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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題
Hopehelps.Itkeepsusgoinginbleaktimesandamid()news.Buthopehasmorecredibilitywhenwecanpointtothereasonforit.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.disheartened
B.disheartening
C.enlightening
D.enlightened
【答案】B
【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。disheartening“使沮喪”;disheartened“沮喪的”;enlightening“使人領(lǐng)悟的”;enlightened“被啟發(fā)的”。根據(jù)題意,空格中的形容詞用來(lái)形容news,形容物體用-ing形式的形容詞,選項(xiàng)A,D可排除。句意:希望是有幫助的。在暗淡的時(shí)光和令人沮喪的消息中,能夠保持繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。但是希望更讓人信服,當(dāng)我們有理由去相信的時(shí)候。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
2.單選題
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?
Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.
Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.
Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.
Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.
25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?
26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.
27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.
28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.
29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.
30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Philosophyofmathematics
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.
C.TheVerificationofFacts.
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods
B.thatitwasanactofGod
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.findout
B.confirm
C.announce
D.makesure
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.aninductivescience
B.inneedofsimpleverification
C.adeductivescience
D.basedonfactandtheory
問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)
A.ametaphor
B.aparadox
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods
D.apun
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
第6題:B
【解析】25.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表達(dá)這篇文章觀點(diǎn)的題目是?
A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展
C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事實(shí)的核實(shí)
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科學(xué)探究的方法
【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。
【解題思路】
1)分析文章行文結(jié)構(gòu):本文的結(jié)構(gòu)大致為“提出問(wèn)題——對(duì)已有的解釋進(jìn)行分析”。
第一段提到“現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家感興趣的問(wèn)題,為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué),在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時(shí)第一次快速發(fā)展(theirfirstrapiddevelopment)之后,兩千年來(lái)發(fā)展緩慢(slowlyfortwothousandyears),以及為什么在接下來(lái)的二百年中,自然科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展(sovastlyexceeds)大大超過(guò)了以前所知道的一切”;
第二段否定了解釋1——“古人在科學(xué)研究中主要采用演繹法(deduction),而現(xiàn)代人則采用歸納法(induction),這種解釋過(guò)于狹隘(toonarrow),經(jīng)仔細(xì)考察,無(wú)法充分(fails)清楚地指出古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō)和研究之間明顯的對(duì)比”;
第三段否定了解釋2——“沒有使用或充分使用這些局部方法中的任何一種,在觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)的藝術(shù)和資源上的缺陷,在觀察中粗心,忽視相關(guān)事實(shí),訴諸于實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀察”;
第四段否定了解釋3——古人試圖通過(guò)將“事實(shí)”與“理論”或“事實(shí)”與“觀念”對(duì)立來(lái)解釋這一現(xiàn)象;
第五段肯定了第四段中將“事實(shí)”與“理論”進(jìn)行區(qū)分的可取之處,即這種區(qū)分包含了真正方法的一個(gè)重要特征。
2)提煉復(fù)現(xiàn)詞:methods“方法”。
綜上所述,D選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)探究的方法”最適合做本文的標(biāo)題。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)”,本文并未提及,屬于無(wú)中生有;
B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展”,只是在開頭第一段引入問(wèn)題時(shí)被提到,屬于背景信息,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標(biāo)題,屬于本末倒置;
C選項(xiàng)“事實(shí)的核實(shí)”,只是本文第四、五段的內(nèi)容,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標(biāo)題,屬于本末倒置。
26【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者認(rèn)為,古希臘和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展的一個(gè)可能原因是____。
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的相似之處
B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演繹法的衰落
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句,該句說(shuō)到“或者,我們是否應(yīng)該把這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)歸因于所謂的歷史偶然性——?dú)w因于環(huán)境中結(jié)合的影響?這種影響,除非以指導(dǎo)我們的上帝的全能和智慧(theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence)來(lái)解釋,否則是無(wú)法解釋的。”由此可知,作者認(rèn)為上帝是一個(gè)可能的原因。“God”是“aguidingProvidence”的同義替換。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的相似之處”,原文并未提及,屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)“他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法”,原文雖然提到了歸納法,但并沒有說(shuō)這兩個(gè)時(shí)期都試圖發(fā)展歸納法,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“由于演繹法的衰落”,原文雖然提到了演繹法,但并沒有說(shuō)演繹法的衰落,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。
27.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中劃線的單詞“ascertain”的意思可能是____。
A.findoutA.發(fā)現(xiàn)
B.confirmB.證實(shí)
C.announceC.宣布
D.makesureD.確保
【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推測(cè)題。
【解題思路】
句中前后信息銜接:根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折號(hào)后ascertain所在部分的句意是“無(wú)論是古代還是現(xiàn)代,這些都是導(dǎo)致不能____真理/真相的錯(cuò)誤?!?/p>
2)上下文語(yǔ)義銜接:由第一題的解析可得,本文的主題是“科學(xué)研究的方法”,第3段第1句破折號(hào)前的句子是展開介紹在科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中犯的錯(cuò)誤,那么此處的truth指的應(yīng)該是科學(xué)真理,由此可知,ascertain是搭配“真理”的動(dòng)詞,“宣布真理”和“確保真理”不能搭配,由此可排除C、D選項(xiàng);
3)分析詞匯本身:ascertain中certain是“確實(shí),確信”的意思,因此B選項(xiàng)“證實(shí)”更符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均不符合原文。
28.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事實(shí)”和“理論”的區(qū)別____。
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要證實(shí)
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的簡(jiǎn)單性
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.幫助我們理解演繹法
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。該段最后兩句提到“如果一個(gè)理論是正確的,它就具有事實(shí)的所有特征,只是它的證實(shí)(exceptthatitsverification)只能通過(guò)間接的、遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的手段?!薄皩⒗碚撧D(zhuǎn)化為事實(shí)就是增加了簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證(addsimpleverification),從而使理論獲得了事實(shí)的全部特征?!庇纱丝芍?,理論得到驗(yàn)證之后就會(huì)變成真理,因此,A選項(xiàng)“是后者需要證實(shí)”就是“事實(shí)”和“理論”的區(qū)別。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)“在于前者的簡(jiǎn)單性”,可定位到原文最后一段第2句,該句說(shuō)“事實(shí)是簡(jiǎn)單的命題”,原文雖然提到了“事實(shí)”很簡(jiǎn)單,但并沒有說(shuō)這是兩者之間的區(qū)別,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)“是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“幫助我們理解演繹法”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。
29.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.據(jù)作者介紹,數(shù)學(xué)是____。
A.aninductivescienceA.歸納科學(xué)
B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證
C.adeductivescienceC.演繹科學(xué)
D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事實(shí)和理論為基礎(chǔ)
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】原文并未直接介紹數(shù)學(xué)是什么科學(xué),只在首段引入話題時(shí)提到了數(shù)學(xué)。根據(jù)原文第一段第1句“為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)(theinductiveandmathematicalsciences),在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時(shí)第一次快速發(fā)展之后,兩千年來(lái)發(fā)展緩慢”,由此可知,數(shù)學(xué)是一種科學(xué),根據(jù)作者將歸納科學(xué)(inductivescience)與數(shù)學(xué)(mathematicalscience)并列可推斷,作者認(rèn)為兩者非同類的科學(xué),“歸納和演繹”是相對(duì)的兩種科學(xué)方法分類,因此,作者認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)是一種演繹科學(xué)。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“歸納科學(xué)”,根據(jù)【解題思路】可排除該選項(xiàng);
B選項(xiàng)“需要簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證”,可定位到原文最后一段最后一句,該句提到“理論變成事實(shí)需要簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證(Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification)”,由此可知,該選項(xiàng)表述的是一種科學(xué)方法,不是對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的介紹,屬于偷換概念;
D選項(xiàng)“以事實(shí)和理論為基礎(chǔ)”,原文在最后兩段提到了“事實(shí)和理論”,但并未涉及數(shù)學(xué),該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。
30.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理論就是事實(shí)”這句話可以叫作____。
A.ametaphorA.比喻(暗喻)
B.aparadoxB.悖論
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.對(duì)歸納和演繹方法的贊美
D.apunD.雙關(guān)
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Theories和facts定位到原文最后兩段。倒數(shù)第2段第2句提到“事實(shí)和理論不是完全對(duì)立的(theantithesisisnotcomplete)”,后一句又說(shuō)“事實(shí)和理論不是協(xié)調(diào)的類別(notcoordinatespecies)”由此可知,事實(shí)和理論不是完全對(duì)立又不是完全統(tǒng)一的。第4段最后一句說(shuō)到“如果理論是正確的(Theories,iftrue),那么它就是一類特定的事實(shí)(aparticularclassoffacts)”,由此可知,正確的理論是事實(shí),錯(cuò)誤的理論不是事實(shí)。因此題干中“理論就是事實(shí)”的表述是B選項(xiàng)“悖論”。(注:悖論是“如果其中一部分是正確的,那么另一部分就不可能是正確的”的陳述。)
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均沒有依據(jù),屬于無(wú)中生有。
3.單選題
Workingfarawayfromhishome,hehadto(
)fromOxfordtoLondoneveryday.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.commute
B.wander
C.ramble
D.motion
【答案】A
【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)commute“通勤,往返于”;B選項(xiàng)wander“徘徊,漫步”;C選項(xiàng)ramble“閑逛”;D選項(xiàng)motion“運(yùn)動(dòng)”。句意:他在離家很遠(yuǎn)的地方工作,每天不得不往返于牛津和倫敦之間。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。
4.單選題
Sometimes,themessagesareconveyedthroughdeliberate,consciousgestures;othertimes,ourbodiestalkwithoutourevenknowing.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.definite
B.intentional
C.delicate
D.interactive
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。deliberate“故意的;深思熟慮的;從容的”;A選項(xiàng)definite“一定的;確切的”;B選項(xiàng)intentional“故意的;蓄意的;策劃的”;C選項(xiàng)delicate“微妙的;精美的;柔和的;易碎的”;D選項(xiàng)interactive“交互式的;相互作用的”。句意:有時(shí),信息是通過(guò)故意的、有意識(shí)的手勢(shì)來(lái)傳達(dá)的;其他時(shí)候,我們的身體在不知不覺中說(shuō)話。根據(jù)句中“withoutourevenknowing在我們甚至不知曉的情況下”可知deliberate在這里的意思應(yīng)為“故意的”,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
5.單選題
Theemployerwasvery______aboutthehealthofheremployeesasreplacementsweredifficulttoget.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.splenetic
B.dogmatic
C.solicitous
D.obstinate
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)splenetic表示“壞心眼的,容易發(fā)怒的”,B項(xiàng)dogmatic表示“教條的,武斷的”,C項(xiàng)solicitous表示“熱切期望的,熱心的”,D項(xiàng)obstinate表示“頑固的,倔強(qiáng)的”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息asreplacementsweredifficulttoget(因?yàn)樘娲膯T工很難找到)可知,______aboutthehealthofheremployees表示“關(guān)心員工的健康”,besolicitousabout表示“掛念,關(guān)心”。句意:這位雇主非常關(guān)心她的雇員的健康,因?yàn)楹茈y找到替代的員工。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
6.單選題
Heeyedmesilentlyforalongpause,asthoughweighingwhetherIcouldbetrustedtohisconfidence;thenspokeman-to-manthatworkingfortheCurtisCompanyplaced()responsibilityonayoungman.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.enormous
B.erroneous
C.eloquent
D.exterior
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)enormous“龐大的;巨大的”;B選項(xiàng)erroneous“錯(cuò)誤的;不正確的”;C選項(xiàng)eloquent“雄辯的;有說(shuō)服力的”;D選項(xiàng)exterior“外部的;外面的”。句意:他默默地看了我許久,似乎在權(quán)衡我是否值得他信任,然后坦率地說(shuō),在柯蒂斯公司工作給了年輕人……責(zé)任。根據(jù)后面的名詞responsibility“責(zé)任”一般與表示大或者重的形容詞搭配使用,故A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
7.單選題
()yourinquires,weregrettoinformyouthatwecannothelpyouinthismatter.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Inrelationto
B.Inrequestto
C.Inresponseto
D.Inanswerto
【答案】C
【解析】句意:對(duì)于你的詢問(wèn),我們遺憾地告訴你我們?cè)谶@件事情上幫不了你。
考查短語(yǔ)辨析。inrelationto關(guān)于,涉及;inrequestto無(wú)此搭配;inresponseto響應(yīng),回答,對(duì)有反應(yīng)(比較正式的表達(dá)方式);inanswerto回答,應(yīng)……要求(不正式的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式)。因此C符合句意。
8.單選題
Duringtheterroristattacks,theauthoritiesorderedto(
)theworkersandresidentsofhigh-profilebuildingsfromtheconstructions.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.evict
B.evoke
C.evacuate
D.evade
【答案】C
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。evict“驅(qū)逐;逐出";evoke“喚起;引起”;evacuate“疏散;撤退;排泄”;evade“逃避;逃脫”。句意:恐怖襲擊期間,政府要求疏散建筑物中引人注目的樓房中的工人和居民。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
9.單選題
Helookedwithraptureatthefaceofhisnewlybornbaby.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.surprise
B.ecstasy
C.woe
D.kindness
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞辨析。rapture表示“興高采烈”;A項(xiàng)surprise“驚奇,詫異,突然襲擊”,B項(xiàng)ecstasy“狂喜,入迷,忘形”,C項(xiàng)woe“困難,災(zāi)難,痛苦”,D項(xiàng)kindness“仁慈,好意,友好的行為”。句意:他欣喜地望著新生嬰兒的臉。根據(jù)句意可知,B項(xiàng)的意思符合句子。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
10.翻譯題
Putthefollowing3ChinesesentencesintoEnglishand3EnglishsentencesintoChinese.
事實(shí)上,與普通高校畢業(yè)生相比,名校畢業(yè)生由于享受更好的資源、受到更好的教育,所以他們也就更有創(chuàng)造力和生產(chǎn)力。而且,從知名高校畢業(yè)的學(xué)生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無(wú)論在心理上還是在學(xué)術(shù)上都更突出一些,因而也更加自信,這就形成了良性循環(huán)。
幾周以前,英國(guó)食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局(FSA)發(fā)表了一份報(bào)告。報(bào)告評(píng)估了有機(jī)生產(chǎn)的水果、蔬菜、肉類、蛋類和奶制品等與非有機(jī)生產(chǎn)的同類食品營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平的差異。這是一項(xiàng)完整而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)难芯?。通過(guò)研究他們發(fā)現(xiàn),在營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分上,有機(jī)和非有機(jī)食品間的差距可以忽略不計(jì)。
根據(jù)心理學(xué)家克里斯托弗?彼得森的觀點(diǎn),自尊與幸福度和生活滿意度有關(guān)。我們尊心越強(qiáng),幸福度和生活滿意度就越高。它要求我們對(duì)自己的自尊有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí),但不要期待自己會(huì)十全十美。要原諒自己犯下的錯(cuò)誤,并盡快擺脫消極的態(tài)度。
Theobesityisanationalhealthcrisis,onethat—quiteliterally—weighsonusall.Itcostslives.Itcostsdollars.Andinthecontextofourcurrenthealth-reformdebateinWashington,it’stimewetookaction,asanationandasindividuals,toaddressthiscost.Whileinfectiousdiseasewasadisasterthreateningourgrandparents'generation,chronicdiseaseiskillingusandharmingourwell-being—andobesityistherootcause.Thegrowthinobesityisstronglylinkedtoheartdisease,hypertension,andtheexplosionofdiabetesthatourcountryiscurrentlyexperiencing.
Thecontextofleadershipischanging,andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmoderncompaniesanddemocracies,powerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditionalhierarchiesarebeingundermined,makingsoftpowerevermoreimportant.Butthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasion.Instead,thereshouldbeasynthesisofthesetwoviews.TheconclusionofThePowertoLead,stressesacombinationofhardandsoftpower,whichiscalledsmartpower,isthebestapproach.
ForEmilyDickinsontherearethreeworlds,andshelivedinallofthem,makingthemthesubstanceofeverythingthatshethoughtandwrote.Therewastheworldofnature,thethingsandthecreaturesthatshesaw,heard,feltabouther;therewasthe"estate"thatwastheworldoffriendship;andtherewastheworldoftheunseenandunheard.Fromheryouthshewaslookeduponasdifferent.Shewasdirect,impulsive,original,andthedrollwitwhosaidunconventionalthingswhichothersthoughtbutdarednotspeak,andsaidthemincomparablywell.Thecharacteristics,whichmadeherinscrutabletothosewhoknewher,continuetobewilderandsurprise,forshelivedbyparadoxes.
【答案】Asamatteroffact,thegraduatesfromeliteschoolsaremorecreativeandproductivethanthosefromcommonschools,asbetterresourcesandeducationareavailablefortheformer.Furthermore,whatcontributestothebetterdevelopmentisthatthegraduatesfromeliteschoolsaremoreconfident,becausetheyfindthemselvesoutstandingbothinmentalityandinacademy.
Afewweeksago,theFoodStandardsAgency(FSA)intheUKissuedareportevaluatingnutrientlevelsinorganicversusnon-organicfoodslikefruits,vegetables,meats,eggs,anddairyproducts.Itisacomplete,rigorouspieceofresearch.Andtheyfoundthat,intermsofnutritionalcontent,thedifferencesbetweenorganicandnon-organicfoodsarenegligible.
Thepsychologist,ChristopherPeterson,suggestthatself-esteemisrelatedtohappinessandlifesatisfaction.Thestrongertheself-esteemis,themorehappinessandlifesatisfactionyouwillachieve.Wearerequiredtohaveareasonableunderstandingthatself-esteemdoesnotmeanalwaysbeingperfectandweshouldforgiveourmistakesandgetridofthenegativeattitudeassoonaspossible.
肥胖是一場(chǎng)全國(guó)性的健康危機(jī),并且毫不夸張地說(shuō),它對(duì)我們大家都很重要。它危險(xiǎn)生命、消耗金錢。目前在華盛頓進(jìn)行的醫(yī)療改革談?wù)撝?,現(xiàn)在是我們作為一個(gè)國(guó)家和個(gè)人采取行動(dòng)解決這一問(wèn)題的時(shí)候了。雖然傳染病曾威脅我們祖父母一代,但慢性疾病正在折磨著我們,侵蝕著我們的幸福,而肥胖是根本原因。肥胖的增長(zhǎng)與我國(guó)目前正在經(jīng)歷的心臟病、高血壓和糖尿病的爆發(fā)密切相關(guān)。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力發(fā)揮作用的環(huán)境正在發(fā)生改變,因此過(guò)去強(qiáng)調(diào)硬實(shí)力的理論正逐漸過(guò)時(shí)。在現(xiàn)代企業(yè)和民主國(guó)家,權(quán)力日益擴(kuò)散,傳統(tǒng)的等級(jí)制度正在受到破壞,使軟實(shí)力變得更加重要。但是那并不意味著高壓政治現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該讓位于勸導(dǎo)手段。相反,應(yīng)該綜合這兩種觀點(diǎn)。《領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的力量》這本書的結(jié)論強(qiáng)調(diào)稱為巧實(shí)力的軟硬實(shí)力的結(jié)合才是最好的方法。
對(duì)艾米麗?狄金森來(lái)說(shuō),存在三種世界,她生活在這三種世界之中,使它們成為她思想和寫作的材料。一種是自然的世界,為她所看、所聽、所感受到的事物和生物;一種是友情的世界,是屬于“個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)”;還有一種看不見、聽不見的世界。從她年輕的時(shí)候起,人們就認(rèn)為她與眾不同。她直率、沖動(dòng)、獨(dú)樹一幟。另外,她還是一位愛打趣的才女,是那種能說(shuō)出別人想說(shuō)去敢說(shuō)說(shuō)的不合常規(guī)的想法,而且說(shuō)得非常好。這些使她不為所知曉她的人所理解的性格特征繼續(xù)令人迷惑和驚訝,因?yàn)樗钤诿苤小?/p>
11.單選題
Peterhadhispiano______yesterdayandtheresultisexcellent.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.tuned
B.turned
C.tied
D.wound
【答案】A
【解析】【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)tuned“(為樂器)調(diào)音,校音”;B選項(xiàng)turned“(使)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),旋轉(zhuǎn)”;C選項(xiàng)tied“(用線、繩等)系,拴”;D選項(xiàng)wound“使(身體)受傷,(用武器)傷害”。句意:彼得昨天請(qǐng)人給鋼琴______,結(jié)果很好。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,這里A選項(xiàng)tuned“(為樂器)調(diào)音”搭配鋼琴比較合理,意思是請(qǐng)人給鋼琴調(diào)音以后,鋼琴?gòu)棾鰜?lái)的效果就很好了,符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
12.單選題
Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Nevertheless,someofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation-conversionofliquidwatertowatervapor.Inthismanner,thesalinityisincreased,sincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextreme,ofcourse,whitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind:this,bytheway,ishowmuchofthetablesaltweuseisactuallyobtained.
Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitation,suchasrain,bywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporationordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff.
Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarly,incoastalregionswhereriversdilutethesea,salinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas.
Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcourse,whenthisicemeltsitwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater.
IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeepestportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.
13.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?
14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaftertheformationofoceanice?
15.WhydoestheauthormentiontheWeddellSeainthelastparagraph?
16.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewaternearthebottomofoceanswithices?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Thechangeinoceanicsalinity
B.Theprocessesofseawater
C.Theformationofourtablesalt
D.Theconversionofseawater
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Thesaltisstillinthewater.
B.Theheavywatersinks.
C.Thewaterbecomesdenser.
D.Watersalinitydecreases.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Tosuggestthatithassalinityvariation.
B.TocompareAntarcticwaterswithArcticwaters.
C.Toindicatethelocationofdeepwaters.
D.Togiveanexampleofcold-watersalinity.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Itmovesveryquickly.
B.Itisrelativelywarm.
C.Itssalinityisrelativelyhigh.
D.Itisrelativelycold.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:D
第4題:C
【解析】13.主旨大意題。文章的第一句Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.(如果對(duì)海水的鹽度進(jìn)行分析,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)各地的鹽度差別很小。)但是有些小的變化是重要的,最后再說(shuō)明了導(dǎo)致海洋的鹽度變化的基本過(guò)程有三個(gè):蒸發(fā)、降水和冰。文章一直圍繞著鹽度變化進(jìn)行闡述。因此A選項(xiàng)“海洋鹽度的變化”正確,符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“海水的過(guò)程”,C選項(xiàng)“我們食鹽的形成”,D選項(xiàng)“海水的轉(zhuǎn)化”均與題意不符,可排除。故選A。
14.推理判斷題。定位在倒數(shù)第二段Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.(海水凍結(jié)時(shí),溶于其中的物質(zhì)被留了下來(lái)。這樣,在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水會(huì)比在冰塊形成之前有更高的鹽度。)由此可知海洋冰形成后附近水域的鹽度會(huì)上升,而不是下降,因此D選項(xiàng)“鹽度降低”錯(cuò)誤。同理可知A選項(xiàng)“鹽還在水里”,C選項(xiàng)“水變得更濃了”正確。B選項(xiàng)“重水下沉”定位在最后一段IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.(在南極洲附近的威德爾海,海洋中最稠密的水是由于這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程而形成的,這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程增加了冷水的鹽度。)可知Thisheavywatersinks這種重水下沉也與海洋冰的形成有關(guān)。故選D。
15.推理判斷題。定位在最后一段IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeepestportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.(在南極洲附近的威德爾海,海洋中濃度最高的水是由于這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程而形成的,這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程增加了冷水的鹽度。這種重水下沉,在世界海洋最深的部分被發(fā)現(xiàn)。)還是在對(duì)第三種導(dǎo)致海洋的鹽度變化的過(guò)程海洋冰的舉例,因此答案選D選項(xiàng)“舉冷水鹽度的例子”正確,符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“表明它有鹽度變化”,與題意不符,可排除。B選項(xiàng)“把南極水域和北極水域進(jìn)行比較”屬于無(wú)中生有,可排除。C選項(xiàng)“指示深水的位置”偷換主語(yǔ),非深水而是重水下沉??膳懦?。故選D。
16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.(這樣,在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水會(huì)比在冰塊形成之前有更高的鹽度。)和thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.(由于這種凍結(jié)過(guò)程,海洋中最密集的水形成,增加了冷水的鹽度)由此可推理出在海洋冰底下的海水濃度會(huì)更高。因此C選項(xiàng)“它的鹽度相對(duì)較高”正確,符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“它移動(dòng)得很快”,B選項(xiàng)“海水會(huì)相對(duì)暖和”,D選項(xiàng)“海水相當(dāng)冷”,均未涉及,不符合題意,可排除。故選C。
13.單選題
Thecheerful,livelymelodyofdancemusic(
)almostallthewearysoldiers.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.drained
B.diverted
C.renewed
D.revived
【答案】D
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。drain“喝光,排水,流干”;divert“轉(zhuǎn)移;使……轉(zhuǎn)向”;renew“使更新;續(xù)借”;revive“使復(fù)興;使蘇醒”。句意:這支充滿活力的歡快舞曲使那位筋疲力盡的士兵振奮起來(lái)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
14.單選題
(),itisquiteeasytodrillaholeonitwithlaser.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Asthediamondishard
B.Howhardisthediamond
C.Hardasthediamondis
D.Hardalthoughthediamondis
【答案】C
【解析】考查倒裝用法。由前后兩句的關(guān)系可知,前一個(gè)分句為讓步狀語(yǔ),由此知B項(xiàng)與D項(xiàng)不正確;再由as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),后面做表語(yǔ)的名詞或形容詞要放在as前來(lái)形成倒裝,故C項(xiàng)正確。句意:鉆石雖硬,但是用激光很容易鉆一個(gè)洞。
15.單選題
13.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Shewillbecomeafamoussingersoon.
B.ShewillbecomeanAmericanidol.
C.Shewillsignupforatalentshow.
D.Shewillsurelystandoutfromthecrowd.
【答案】C
【解析】W:Dad,I’vedecidedtosignupforAmericanIdolinordertobecomeafamoussinger.
M:Oh,honey,don’tyouknowthatit’sreallyhardtostandoutfromthecrowd.
W:Butwherethereisaroadthereisaway.
Q:Whatistrueaboutthewoman?
【解析】常用習(xí)語(yǔ)。女孩說(shuō):wherethereisaroadthereisaway,表明她已經(jīng)下定決心參加比賽。
16.單選題
Itappearedtomethattheywerenotdoinganythingforthepatient…theydidnotaskmetohelp,()sayaword.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.theydidnot
B.nordidthey
C.theydid
D.didn'tthey
【答案】B
【解析】考查語(yǔ)法。在英語(yǔ)中,兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間若有逗號(hào)連接,必須要用連詞或引導(dǎo)詞。故只有B項(xiàng)符合題意。句意:在我看來(lái),他們沒有為病人做任何事……他們沒有請(qǐng)我?guī)兔?,也沒有說(shuō)一句話。
17.單選題
Thenewtechnologywillgreatly()foodproductioninChinatofeedmorepeopleonsuchdenselypopulatedland.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.boom
B.bound
C.boost
D.bounce
【答案】C
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。C選項(xiàng)boost“促進(jìn)”正確;A選項(xiàng)boom“使興旺”;B選項(xiàng)bound“界限”;D選項(xiàng)bounce“跳”。本句表示“這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)將大大提高中國(guó)的糧食產(chǎn)量,在人口如此密集的土地上養(yǎng)活更多的人”糧食產(chǎn)量需要提高和促進(jìn)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。
18.單選題
Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured____thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.inlinewith
B.intermsof
C.inregardwith
D.bymeansof
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.inlinewith與……一致B.intermsof就……而言
C.inregardwith無(wú)此表達(dá)D.bymeansof通過(guò)……方式
【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義銜接
【解題思路】空格前語(yǔ)義為“一個(gè)國(guó)家的財(cái)富應(yīng)該被衡量”,空格后語(yǔ)義為“人民的健康和幸福,以及它所能生產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品”,由此可知,后者為衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家財(cái)富的兩種方式或兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),D選項(xiàng)bymeansof“通過(guò)……方式”最符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)inlinewith“與……一致”,不符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接;
B選項(xiàng)intermsof“就……而言”,不符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接;
C選項(xiàng)inregardwith,其正確表達(dá)為in/withregardto“關(guān)于;至于”。
【句意】一個(gè)國(guó)家的財(cái)富應(yīng)該用國(guó)民的健康和幸福以及它所能生產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品來(lái)衡量。
19.翻譯題
中國(guó)具有數(shù)倍于法國(guó)(France)那么大的面積(area)。
【答案】TheareaofChinaisseveraltimesthesizeofthatofFrance.
20.單選題
Medievaltravelers'talesoffantasticcreatureswereoftenfascinatingbutnotalways(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.credible
B.creditable
C.conceivable
D.credulous
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。credible意為“可信的,可靠的”通常指人物、言語(yǔ)、歷史、故事等的可信;creditable意為“值得稱贊的,帶來(lái)榮譽(yù)的,可信的”,通常指人的行為,表現(xiàn)或工作而言;conceivable意為“可想到的,可想像的”;credulous意為“輕信的,易受騙的”。由句中的but可知前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,tale表示“傳說(shuō),傳言”,因此選A。
句意:中世紀(jì)旅行者關(guān)于神奇生物的故事常常引人入勝,但并不總是可信的。
21.單選題
Wearetoldthemassmediaarethegreatestorgansforenlightenmentthattheworldhasyetseen;thatinBritain,forinstance,severalmillionpeopleseeeachissueofthecurrentaffairsprogrammeasPanoroma.Itistruethatneverinhumanhistoryweresomanypeoplesooftenandsomuchexposedtoomuchintimationaboutsocieties,formsoflife,andattitudesotherthanthosewhichtheyobtainintheirlocalsocieties.Thiskindofexposuremaywellbeapointofdepartureforacquiringcertainimportantintellectualandimaginativequalities,widthofjudgment,andasenseofthevarietyofpossibleattitudes.Yetinitselfsuchexposuredoesnotbringintellectualorimaginativedevelopment.Itisnomorethanthemassesofstonewhichliearoundinquarry(采石場(chǎng))andwhichmay,conceivably,gotothemakingofacathedral.Themassmediacannotbuildthecathedral,andtheirwayofshowingthestonesdonotalwayspromptotherstobuild.Forthestonesarepresentedwithinaself-containedandself-sufficientworldinwhich,itisimplied,simplytolookatthem,toobservefleetinglyindividuallyinterestingpointsofdifferencebetweenthemissufficientinitself.
Lifeisindeedfullofproblemsonwhichwehaveto—orfeelweshouldtryto—makedecisions,ascitizensorasprivateindividuals.Butneithertherealdifficultyofthesedecisions,northeirtrueanddisturbingchallengetoeachindividual,canoftenbecommunicatedthroughthemassmedia.Thedisinclinationtosuggestrealchoice,individualdecision,whichistobefoundinthemassmediaisnotsimplytheproductofacommercialdesiretokeepthecustomershappy.Itiswithinthegrainofmasscommunications.Theorgansoftheestablishment,howeverwell-intentionedtheymaybeandwhatevertheirform(theState,theChurch,voluntarysocieties,politicalparties),haveavestedinterestinensuringthatthepublicboatisnotviolentlyrocked,andwillsoaffectthosewhoworkwithinthemassmediathattheywillbeledinsensiblytowardsformsofproductionwhich,thoughtheygothroughthemotionsofdisputeandinquiry,donotbreakthroughtheskintowheresuchinquiriesmightreallyhurt.Theywilltendtomove,whenexposingproblems,wellwithintheacceptedclicheassumptionsofdemocraticsocietyandwilltendneitherradicallytoquestionclichesnortomakeadisturbingapplicationofthemtofeaturesofcontemporarylife.Theywillstressthe“stimulation”theprogramsgive,butthissoonbecomesanagitationofproblemsforthesakeoftheinterestofthatagitationitself;theywilltherefore,again,assistaformofacceptanceofthestatusquo(現(xiàn)狀).Therewereexceptionstothistendency,buttheyareuncharacteristic.
1.Accordingtothepassage,themassmediapresentuswith(
).
2.Whateffectisitclaimedthemassmediacanhaveonourintellectualandimaginativedevelopment?
3.T
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