官方的）統(tǒng)計(jì)，調(diào)查”；C選項(xiàng)censorship“審查制度；審查機(jī)構(gòu)”；D選項(xiàng)conscience“道德心，良心”。句意：人們普遍認(rèn)為，把陳年的酒倒進(jìn)同一個(gè)瓶子里是錯(cuò)誤的做法。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Nowthejuries,andultimatelythesocietytheyspeakfor,havetofindsomewaytoexpress（

）atthebrutalitythatwomenandchildrenfaceeveryday.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.aggression

B.extenuation

C.outrage

D.suppression

【答案】C

【解析】句意:現(xiàn)在，陪審團(tuán)以及他們根本上所代表的社會(huì)，必須找到一些方法來表達(dá)對(duì)于婦女和兒童每天所面臨的殘酷的憤怒。

名詞辨析。Aggression進(jìn)攻，侵略;extenuation減輕;outrage憤怒;suppression鎮(zhèn)壓，抑制。因此C符合句意。

14.單選題

Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoesfiredtofromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII，morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatseathundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogoclown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinwaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.“I’llneverforgetthescreams.”saysChristaNtilzinann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.

NowGermany’sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear;doesn’tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater.“Nobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast.”Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklytheWoche:“BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn’thavetheenergyleftlotellofourownsufferings.’’

ThelongsilencethesinkingoftheWilhelmGuslloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry’smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalizetheneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today’sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslongtroubledhistory,forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey’venowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.

1.Whydoestheauthor