考研考博-英語-揭陽職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-揭陽職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Becauseoffather’spoorcircumstances,myuncle（）myeducation.

問題1選項

A.finances

B.maintains

C.supplies

D.affords

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項finances“負(fù)擔(dān)經(jīng)費，供給……經(jīng)費”；B選項maintains“維持，保持”；C選項supplies“供應(yīng)，提供”；D選項affords“買得起，提供”。句意：由于父親的貧苦處境，我叔叔（）了我的教育?？梢钥闯鲆驗楦赣H的條件不好，所以是叔叔“資助了我的學(xué)習(xí)”，因此A選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Winstonbecamequiteavariciousinhislatelife.

問題1選項

A.feeble

B.greedy

C.blatant

D.forgetful

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。avaricious意為“貪財?shù)?，貪婪的”；feeble意為“虛弱的，衰弱的”；greedy意為“貪婪的，貪心的”；blatant意為“明目張膽的，公然的”；forgetful意為“健忘的，好忘事的，疏忽的”。

句意：溫斯頓晚年變得相當(dāng)貪婪。

3.單選題

Hecouldnot（）hislatearrivalattheconference.

問題1選項

A.contributeto

B.countfor

C.accountfor

D.leaveout

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。contributeto“有助于”；countfor“有價值”；accountfor“對……負(fù)有責(zé)任；對……做出解釋”;leaveout“遺漏，省去”。根據(jù)后面“他開會遲到”，可知是為開會遲到做解釋，因此選項C符合題意。

4.單選題

Whilehewasnotdumberthananox,hewasnotanysmarter;somostofhisclassmateswerelenientandhelpedhimalong.

問題1選項

A.helpful

B.merciful

C.enthusiastic

D.intelligent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。lenient在句中是“仁慈的，寬大的”；A選項helpful“有幫助的，有益的”；B選項merciful“仁慈的”；C選項enthusiastic“熱心的，熱情的”；D選項intelligent“聰明的”。句意：雖然他不比牛笨，但也不比牛聰明，所以他的大多數(shù)同學(xué)都很寬容和仁慈，并給予他幫助。所以只有B項符合。

5.單選題

Theyhavemadea（）plantobuildasuspensionbridgeovertheriver.

問題1選項

A.band

B.bound

C.bond

D.bold

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項band“用帶綁扎；給……鑲邊；樂隊”；B選項bound“被束縛了的”；C選項bond“結(jié)合的”；D選項bold“大膽的，英勇的”。句意：他們已做出了一個大膽的計劃，要在這條河上建一座吊橋。由空格后的關(guān)鍵詞“plan計劃”可知“大膽的”符合句意，因此D選項正確。

6.單選題

Whenyouareatcollege,youshouldnot（）yourstudy.

問題1選項

A.getabigkickin

B.foolaroundwith

C.setaside

D.drawon

【答案】C

【解析】考查短語辨析。A選項getabigkickin“得到極大的樂趣”；B選項foolaroundwith“與不三不四的人鬼混”；C選項setaside“駁回，不管”；D選項drawon“利用，吸收”。句意：在上大學(xué)的時候，你不應(yīng)該把學(xué)習(xí)放在一邊不管不顧。選項C符合語境。

7.單選題

____youwerebusy,Iwouldn’thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.

問題1選項

A.Ifrealized

B.HadIrealized

C.DidIhaverealizedthat

D.AsIrealized

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。虛擬條件句的從句部分含有were,should或had時，可省略if采用倒裝句型，將should(would或could)提前。因此正確答案為B。

8.單選題

Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.ThemonkeysparticipatedinanOregonHealthandScienceUniversitystudy.Itshowedprimatesthatexercisedregularly~usingatreadmillfivedaysperweek—hadahigherbraincapillaryvolumeafter20weeksthanacontrolgroupthatdidnotexercise.Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.Thestudyshowedthatthemostsignificantbrainbenefitswereexperiencedbymonkeysdeemed“l(fā)eastfit”atthestartofthetrial.TheOregonresearcherssaidstudyingmonkeyseliminatesanyskewingfromthedecidedlyhumanbehaviorsofsmoking,drinkingandovereating.ThefindingswerediscussedattheannualmeetingoftheSocietyforNeuroscienceinNewOrleans.

Anothernewstudyemployed39beaglestotestthebrain-enhancingeffectivenessofantioxidant-richfoods(especiallythoserichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene).UniversityofTorontoresearchersdiscoveredthatolddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtrickswiththeproperfortifiedfoodintheirdinnerbowls.“Wefoundolddogsontheantioxidantdietperformedbetteronavarietyofcognitiveteststhandogsnotonthediet,”saidP.DwightTapp,astudyco-authornowbasedattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine.”Infact,thedogseatingtheantioxidant-fortifiedfoodsperformedaswellasyoungbeagles.”Fortheuninitiated―orthoseofuswhohaveneverlivedwithanoldbeagleorothercanines—dogscanexperiencethesamememorylossandslowedcognitivefunctionthatoccurinhumans.

Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.Afollow-upstudyisongoingtodetermineiffeedingtheyoungerdogsthespecialdiethelpspreventlossofbrainfunction.

ArthurF.Kramerfigurestostickwithhumansinhisbrainresearch.KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.Hewasleadauthoronapioneeringstudypublishedearlierthisyearthatshowedpositivephysiologicalchangesinbrainmatterduetoregularexercise.

Thetypicalmanorwomanlosesbrainmatteraspartoftheagingprocess.Inafirst,Kramerandcolleaguesusedmagnetic-resonanceimaging(MRI)scanstoshowthatindividuals55andolderwhoexerciseregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—canpreservegray-andwhite-matterregionsofthebrain.”Thegreatthingisitdoesn'ttaketoolongtorealizethesebenefits,”Kramersaid,“Wesawsignificantcognitiveimprovementinpeople55andolderoverjustsixmonths.“Graymatterconsistsofaseriesofthintissuelayersinbraincellssuchasneuronsthatarecriticaltolearningandmemory.Whitematterisfoundinthemyelinsheathcontainingnervefibersthattransmitsignalsthroughoutthebrain.Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.Kramerandhiscolleagueshavecompletedothercutting-edgeresearchaboutthebrainandregularphysicalactivity.Onestudyslottedfor2004publicationfollowsuponthegray/white-matterstudy.Preliminaryresultsindicatethatthesamesortofbriskwalkingwillenhancetheperformancecapabilitiesofcorticalcircuitsinthebrain.

“Wearereportingonfunctionandnotjustthephysiologyofthegrayandwhitematter,’，Kramerexplained.Anotherstudytobepublishedin2004buildsonearlierfindingsthatactiveolderwomenonhormone-replacementtherapyexhibitgreatercognitiveabilitiesthanoldermenwhoareregularexercisers.Innewfindings,Kramerandcolleagueshavefoundlessactualbraintissuedeteriorationinwomen55andolderwhohavehigherlevelsofestrogenintheirbodies.Despitebeinga“formerjock,”Kramerdidn'texpectthathisresearchcareerwouldturnsodirectlytowardfitnessandphysicalactivity.Hehasbecomealeadingresearcherintheareaduringthelastdecadeand,alongwithseveralcolleagues,turnedtheUniversityofIllinoisintoarespectedcenterforresearchonhealthyaging.

“Thereisnodownsidetophysicalactivityforolderadultswhogetclearancefromtheirphysicianstostartaprogram,”hesaid,“Weknowitcanhelppreventheartdiseaseandprotectagainststrokedamage.Nowwearebuildingevidencethatregularphysicalactivityallowsyoutothinkbetter.”

1.ThestudyconductedbyOregonHealthandScienceUniversityshowedthat（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementaboutantioxidant-richfoodsisfalse?

3.ArthurF.Kramerisaprofessorin（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,peoplebegintoageafter（）.

5.FromProfessorKramer’sresearch,wecaninferthat（）.

問題1選項

A.monkeyscanlearnnewtasksmorerapidlyiftheyexercisedregularlythananyotheranimals

B.regularphysicalexercisecanhelptopromotethebrainfunction

C.monkeysaremorecooperativethanhumanbeing

D.monkeysaregoodatusingtreadmill

問題2選項

A.Antioxidant-richfoodsarerichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene.

B.Antioxidant-richfoodscanhelpthebraintoperformbetter.

C.Olddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtricksiftheyhaveantioxidant-richfoods.

D.Antioxidant-richfoodshelpedimprovecognitiveskillsnotonlyinolddogsbutalsoinyoungdogs.

問題3選項

A.OregonHealthandScienceUniversity

B.theUniversityofToronto

C.theUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine

D.theUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign

問題4選項

A.33

B.55

C.39

D.30

問題5選項

A.gray-andwhite-matterinthebrainareimportantindecidingaperson’scognitiveability

B.whitematteriscriticaltolearningandmemory

C.peoplewhoare55andoldercanonlypreservetheirgray-andwhite-matterinthebrainbywalking

D.6weeksofexercisingregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—isenoughforkeepinghealthy

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.”可知，猴子和小獵犬對最近把定期體育活動和加強飲食與改善大腦功能聯(lián)系起來的研究是極為重要的。而根據(jù)“Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.”可知，鍛煉組的猴子可以更快地學(xué)會新任務(wù)。因此，可推測B項“定期體育鍛煉能幫助改善大腦功能”正確。A項“如果能定期接受鍛煉，那么猴子會比任何其它動物更快地學(xué)會新任務(wù)”；C項“猴子比人類協(xié)作性更強”；D項“猴子擅長使用跑步機”。A、C、D三項均不能由原文推斷得出，故本題正確答案為B項。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第三段“Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.”可知，Tapp和同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，富含抗氧化劑的飲食有助于改善老狗的認(rèn)知技能，但對幼狗卻沒用，因此D項“富含抗氧化劑的食物對老狗和幼狗的智力改善都有幫助”表述錯誤。根據(jù)原文第二段內(nèi)容可判斷，A項“富含抗氧化劑的食物含有豐富的維他命C、E和β-胡蘿卜素”；B項“富含抗氧化劑的食物能幫助大腦更好的運轉(zhuǎn)”及C項“如果老狗食用富含抗氧化劑的食物，它們甚至可以學(xué)得一些新的技巧”均正確。故本題正確答案為D項。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第四段“KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.”可知，Kramer是伊利諾伊大學(xué)厄巴納—香檳分校的一位心理學(xué)教授，故D項正確。A項“俄勒岡健康與科學(xué)大學(xué)”；B項“多倫多大學(xué)”；C項“加州大學(xué)歐文分?！?。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，人們是在30歲后開始變老。故D項“30歲”正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，隨著人在30歲后開始變老，這兩種物質(zhì)（即大腦中的灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)）與認(rèn)知能力的下降密切相關(guān)，故A項表述正確。由原文第五段內(nèi)容可知“（大腦中的）灰質(zhì)對學(xué)習(xí)和記憶至關(guān)重要”，故B項錯誤；原文提到有規(guī)律的鍛煉可以使大腦物質(zhì)發(fā)生積極地變化，故C項“55歲以上的人只能通過走路來保存他們大腦中的灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)”表述片面，不正確；而原文提及“55歲以上的人如果經(jīng)常進(jìn)行規(guī)律的鍛煉——每周三次快走20分鐘——就可以保留大部分灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)區(qū)域，6個月后，認(rèn)知能力會有顯著提高”，故D項不正確。

9.不定項選擇題

Frombeachballs,pooltoys,andjumphouses,inflatabletechnologytakesabigstepforwardforitsnextfrontier:spacestation.AnewkindoftechwillbeaboardSpaceX'seighthsupplymissiontotheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS).Acompressedlivingmodulewillbedeliveredandattachedtothestationwhere,inthevoidofspace,itwillexpandintoanewhabitatforastronauts.

DesignedbyBigelowAerospace,theinflatablespacehabitatisoneareaNASAisexploringforpotentialdeepspacehabitatsandotheradvancedspacemissions.

"The‘BigelowExpandableActivityModule',ortheBEAM,isanexpandablehabitatthatwillbeusedtoinvestigatetechnologyandunderstandthepotentialbenefitsofsuchhabitatsforhumanmissionstodeepspace,”NASAAdministratorCharlesBoldenwroteinablogpost.Thehabitatscouldbeawayto“dramaticallyincrease”thespaceavailableforastronautswhilealsoofferingaddedprotectionfromthedangersofspace,likeradiationandspacedebris,theNASApressreleasesays.

Buthowisaninflatablespacestationsupposedtobeaviablemeansofhousingforspacetravelers?BEAMsarefarmorethanballoon-likeroomswhereastronautscantakeasylum.Technically,themodulesdon'tinflate—theyexpand,accordingtothecompany.Andbeyondjustair,thehabitatsarereinforcedwithaninternalmetalstructure.Theoutsideiscomposedofmultiplelayersofmaterialincludingthingslikerubberandkevlartoprotectformanyspeedingdebris.

InsideSpaceX'sDragonspacecraftonthewaytotheISS,theBEAMwillbeapproximately8feetindiameter.Itwillexpandoncedeployedinspacetooffer565cubicfeetofspaceforastronauts.“It'llbethefirsttimehumanbeingswillactuallystepinsidethisexpandablehabitatinspace,”formerastronautGeorgeZamka,whohasworkedforBigelowAerospace,toldUSAToday.“Therewon'tbethissenseofitbeinglikeaballoon.”

Butastronautswon'tbegettinginsidethemoduleforsometimeyet.TheBEAMwillbeattachedtotheTranquilityNodeanddeployed.InsidethemoduleareaseriesoftoolsthatwillhelpthecrewoftheISSmonitordifferentaspectsoftheexpandableareatoseehowitactsinspace.Thecrewwillwatchheat,radiation,orbitaldebris,andprovideinformationabouttheviabilityofusingsimilarmodulesinthefuture.

Thetestingisscheduledtogoonforatwo-yeartimeperiod,afterwhichthemodulewillbereleasedandburnupintheatmosphere.NASA'spartnershipwithBigelowfitsMr.Bolden'sdesiretohelpgrowarobustprivatesectorindustrytocommercializeaspectsofspace—aprocessheseesasvitalifhumanswanttoreachfarthercosmicdestinations.“TheworldoflowEarthorbitbelongstoindustry,”BoldensaidatapressconferenceinJanuary2015.

1.WhatisspecialaboutthenewlivingmoduleonSpaceX'seighthmissiontoISS?

2.Whatisthepurposeofdesigningtheinflatablespacehabitat?

3.WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph5mean?

4.WhydoesNASAintendtocommercializeaspectsofspace?

問題1選項

A.Itisexpandable.

B.Itlookslikeatoy.

C.Itisgoingtodeepspace.

D.ItwillnotreturntoEarth.

問題2選項

A.Itistofindoutitspotentialcapacity.

B.Itistogiveatryonanewtechnology.

C.Itistosavetimeandmoneyinproduction.

D.Itistoseeifitcanbeappliedindeepspace.

問題3選項

A.Thehabitatwillnotbeaballoon-likeroom.

B.Thehabitatwillnotfeellikeaballoon.

C.Thehabitatwillbelikeasenselessballoon.

D.Thehabitatwillbeadifferentkindofballoon.

問題4選項

A.ItcansaveNASAtimeandenergy.

B.Itisnecessaryforarobustindustry.

C.Itiscrucialforfurtherspaceexplorations.

D.ItmeetsbothNASA'sandBigelow'sneeds.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】第1題:1.【選項釋義】

1.WhatisspecialaboutthenewlivingmoduleonSpaceX’seighthmissiontoISS?1.SpaceX公司第八次前往國際空間站的任務(wù)中，新的生活艙有什么特別之處？

A.Itisexpandable.A.它是可擴展的。

B.Itlookslikeatoy.B.它看起來像一個玩具。

C.Itisgoingtodeepspace.C.它要去外太空。

D.ItwillnotreturntoEarth.D.它不會返回地球。

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)原文第一段最后一句“一個壓縮的生活艙將被運送并連接到空間站上，在太空中，它將擴展為宇航員的新棲息地（itwillexpandintoanewhabitatforastronauts）”，從中可知，新的生活艙的特點是它可以擴展，所以該題選擇A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選線“它看起來像一個玩具”和D選項“它不會返回地球”在文中沒有提及，無中生有；

C選項“它要去外太空”并不是其特別之處，曲解原文。

第2題:2.【選項釋義】

2.Whatisthepurposeofdesigningtheinflatablespacehabitat?2.設(shè)計充氣太空艙的目的是什么？

A.Itistofindoutitspotentialcapacity.A.要找出它潛在的容量。

B.Itistogiveatryonanewtechnology.B.這是對一項新技術(shù)的嘗試。

C.Itistosavetimeandmoneyinproduction.C.這是為了在生產(chǎn)中節(jié)省時間和金錢。

D.Itistoseeifitcanbeappliedindeepspace.D.這是為了看看它是否能應(yīng)用于深空。

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞inflatablespacehabitat定位至第二段“由畢格羅航空航天公司設(shè)計的充氣太空棲息地是美國宇航局正在探索的潛在深空棲息地和其他高級太空任務(wù)的一個領(lǐng)域（exploringforpotentialdeepspacehabitatsandotheradvancedspacemissions）”，可知，設(shè)計充氣太空艙的目的是探索深空。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“要找出它潛在的容量”、B選項“這是對一項新技術(shù)的嘗試”和C選項“這是為了在生產(chǎn)中節(jié)省時間和金錢”沒有提及，無中生有。

第3題:3.【選項釋義】

3.WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph5mean?3.第5段劃線的句子是什么意思？

A.Thehabitatwillnotbeaballoon-likeroom.A.這個棲息地不會是一個像氣球一樣的房間。

B.Thehabitatwillnotfeellikeaballoon.B.這個棲息地不會感覺像一個氣球。

C.Thehabitatwillbelikeasenselessballoon.C.這個棲息地就像一個毫無知覺的氣球。

D.Thehabitatwillbeadifferentkindofballoon.D.棲息地將是一個不同的氣球。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第五段最后一句“不會有像氣球一樣的感覺”，結(jié)合第四段第二句“BEAM是遠(yuǎn)不止像氣球一樣的房間，宇航員可以在那里尋求庇護”和第三句“該公司表示，從技術(shù)上講，這些模塊不會膨脹，而是會擴展”，綜合理解可知，“不會有像氣球一樣的感覺”這句話的意思是表示，這個棲息地雖然像氣球一樣會膨脹，但是宇航員在那里感覺不到它像氣球一樣。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“這個棲息地不會是一個像氣球一樣的房間”與原文中的farmorethanballoon-likerooms（遠(yuǎn)不止像氣球一樣的房間）意思相反，反向干擾；

C選項“這個棲息地就像一個毫無知覺的氣球”和D選項“棲息地將是一個不同的氣球”理解錯誤，棲息地只是像一個氣球，但本質(zhì)并不是氣球，該兩項曲解原文。

第4題:4.【選項釋義】

4.WhydoesNASAintendtocommercializeaspectsofspace?4.為什么NASA打算將太空的各個方面商業(yè)化？

A.ItcansaveNASAtimeandenergy.A.它可以節(jié)省NASA的時間和精力。

B.Itisnecessaryforarobustindustry.B.這對一個蓬勃發(fā)展的行業(yè)來說是必要的。

C.Itiscrucialforfurtherspaceexplorations.C.這對進(jìn)一步的太空探索至關(guān)重要。

D.ItmeetsbothNASA’sandBigelow’sneeds.D.它滿足了NASA和畢格羅的需求。

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段第二句“NASA與畢格羅的合作符合博爾登的愿望，即幫助發(fā)展一個強大的私營行業(yè)，將太空的各個方面商業(yè)化，他認(rèn)為，如果人類想要到達(dá)更遠(yuǎn)的宇宙目的地（ifhumanswanttoreachfarthercosmicdestinations），這一過程至關(guān)重要”，從中可知，商業(yè)化的原因是為了進(jìn)一步探索宇宙，C項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“它可以節(jié)省NASA的時間和精力”沒有提到，無中生有；

B選項“這對一個蓬勃發(fā)展的行業(yè)來說是必要的”理解錯誤，想要進(jìn)一步探索宇宙是必要的，但是沒有提到這個行業(yè)是蓬勃發(fā)展的，曲解原文；

D選項“它滿足了NASA和畢格羅的需求”中的needs不符合原文中的desire，曲解原文。

10.翻譯題

Formanytraditionalistsinbusinessandeconomics,thedeathofold-stylecompetitionasthenumber-oneroutetosuccesswillhardtoswallow.Butinthenewview,Darwiniancompetitionisoflimitedvalueinlongerterm.(1)Themoreimportantchallengesistocreateopportunitiesandadapttochangesinacomplexnetworkofcompaniesthatmaysometimesbecooperatorssometimescompetitors.

Justastheideaofeconomicwebsisforcingcompaniestochangetheirbusinessstrategies,soitisalteringviewsabouteconomics.(2)InplaceofclassictheoryofdecreasingreturnsasresourcesandmarketsareexploitedeconomistArthurseeswhathecallsincreasingreturns.“Increasingreturnsarethetendencyforwhatisaheadtogetfartherahead,”hesays.“ifaproductoracompanyoratechnology—oneofmanycompetinginamarket-getsaheadbychanceorcleverstrategy,increasingreturnscanmagnifythis,andtheproductorcompanycanmakeakillingfromaproductthatisnotasgoodasitscompetitors.”

(3)Ifbusinesssystemsandecosystemshavesomethingbasicincommonthereisworryingnewsforbosses.Thefirstruleofcomplexsystemsisthatitisalmostimpossibletopredictwhoisafriendandwhoisanenemy,”saysPimm.Hedescribesfieldexperimentsinwhichapredatorisremovedfromacommunity.Youmightexpectitsprey,speciesA,tothrive.(4)ButabouthalfthetimespeciesAsuffersbecausethepredatorhasanotherpreyspeciesB,competingwithspeciesA.WiththepopulationofspeciesBnolongerkeptincheckbypredator,itmayevenpushspeciesAtolocalextinction.

Businessecosystemsfaceproblemofdecidingwhoisafriendandwhoisanenemy.Andthebadnewsdoesn’tstophere.“Wheneverythingisconnecteddirectlyorindirectlytoeverythingelse,changesinonepartofthesystemmaybepropagatedthroughout,”saysPimm.(60)“Sometimesspeciesmaygoextinctthoughnofaultoftheirown.”

【答案】1.在復(fù)雜的企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，企業(yè)之間有時合作有時競爭，更重要的挑戰(zhàn)是創(chuàng)造機會并適應(yīng)變化。

2.隨著資源和市場的開發(fā)，傳統(tǒng)的收益遞減理論被經(jīng)濟學(xué)家亞瑟提出的收益遞增理論取代。

3.如果商業(yè)系統(tǒng)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有一些基本的共同點，那么老板們就會擔(dān)憂。

4.但物種A總是遭殃，因為捕食者有另一個獵物物種B，而物種B與物種A競爭。

5.有時，盡管不是自身的錯，物種也可能會滅絕。

11.單選題

Iam（）toMr.MorrisonbecauseofthekindnessandconcernthatheshowedmewhenIfirstgothere.

問題1選項

A.gratified

B.indebted

C.due

D.desirous

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。gratified“稱心的，寬慰的”；indebted“感激的，受惠的”；due“到期的，應(yīng)付的”；desirous“渴望的，想要的”。句意：因為當(dāng)我第一次到這兒時莫里森先生的友善和關(guān)心，我對此是感激的。選項B符合題意。

12.單選題

Veryfewpeoplecouldunderstandthelecturetheprofessordeliveredbecauseitssubjectwasvery（）.

問題1選項

A.obscure

B.indefinite

C.dubious

D.intriguing

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項obscure“昏暗的，晦澀的”，B項indefinite“不確定的，無限的”，C項dubious“可疑的，曖昧的”，D項intriguing“有趣的，迷人的”。根據(jù)句子前半句的句意“很少有人能聽懂教授的講座”可知，A項符合句意。句意：很少有人能聽懂教授的講座，因為它的主題非?；逎?。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

13.單選題

Mostreligiousorganizationsdependonthe（）actionsoftheirmembersforfinancialandmaterialaid.

問題1選項

A.elemosynary

B.ellemosynary

C.elemosinary

D.eleemosynary

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。D選項eleemosynary“施舍的；慈善的；接受接濟的”。A，B和C這三項在英語中不存在。句意為：大多數(shù)宗教組織依賴它們成員的慈善行為來獲取資金和物資支持。根據(jù)句意可知D選項正確。

14.單選題

Thestudentsaidtherewereafewpointsintheessayhe（

）impossibletocomprehend.

問題1選項

A.hadfound

B.finds

C.hasfound

D.wouldfind

【答案】A

【解析】句意:這位學(xué)生稱自己覺得這篇文章中有幾點難以理解。

語法題。考查過去完成吋態(tài)。句中“said”表示一般過去時,句中后面的動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，故使用過去完成時態(tài)的A項“hadfound”正確。

15.問答題

Directions:Afteryouhavereadthefollowingpassage,writeoutasummaryinEnglishwhitabout70to90words.PutyoursummaryontheANSWERSHEET.

WhatisSociety?Societyisagroupofhumanbeings,heldtogetherbyagreementforreasonsthataremutuallybeneficialtotheindividualmembers.Societiesoperateasawhole,asacollectivebody,chieflyinwaysthatlookoutforthehighestcommongoodofall.Membershavespecificrolesandresponsibilitieswithinthesociety.Oneofthebestdirectanalogiesiswiththehumanbodyitself.Thecellsareallalive,independently,yettheygrouptogetherandestablishroles,responsibilities,andrelationshipsthatallowagreaterwholetoexistthatismorethanjustthesumoftheparts.Thecellsgainfromthespecificrolestheyplaybecausetheyareallowedtobewhattheyaremoreeffectively.Further,theyaregivenalimitedawarenessofthewholethattheireffortsaidincreating.

Similarly,whenindividualhumanbeingsgrouptogethertoformsocieties,anorganizationiscreatedinwhichthemembersarethecells.Subgroupsofthemembersmayformorgansthroughwhichhigherlevelfunctionscanthenmanifest.Iftherelationshipsareloose,thebodycreatedhaslimitedfunctionalityoverthatofanyindividualmemberbecausethereislittlesynergy.Whentherelationshipsarecloseandfoundedonabasisoflove,thebodythuscreatedhassignificantfunctionalityoverthatoftheindividuals.Whenthegroupissmall,feworganscanbecreatedsothereislimitedcomplexityorfunctionality.Whenthegroupislarge,manyorganscanbecreated,resultinginhighlyincreasedcomplexityandfunctionality.Countries,regions,statescities,andneighborhoodscouldallbeconsideredtobesocietiesascouldteams,groups,andanyotherorganizationsofpeople.Forourpurposeshere,themostimportantsocietyisTheUnitedStatesofAmericasinceitistheoneestablishedtosetuptheNewOrderfortheAges,novusordoseclorum.

Societyismorethanthegovernment,however.Italsoincludesalltheeconomicandsocialinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidepeoplewithwhattheyneed.

【答案】參考范文：Societyisagroupofhumanbeings,heldtogetherbyagreementforreasonsthataremutuallybeneficialtotheindividualmembers.Societiesoperateasawhole,chieflyinwaysthatlookoutforthehighestcommongoodofall.Membershavespecificrolesandresponsibilitieswithinthesociety.Societyismorethanthegovernment,however.Italsoincludestheentireeconomicandsocialinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidepeoplewithwhattheyneed.

16.單選題

Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthelithosphere,thecomparativelyrigidouterlayeroftheEarththatincludesallthecrustandpartoftheunderlyingmantle.Thelithosphereisdividedintoafewdozenplatesofvarioussizesandshapes,ingeneraltheplatesareinmotionwithrespecttooneanother.Amid-oceanridgeisaboundarybetweenplateswherenewlithosphericmaterialisinjectedfrombelow.AStheplatesdivergefromamid-oceanridgetheyslideonamoreyieldinglayeratthebaseofthelithosphere.

SincethesizeoftheEarthisessentiallyconstant,newlithospherecanbecreatedatthemid-oceanridgesonlyifanequalamountoflithosphericmaterialisconsumedelsewhere.Thesiteofthisdestructionisanotherkindofplateboundary:asubductionzone.Thereoneplatedivesundertheedgeofanotherandisreincorporatedintothemantle.Bothkindsofplateboundaryareassociatedwithfaultsystems,earthquakesandvolcanism,butthekindsofgeologicactivityobservedatthetwoboundariesarequitedifferent.

Theideaofsea-foodspreadingactuallyprecededthetheoryofplatetectonics.Initsoriginalversion,intheearly1960’s,itdescribedthecreationanddestructionoftheoceanfloor,butitdidnotspecifyrigidlithosphericplates.ThehypothesiswassubstantiatedsoonafterwardbythediscoverythatperiodicreversalsoftheEarth’smagneticfieldarerecordedintheoceaniccrust.Asmagmarisesunderthemid-oceanridge,ferromagneticmineralsinthemagmabecomemagnetizedinthedirectionofthegeomagneticfield.Whenthemagmacooksandsolidifies,thedirectionandthepolarityofthefieldarepreservedinthemagnetizedvolcanicrock.Reversalsofthefieldgiverisetoaseriesofmagneticstripesrunningparalleltotheaxisoftherift.Theoceaniccrustthusservesasamagnetictaperecordingofthehistoryofthegeomagneticfieldthatcanbedatedindependentlythewidthofthestripesindicatestherateofthesea-floorspreading.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereareapproximatelyhowmanylithosphericplates?

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttectonicplates?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthelithosphereisLEASTlikelytobetrue?

5.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheperiodicreversaloftheEarth’smagneticfield?

問題1選項

A.Magneticfieldreversal.

B.Theformationofmagma.

C.Thelocationofmid-oceanridges.

D.Platetectonictheory.

問題2選項

A.Six.

B.Twelve.

C.Twenty-fourormore.

D.Onethousandninehundred.

問題3選項

A.Theyaremovinginrelationshiptooneother.

B.Theyhaveunchangingborders.

C.Theyarelocatedfarbeneaththelithosphere.

D.Theyhavethesameshape.

問題4選項

A.ItisarelativelyinflexiblelayeroftheEarth.

B.Itismadeupentirelyofvolcanicash.

C.ItincludesthecrustandsomeofthemantleoftheEarth.

D.Itisdividedintoplatesofvariousshapesandsizes.

問題5選項

A.Itisinexplicable.

B.Itsupportsthehypothesisofsea-floorspreading.

C.Itwasdiscoverybeforethe1960’s.

D.Itindicatestheamountofmagmapresent.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。作者在文章第一段第一句交代了Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthelithosphere（板塊構(gòu)造理論描述的是巖石圈的運動），隨后對此話題進(jìn)行展開，D選項“板塊構(gòu)造理論”正確，A選項“磁場逆轉(zhuǎn)”，B選項“巖漿的形成”和C選項“洋中海脊的位置”是文章的部分內(nèi)容，不足以概括全文。因此D選項正確。

2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第二句Thelithosphereisdividedintoafewdozenplatesofvarioussizesandshapes（巖石圈被劃分為幾十個大小和形狀各異的板塊），可知C選項“24個或更多”符合題意。A選項“6”，B選項“12”和D選項“1900”不符合題意。因此C選項正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句ingeneraltheplatesareinmotionwithrespecttooneanother（通常這些板塊都處于相對運動中），可知A選項“它們在相對位移”正確。B選項“它們的邊界不變”和D選項“它們的形狀相同”：根據(jù)第二段第二、三句Thereoneplatedivesundertheedgeofanotherandisreincorporatedintothemantle.（在那里，一塊板塊俯沖到另一塊板塊的邊緣之下并與地幔結(jié)合在一起。），可知邊界會改變，形狀也不會相同。C選項“它們位于巖石圈深處”：根據(jù)第一段第一句Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthelithosphere（板塊構(gòu)造理論描述巖石圈的運動），可知板塊構(gòu)造包括整個巖石圈。因此A選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Initsoriginalversion,intheearly1960’s,itdescribedthecreationanddestructionoftheoceanfloor,butitdidnotspecifyrigidlithosphericplates.（在20世紀(jì)60年代它的理論雛形中，描述了海底的生成和毀滅，但沒有詳細(xì)介紹堅硬的巖石圈板塊。），可知這一段講述的是海洋中巖石圈的情況，不是所有的，沒有普遍性，B選項“它完全由火山灰構(gòu)成”過于絕對，不符合文章內(nèi)容。A選項“它是地球上一個相對不靈活的層”：根據(jù)第二段第一句SincethesizeoftheEarthisessentiallyconstant,newlithospherecanbecreatedatthemid-oceanridgesonlyifanequalamountoflithosphericmaterialisconsumedelsewhere.（由于地球的大小本質(zhì)上是不變的，只有同等數(shù)量的巖石圈物質(zhì)在其它地方被吞沒，新的巖石圈才能生成。），可知巖石圈物質(zhì)總體沒有質(zhì)的變化，只有數(shù)的變化，所以即使有生有滅，但是相對不靈活，符合文章內(nèi)容。C選項“它包括地球的地殼和部分地?！保焊鶕?jù)第一段第一句thecomparativelyrigidouterlayeroftheEarththatincludesallthecrustandpartoftheunderlyingmantle（巖石圈是相對堅硬的地球外層，包括全部地殼和部分地幔。），可知符合文章內(nèi)容。D選項“它被分成各種形狀和大小的板塊”：根據(jù)第一段第二句Thelithosphereisdivid