考研考博-英語-上海海事大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海海事大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.填空題

AHaveyouseenmydictionary?Ican’tfindit（1）.

BIsthatitovertherebythedoor?

CItis!I（2）haveleftitthereyesterdayafternoonaswewereleavingfortheday.

句意:

你有看見我的字典嗎？我到處都找不到它。

在門口的那個是你的字典不？

是的！在昨天下午我們放學(xué)時，我有可能把它放在那里了。

【答案】1.anywhere

2.probably

【解析】1.語義題。anywhere:任何地方，到處。

2.語法題。副詞修飾動詞left（動詞leave的過去分詞）。

2.單選題

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordtablefollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthetableisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthetablemorethanonce.

ManyAmericanstudents（1）highereducationtoprepareforprofessionalemployment.Inyouracademictrainingyouwillneedtobeginplanningforthe（2）fromcollegetocareer.Acareerisreallyaprocess—itishowyouprogressthrougha（3）ofjobsandoccupationsduringyourworkingyears.Acollegeeducationcanhelpyougetstartedonyourcareerjourney.

InAmericasociety,thetypeofoccupationalfieldsyouchooseandjobsyouhold（4）yourentirelifestyle:yourconcept,income,prestige,choiceoffriends,andwhereyouwilllive.Thisfreedomtochoosefromthousandsofemploymentchoicescanbe（5）ortroubling—ifyoudon’tknowwhereandhowtobegin.

Careerplanningisacomprehensiveprocessthattakesmuchtimeand（6）.Careerplanningcangreatlyincreaseyour（7）ofobtainingemploymentintheoccupationyouchoose.However,careerplanningincludesmuchmorethanajobsearch.Itbeginswithcarefullyconsideringwhatyouwantandneedinlife.

Careerplanningcanbedividedintofour（8）stepsthatincludeself-assessment,occupationalexplorationandselection,careerpreparation,andjobseeking.Althougheachstudent’sgoalwillbe（9）,onesuggestedtimetabletohelpyoukeeponcourseistocompleteonestepineachuniversityyear.Your（10）maybelongerorshorterdependingonyourcareergoal.

問題1選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題2選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題3選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題4選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題5選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題6選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題7選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題8選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題9選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

問題10選項

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

【答案】第1題:N

第2題:O

第3題:D

第4題:L

第5題:C

第6題:J

第7題:K

第8題:B

第9題:H

第10題:G

【解析】第1題:1.此空應(yīng)填一個動詞，因此FMLN可選，此處句意為一些美國學(xué)生為了就業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備而追求更高的教育。N項符合句意。

2.此空應(yīng)填一個名詞，transmission“傳播，傳染”；transition“過渡”。句意：在你求學(xué)時你應(yīng)該做好從大學(xué)向就業(yè)的過渡。故O項正確。

3.aseriesof“一系列的”。

4.句意：在美國社會，你選擇的職業(yè)領(lǐng)域和工作會影響你的整個生活方式。

5.由ortroubling可知此空應(yīng)填與troubling意思相反的形容詞，故C項正確。

6.由timeand可知此空應(yīng)填名詞，句意：職業(yè)規(guī)劃是一個需要花時間和努力的復(fù)雜過程。

7.prospect“前途，前景”。句意：職業(yè)規(guī)劃可以極大地增加你所選擇的職業(yè)領(lǐng)域獲得工作的前景。

8.由that從句的內(nèi)容可知此空應(yīng)填continual“持續(xù)不斷的”。

9.句意：盡管每個學(xué)生的目標(biāo)是不同的。

10.由longerorshorter可推知G項正確。句意：根據(jù)你的職業(yè)目標(biāo)，你的日程表可能長也可能短。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

第6題:

第7題:

第8題:

第9題:

第10題:

3.單選題

Corntariffs,whichthediplomathaddismissedas______issue,turnedouttobepertinentand______inthenegotiationsforanewtradeagreement.

問題1選項

A.anapt…pusillanimous

B.anaberrant...indomitable

C.atangential…trenchant

D.aningenious…acclaimed

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.anapt…pusillanimous恰當(dāng)?shù)模`敏的……膽怯的，懦弱的B.anaberrant...indomitable違反常規(guī)的，反常的……不屈不撓的

C.atangential…trenchant切線的，離題的……尖刻的，苛刻的D.aningenious…acclaimed有獨創(chuàng)性的，機靈的……受到贊揚的

【答案】B

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句子意思“玉米關(guān)稅曾被這位外交官斥為______事情，現(xiàn)在在新貿(mào)易協(xié)定的談判中被證明是有意義的和______”可知，玉米關(guān)稅現(xiàn)在被證明是有意義的，說明之前被認為是“不合常理的”，第一個空格填入anaberrant符合句意；第二個空格與pertinent為并列成分，可知第二個空格表示積極的意義，綜合理解可知該題選擇B項最恰當(dāng)。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D項不符合句意。

【句意】玉米關(guān)稅曾被這位外交官斥為一件違反常規(guī)的事情，現(xiàn)在在新貿(mào)易協(xié)定的談判中被證明是有意義的、不可動搖的。

4.單選題

Diseasesofthetwenty-firstcenturyareinevitablybedifferentfromthoseofthetwentiethcentury;justasourpresentillnesseshavebeenquitedifferentfromthoseofthenineteenthcentury.Althoughourhealthisimprovinginmanywaysandwearelivinglongerthaninpreviousdecades,newdiseasesandconditionsthreatenthequalityofourlives.Wehavealreadyobservedsomesignificantchangesinthe1980sthatforetoldwhathealthproblemslieaheadinthetwenty-firstcentury:

Diseasesoftheimmunesystem,notjustAIDSbutvariousconditionsofadeficientoroveractiveimmunesystem,havereachedepidemicproportions.

Thenumberofpeoplesufferingfromviralconditionsthatareincurablewithconventionaltherapiesisincreasing,andthenumberofnewlydefinedviralconditions,suchastheEpstein-BarrVirusandcytomegalovirus,isalsoincreasingsignificantly.

Moreandmorebacterialinfectionsarebecomingresistanttocommonlyusedantibioticsandarerequiringstrongerantibiotics,whichalsoarenetalwayssuccessfulincuringtheinfections.

Allergiestofoods,tocommonsubstancessuchasanimalhairsandhousedust,andtonewchemicalsarebecomingmoreprevalent.OneinsevenAmericanshadanallergyin1950,asmanyasoneinfivehadanallergyin1970,andapproximately75millionAmericans,ornearlyoneinthree,hadanallergyin1985.

Chronicdisabilityisaffectingpeoplemorefrequentlyatyoungerandyoungerages.AccordingtotheNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,thepercentageofchildrenunder17yearsofagewhoarelimitedinactivityduetochronicconditionsincreasedby86%from1967to1979.

Mentaldiseaseisaffectingmoreandmorepeople.TheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthestimatedin1984thatoneineveryfiveAmericanshadamentaldisorder.Thissamestudyrevealedthat,duringasix-monthperiod,8.3%ofAmericanssufferedfromananxietydisorder,6.4%hadanalcoholordrugproblem,and6%hadamooddisorder.

Inadditiontothesevarioustrends,oneofthemoresignificantfactsthatwillaffectthefutureofhealthcareisthatlargerpercentageofthepopulationwillbeover65yearsold.AccordingtoprojectionsbytheUSBureauoftheCensus,thesizeoftheAmericanpopulationOver65in1985willhavedoubledby2030.

Futuristsgenerallyassumethattwenty-firstcenturymedicinewillincludenewandmore-powerfuldrugsandvariousinnovativetechnologicalinterventions.However,futuriststendtoignoretheseriousproblemspresentlyarisingfromconventionalmedications.Accordingto1986statistics,theaverageAmericanreceives7.5prescriptionsayeahThisisaparticularlyfrighteningnumberbecauseweallknowtherearepeoplewhohavenotbeenprescribedanymedicationsinthepastyear,whichmeansthatsomeoneelseisgettingtheir7.5drugs.

Sincemostdrugshavesideeffects,someofwhicharequiteserious,andsincethesickpersonisoftenprescribedseveraldrugsatthesametime,anyofwhichmayhaveevengreaterpotentialforsideeffects,itisnowonderthat50%ofthetimepeopledonotevengettheirdrugprescriptionsfilled.Additionallyvariousstudieshaveindicatedthat25%to90%ofthetimepatientsmakeerrorsinadministeringthemedicines.Despitetherespectthatpeoplegenerallyshowinwardpresent-dayphysicians,theredoesnotseemtobeequalconfidenceinthetreatmentstheyprescribe.

1.Thatdiseasesofthe21stcenturyaredifferentfromthoseof20thcenturyis（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdiseasesoftheimmunesystem?

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

4.Wemayinferfromthepassagethat（）.

5.AccordingtotheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth,in1984,（）.

問題1選項

A.whatscientistsareworriedabout

B.awell-groundedstatement

C.drawnonchangesinthemedicalprofession

D.notnecessarilytrue

問題2選項

A.TheyrefertoAIDSonly.

B.Theybecomeepidemicinthe21stcentury.

C.Theycropupinvariousorgans.

D.Theymakepatientsoveractiveandfeelrestless.

問題3選項

A.Casesofchronicdisabilityincreasedbyanalarmingrateof86%inthelate1980s.

B.Chronicdisabilityusedtoaffectoldpeopleonly.

C.Chronicdisabilitycausessomepeopletobelimitedinactivity.

D.Chronicdisabilityhasincreasedgreatlyamongtheteenagers.

問題4選項

A.manyofthe21stcenturydiseasesarecloselyrelatedtotheenvironment

B.theaveragelifespanwillbecomestilllongerdespiteallthefuturediseases

C.man'sabilitytoresistdiseaseswillnotchangewithtime

D.peopleofthe21stcenturyknowbetterhowtomakefulluseoftheirprescribedmedicine.

問題5選項

A.25%oftheAmericanshadamentaldisorder

B.doctorspredictedthatthementalcaseswouldbedeclininginthe21thcentury

C.thesizeoftheAmericanpopulationover65withmentaldisorderswasdoubled

D.casesofmentaldisordersincreasedquickly

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.本題可采用排除法。選項A在文中沒有提及科學(xué)家們的擔(dān)心,所以不正確；根據(jù)第一段第一句“Diseasesofthetwenty-firstcenturyareinevitablybedifferentfromthoseofthetwentiethcentury;”可知選項D錯誤；結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文講述的是20世紀(jì)存在的事實,由此可知是對21世紀(jì)的推測,所以選項B表述也不正確；只有選項C正確。

2.根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知,免疫系統(tǒng)疾病,不僅是艾滋病,甚至包括免疫系統(tǒng)缺陷或過度活躍的各種情況,都已達到流行病的程度。選項B符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第六段第一句“Chronicdisabilityisaffectingpeoplemorefrequentlyatyoungerandyoungerages.”可知,選項B不正確。

4.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段第一句,除了這些不同的趨勢之外,影響醫(yī)療保健未來的一個更重要的事實是,65歲以上的人口比例將更大。也就是說,盡管未來會有各種疾病,但人類的平均壽命將會變得更長。選項B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“theNationalInstituteofMentalHealth”定位到倒數(shù)第四段,根據(jù)上下文,精神疾病正在影響越來越多的人,每五個美國人中就有一個患有精神障礙。由此可知,精神疾病的病例迅速增加。選項D符合原文。

5.單選題

Intheschoollibrarythereisacollectionofforeignbooks___tothepublic.

問題1選項

A.accessible

B.adjustable

C.admirable

D.adaptable

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.accessible易接近的；可使用的B.adjustable可調(diào)節(jié)的

C.admirable令人欽佩的；極好的D.adaptable能適應(yīng)的

【考查點】形近詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意應(yīng)該是有一大批外國圖書可供公眾查閱。A選項accessible“可使用的”，accessibleto可表示“可得到的”可引申為此句所需要的邏輯。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D選項均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。

【句意】學(xué)校圖書館里有一批供公眾閱讀的外國書籍。

6.單選題

Highgradesaresupposedto（）academicability,butJohn'sactualperformancedidnotconfirmthis.

問題1選項

A.certify

B.clarify

C.classify

D.notify

【答案】A

【解析】句意:高分應(yīng)該是學(xué)術(shù)能力的證明，但John的實際表現(xiàn)并沒證實這一點。

考查動詞辨析。certify證明，證實；clarify說明，闡明：classify把……分類，把……分級；notify通告，宣告。因此A項符合句意。

7.單選題

14.

問題1選項

A.Totakeamonthoffwork.

B.Torestinbedasmuchaspossible.

C.Totakesomeherbalmedicine.

D.Toputonplaster.

【答案】D

【解析】A:HereismyX-rays.

B:I’lljusthavealook.EverythingisOKexceptwhatyoucanseehere.Thereisahemi-fracture.It'snotveryserious,butyoushouldtakeamonthoffworkandrestinbedasmuchaspossible.I'llgivesomeherbalmedicinetohelpyouhealquickly.

A:DoIneedtoputinplaster?

B:No,itisn’tnecessary.

Q:Whichofthefollowingisnotamongthedoctor’ssuggestion?

【解析】細節(jié)題。醫(yī)生認為不需要打石膏。

8.單選題

Thetasteofthefoodwasso（）thatitwashardlynoticeable.

問題1選項

A.superior

B.prime

C.topic

D.subtle

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。superior“優(yōu)秀的，出眾的”；prime“主要的，基本的”；topic“話題，主題”；subtle“微妙的，難以捉摸的”。根據(jù)后面的內(nèi)容“幾乎看不出來”，可知食物的味道是很微妙的，所以不易察覺。選項D符合句意。

9.單選題

II.(EconomicLaw)

Forfourhundredyears,companylawhastriedtosolvethecoreproblemofcorporategovernance,theseparationofownershipandcontrol.InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownbeforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycomparativeandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.Itsevolutionestablishedthefirstinstitutionalsupervisorystructure.TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnieen.Muchlikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.ManyoftheV.O.C.’sfeaturesarestillcharacteristicformoderncompanies.

Withitsincorporationin1602,theV.O.C.hadaninternalstructurecomparabletowhatwedescribetodayasaone-tierboardmodel.Theboardofseventeendirectors,electedbythegovernorsofthesixchambers,haduniversalmanagementpowerandactednearlyfreefromanyinterferencebyminorityshareholders.Theboarddevelopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.Inthecourseoffurtherbusinessexpansionin1648,anexecutivecommitteeoftheboard(TheHagueCommittee)helpedtoorganizetheworkofthedirectors.Committeesformedforaccountingorspecificbusinessmatters,werealsofoundatthechamberlevel.

Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedthelackofadefinitionofdirectors’dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany’sinterest.Thegovernors—themerchantsandownersoftheearlycompanies—wereunawarethatanentitywithitsowninteresthademergedastheycontinuedtomanagetheV.O.C.inthewaytheyhadmanagedtheirearlycompanies.Inparticular,thegovernors’righttopriorpurchaseturnedouttobeunfortunate,leadingtoanearlyformofwhatwetodaycallself-dealing.Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.Further,theywereallowedtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.Themajorchangeintheinternalstructurecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemodernsupervisoryboard.

KlausJ.Hopt,PatrickC.Leyens:“BoardModelsinEurope—RecentDevelopmentsofInternalCorporateGovernanceStructuresinGermany,theUnitedKingdom,France,andItaly”

55.Inthe17thcentury,theboardofseventeendirectorshaduniversalmanagementpowertodothefollowingexcept___.

56.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthat___.

57.Thewordwhichcanbestreplacetheword“alignment”intheunderlinedsentenceis___.

58.WhichofthefollowingdidNOThappenin1623?

問題1選項

A.developingthebusinessstrategy

B.decidingwhichwaytotakefortheshipping

C.helpingtoorganizetheworkofthechambers

D.issuingresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers

問題2選項

A.thestartingpointoftheresearchwastheanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodels

B.corporategovernancewasaresearchdisciplineofitsownintheearly1900’s

C.mergeroftheearlycompanieswassoughttoimprovethecompetitors

D.thehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)wasveryimpressive

問題3選項

A.grouping

B.association

C.arrangement

D.coalition

問題4選項

A.Governorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditions.

B.Thecommitteeofninewasintroducedwithinternalstructure.

C.Governorswerenotallowedtosupplythecompanyiftheyhadnotbeengrantedalicensetodoso.

D.Quitesomeregulationsweremade.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】55.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Theboarddevelopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.（董事會制定了商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，制定了航運路線，并發(fā)布了對商會有約束力的決議）可知C選項“幫助組織商會的工作”未提及；A選項“制定商業(yè)策略”，B選項“決定用哪種方式裝運”以及D選項“發(fā)布對商會有約束力的決議”符合原文。因此C選項符合題意。

56.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字定位到第一段InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownbeforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycomparativeandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.（在20世紀(jì)前，歐洲的企業(yè)治理并沒有形成自己的研究學(xué)科。在不同的董事會模式下，對管理和控制功能的分析是研究的起點，并且仍然是比較和跨學(xué)科研究議程中最重要的領(lǐng)域之一）可知選A選項“本研究的出發(fā)點是分析不同董事會模式下的管理和控制功能”，同時可知B選項“公司治理在20世紀(jì)早期是一門獨立的研究學(xué)科”錯誤；第一段TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnieen.Muchlikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.（V.O.C.可追溯到早期公司Voorcompagnieen的合并。與現(xiàn)代企業(yè)合并非常相似，其目的是提高相對于競爭對手的市場地位）可知C選項“早期公司的合并是為了改善競爭對手”錯誤；第二段ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.（VerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie的歷史深刻地說明了早期的公司法問題）可知不是V.O.C.的歷史非常令人印象深刻，而是V.O.C.的歷史深刻地說明一些問題，D選項“VerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie的歷史非常令人印象深刻”錯誤。因此A選項正確。

57.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】詞義辨析題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“alignment”定位到原文Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedthelackofadefinitionofdirectors’dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany’sinterest.（主要的管治問題導(dǎo)致缺乏對董事職責(zé)的定義，將其界定為決策與公司利益的結(jié)合）可知alignment在本句表示“結(jié)合，結(jié)盟”；A選項“分組，分類”，B選項“協(xié)會，社團；聯(lián)合；聯(lián)想”；C選項“布置；整理；準(zhǔn)備；安排”；D選項“聯(lián)合；結(jié)合，合并”。因此D選項正確。

58.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“1623”可以定位到原文最后一段Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.（1623年的第二次監(jiān)管改變了許可，州長只能在公開拍賣的情況下從公司購買，條件和其他人一樣）可知A選項“州長只能在相同條件下通過公開拍賣從公司購買”符合原文；最后一句Themajorchangeintheinternalstructurecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemodernsupervisoryboard.（1623年，九人委員會成立，這是現(xiàn)代監(jiān)事會的早期形式，是監(jiān)事會內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的主要變化）可知B選項“九人委員會引入了內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)”符合原文；最后一段Further,theywereallowedtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.（此外，只有在獲得許可的情況下，他們（指州長們）才被允許向公司供貨）可知C選項“州長不允許供應(yīng)公司，如果他們沒有被授予許可證這樣做”符合原文；根據(jù)原文和排除法可知D選項“相當(dāng)多的規(guī)則被制定”和原文相悖。因此D選項符合題意。

10.單選題

Thereisalready（）cleartoshowthatplantsandanimalsarebeingaffectedbyclimatechange.

問題1選項

A.witness

B.certification

C.identify

D.evidence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。witness“證人，目擊者”；certification“證明，鑒定”；identify“鑒定，識別”；evidence“證據(jù)”。句意：有證據(jù)清晰地表明植物和動物受到氣候變化的影響。D項符合題意。

11.翻譯題

Thepricewepayforthissalutarychangeis,nodoubt,great.Weassemblethousandsofoperativeinthefactory,andinthemine,ofwhomtheemployercanknowlittleornothing,andtowhomheislittlebetterthanamyth.Allintercoursebetweenisatanend.Rigidcastesareformed,and,asusual,mutualignorancebreedsmutualdistrust.Eachcasteiswithoutsympathywiththeother,andreadytocreditanythingdisparaginginregardtoit.36.Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisforcedintothestrictesteconomies,amongwhichtheratespaidtolaborfigureprominently,andoftenthereisfrictionbetweentheemployerandtheemployed,betweencapitalandlabor,betweenrichandpoor.Humansocietyloseshomogeneity.

37.Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetition,likethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuries,isalsogreat,buttheadvantagesofthislawaregreaterstillthanitscost,foritistothislawthatweoweourwonderfulmaterialdevelopment,whichbringsimprovedconditionsinitstrain.Butwhetherthelawbebenignornot,wemustsayofit,aswesayofthechangeintheconditionsofmentowhichwehavereferred.

Itishere;wecannotevadeit;oftheeffectofanynewsubstitutesforitproposedwecannotbesure;38.Andwhilethelawmaybesometimeshardfortheindividual,itisbestfortherace,becauseitinsuresthesurvivalofthefittestineverydepartment.39.Weacceptandwelcome,therefore,asconditionstowhichwemustaccommodateourselves,greatinequalityofenvironment,theconcentrationofbusiness,industrialandcommercial,inthehandsofafew;andthelawofcompetitionbetweenthese,asbeingnotonlybeneficial,butessentialtothefutureprogressoftherace.Havingacceptedthese,itfollowsthattheremustbegreatscopefortheexpertiseofspecialabilityinthemerchantandinthemanufacturer,whohastoconductaffairsupongreatscale.40.Thatthistalentfororganizationandmanagementisrareamongmenisprovedbythefactthatitinvariablysecuresenormousregardsforitspossessors,nomatterwhereorunderwhatlawsorconditions.

【答案】36．在競爭法則下，成千上萬的雇主不得不實行一些最嚴(yán)厲的措施。在這些節(jié)約措施中，付給工人的工資首當(dāng)其沖。這樣，雇主和雇員之間，勞資雙方之間以及富人和窮人之間就常有摩擦。

37．在社會中人類為了競爭所付出的代價，就和為了不需要花錢就能得到的舒適和奢侈品一樣代價高昂；但是競爭法則帶來的好處高于付出的代價，因為正是這種競爭法則，經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展，生活水平得到提高。

38．雖然這一法則對個體來說可能很難，但是它適用于人類，因為它保證了人類在各個領(lǐng)域都能適應(yīng)并生存。

39．因此，我們接受并歡迎我們必須適應(yīng)的條件，也就是工業(yè)和商業(yè)掌握在少數(shù)人手中的巨大不平等；而他們之間的競爭法則不僅是良性的，而且對種族的未來發(fā)展必不可少。

40．無論在什么地方，在什么法則或條件下，具有組織管理才能的人都不可避免地得到巨大的尊榮，這一事實證明了只有少數(shù)人有這種能力。

12.單選題

Accordingtolegalprovisions,thepropertieswilleither____theoriginalownersorelsebesoldatauction.

問題1選項

A.committo

B.taketo

C.rompto

D.revertto

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項“committo”，意為“交付，把……投入，對……作出承諾”，B選項“taketo”，意為“帶到，養(yǎng)成（做……）的習(xí)慣”，C選項“rompto”，意為“輕松”，D選項revertto，意為“回復(fù)，歸還”。句意：根據(jù)法律規(guī)定，這些財產(chǎn)要么歸原有者所有，要么被拍賣。因此，D選項符合句意。

13.單選題

Waterproblemsinthefuturewillbecomemoreintenseandmorecomplex.Ourincreasingpopulationwilltremendouslyincreaseurbanwastes,primarilysewage.Ontheotherhand,increasingdemandsforwaterwilldeceasesubstantiallytheamountofwateravailablefordilutingwastes.Rapidlyexpandingindustrieswhichinvolvemoreandmorecomplexchemicalprocesseswillproducelargevolumesofliquidwastes,andmanyofthesewillcontainchemicalswhicharenoxious.Tofeedourrapidlyexpandingpopulation,agriculturewillhavetobeintensified.Thiswillinvolveever-increasingquantitiesofagriculturalchemicals.Fromthis,itisapparentthatdrasticstepsmustbetakenimmediatelytodevelopcorrectivemeasuresforthepollutionproblem.

Therearetwowaysbywhichthispollutionproblemcanbedwindled.Thefirstrelatestothetreatmentofwastestodecreasetheirpollutionhazard.Thisinvolvestheprocessingofsolidwastes“priorto”disposalandthetreatmentofliquidwastes,oreffluents,topermitthereuseofthewaterorminimizepollutionuponfinaldisposal.

Asecondapproachistodevelopaneconomicuseforallorapartofthewastes.Farmmanureisspreadinfieldsasanutrientororganicsupplement.Effluentsfromsewagedisposalplantsareusedinsomeareasbothforirrigationandforthenutrientscontained.Effluentsfromotherprocessingplantsmayalsobeusedasasupplementalsourceofwater.Manyindustries,suchasmeatandpoultryprocessingplants,arecurrentlyconvertingformerwasteproductsintomarketablebyproducts.Otherindustriesarepotentialeconomicusesforwasteproducts.

1.Thepurposeofthispassageis（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingpointsisNOTINCLUDEDinthepassage?

3.Thereadercanconcludethat（）.

4.Theauthorgivessubstancetothepassagethroughtheuseof（）.

5.Thewords“priorto”(para.2)probablymean（）.

問題1選項

A.toalertthereadertothedwindlingwatersupply

B.toexplainindustrialusesofwater

C.toacquaintthereaderwithwaterpollutionproblems

D.todemonstratevariousmeasurestosolvethepollutionproblem

問題2選項

A.Industrialdevelopmentincludesthesimplificationofcomplexchemicalprocesses.

B.Dilutingwastesneedscertainamountofwater.

C.Demandsforwaterwillgoupalongwiththeexpandingpopulation.

D.Intensivecultivationoflandrequiresmoreandmorechemicals.

問題3選項

A.countriesoftheworldwillworktogetheronpollutionproblems

B.byproductsfromwastesleadtoamoreprosperousmarketplace

C.scienceismakinggreatprogressonincreasingwatersupplies

D.someindustriesarenowmakingeconomicuseofwastes

問題4選項

A.interviewswithauthoritiesinthefieldofwatercontrols

B.opinionsandpersonalobservations

C.definitionswhichclarifyimportantterms

D.strongargumentsandpersuasions

問題5選項

A.after

B.during

C.before

D.beyond

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。原文第一段首先指出未來的水問題將變得更加嚴(yán)重和復(fù)雜，尤其是污水問題。接下來在二三段主要講解決污水問題的方法。所以本文主要的目的是為了讓人們了解污水問題，選項C正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段第二、三句“Ourincreasingpopulationwilltremendouslyincreaseurbanwastes,primarilysewage.Ontheotherhand,increasingdemandsforwaterwilldecreasesubstantiallytheamountofwateravailablefordilutingwastes.我們不斷增長的人口將極大地增加城市垃圾，主要是污水。另一方面，對水的需求增加將大大減少可用來稀釋廢物的水量?！笨芍x項B和選項C均有涉及；根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句“Thiswillinvolveever-increasingquantitiesofagriculturalchemicals.這將涉及越來越多的農(nóng)用化學(xué)品?！笨芍x項D有涉及。根據(jù)第一段第四句“Rapidlyexpandingindustrieswhichinvolvemoreandmorecomplexchemicalprocesses…快速發(fā)展的工業(yè)涉及越來越復(fù)雜的化學(xué)過程”，并沒有說工業(yè)發(fā)展包括簡化復(fù)雜的化學(xué)過程，所以選項A與原文表述不符。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段最后兩句“Manyindustries,suchasmeatandpoultryprocessingplants,arecurrentlyconvertingformerwasteproductsintomarketablebyproducts.Otherindustriesarepotentialeconomicusesforwasteproducts.許多行業(yè)，如肉類和家禽加工廠，目前正在將以前的廢物轉(zhuǎn)化為可銷售的副產(chǎn)品。其他行業(yè)是廢物的潛在經(jīng)濟用途?！币簿褪钦f，一些行業(yè)現(xiàn)在正在經(jīng)濟地利用廢物，選項D符合原文。

4.判斷推理題。從全文來看，作者只是在表達個人的觀點以及陳述個人觀察的結(jié)果：介紹水污染及其解決辦法，所以選項B正確。

5.詞義推斷題。根據(jù)句意可知，“theprocessingofsolidwastes”應(yīng)該是在“disposal”之前，所以“priorto”意為“之前”，選項C正確。

14.單選題

Menandwomenofallagescanbenefitfrom（）amountsofdailyphysicalexercise.

問題1選項

A.desperate

B.considerate

C.literate

D.moderate

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項desperate“絕望的；不顧一切的”；B選項considerate“體貼的；考慮周到的”；C選項literate“精通文學(xué)的；受過教育的”；D選項moderate“穩(wěn)健的；適中的；有節(jié)制的”。句意：所有年齡段的男性和女性都可以通過（）的每日體育鍛煉受益。根據(jù)語境，moderate“適中的；有節(jié)制的”搭配physicalexercise“體育鍛煉”比較合理。因此D選項正確。

15.翻譯題

3.正是因為不停地追求進取，我們才感到生活幸福。一件事完成后，另一件隨之而來，如此連綿不絕，永無止境。對于往前看的人來說，眼前總有一番新天地。雖然我們蝸居于這顆小行星上，整日忙于瑣事且生命短暫，但我們生來就有不盡的希望。只要生命猶在，希望