2017高考英語人物傳記類閱讀理解

話題五：人物傳記類(一)ArthurMiller(1915—2005)isuniversallyrecognizedasoneofthegreatestdramatistsofthe20thcentury.Miller'sfatherhadmovedtotheUSAfromAustriaHungary,drawnlikesomanyothersbythe“GreatAmericanDream”.However,heexperiencedseverefinancialhardshipwhenhisfamilybusinesswasruinedintheGreatDepressionoftheearly1930s.Miller'smostfamousplay,DeathofaSalesman,isapowerfulattackontheAmericansystem,withitsaggressivewayofdoingbusinessanditsinsistenceonmoneyandsocialstatusasindicatorsofworth.InWillyLoman,theherooftheplay,weseeamanwhohasgotintotroublewiththissystem.Willyis“burntout”andinthecruelworldofbusinessthereisnoroomforsentiment:ifhecan'tdothework,thenheisnogoodtohisemployer,theWagnerCompany,andhemustgo.Willyispainfullyawareofthis,andatalossastowhattodowithhislackofsuccess.Herefusestofacethefactthathehasfailedandkillshimselfintheend.Whenitwasfirststagedin1949,theplaywasgreetedwithenthusiasticreviews,anditwontheTonyAwardforBestPlay,theNewYorkDramaCritics'CircleAward,andthePulitzerPrizeforDrama.Itwasthefirstplaytowinallthreeofthesemajorawards.MillerdiedofheartfailureathishomeinRoxbury,Connecticut,ontheeveningofFebruary10,2005,the56thanniversaryofthefirstperformanceofDeathofaSalesmanonBroadway.1．WhydidArthurMiller'sfathermovetotheUSA?Hesufferedfromseverehungerinhishomecountry.B.Hewasattractedbythe“GreatAmericanDream.”C.Hehopedtomakehissonadramatist.D.Hisfamilybusinessfailed2．TheplayDeathofaSalesman.exposesthecrueltyoftheAmericanbusinessworlddiscussesthewaystogetpromotedinacompanytalksaboutthebusinesscareerofArthurMillerfocusesontheskillsindoingbusiness3．WhatcanwelearnaboutWillyLoman?Hetreatshisemployerbadly.HerunstheWagnerCompany.HeisavictimoftheAmericansystem.Heisregardedasaherobyhiscolleagues.4．Afteritwasfirststaged,DeathofaSalesman.achievedhugesuccesswonthefirstTonyAwardwaswarmlywelcomedbysalesmenwasseverelyattackedbydramatists5．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?ArthurMillerandhisfamily.TheawardsArthurMillerwon.ThehardshipArthurMillerexperienced.ArthurMillerandhisbest-knownplay.答案與解析1.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Miller'sfatherhadmovedtotheUSAfromAustria-Hungary，drawnlikesomanyothersbythe‘GreatAmericanDream'”可知，他父親移居美國(guó)像其他許多人一樣是受當(dāng)年偉大的美國(guó)夢(mèng)吸引。A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可知，這部戲劇對(duì)美國(guó)制度是一個(gè)抨擊，它表現(xiàn)了咄咄逼人的做生意的方式以及堅(jiān)信金錢和社會(huì)地位才是財(cái)富的象征。主人公Willy陷入困境，然而生意場(chǎng)上殘酷無情：如果他做不了，那么對(duì)老板而言，他就一無是處，他必須離開。故此部戲劇揭露了美國(guó)職場(chǎng)的殘酷。C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“Willyispainfullyawareofthis,andatalossastowhattodowithhislackofsuccess.Herefusestofacethefactthathehasfailedandkillshimselfintheend.”可知主人公面對(duì)失敗無所適從，無法面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，從而走向毀滅，成了美國(guó)資本主義制度下美國(guó)夢(mèng)的犧牲者。故選C項(xiàng)。A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知，這部戲劇自1949第一次搬上銀幕就獲得了“托尼戲劇音樂獎(jiǎng)”、“紐約戲劇評(píng)論獎(jiǎng)”、“普利策戲劇獎(jiǎng)”三項(xiàng)大獎(jiǎng)，獲得極大的成功。因此A項(xiàng)正確。D主旨大意題。縱觀全文不難看出本文主要介紹ArthurMiller以及他的戲劇DeathofaSalesman《推銷員之死》。其他選項(xiàng)都不全面，只是文中敘述的一部分。故D項(xiàng)正確。（二）JacquelineBouvierKennedyOnassiswasoneofthemostprivatewomenintheworld,yetwhenshewenttoworkasaneditorinthelasttwodecadesofherlife,sherevealed（展現(xiàn)）herselfasshedidnowhereelse.Afterthedeathofhersecondhusband,Greekshippingmagnate（巨頭）AristotleOnassis,Jacqueline'sclosefriendandformerWhiteHousesocialsecretaryLetitiaBaldrigemadeasuggestionthatsheconsideracareer（職業(yè)）inpublishing.Afterconsideration,Jacquelineacceptedit.Perhapsshehopedtofindtheresomeideasabouthowtoliveherownlife.Shebecamenotlessbutmoreinterestedinreading.Forthelast20yearsofherlife,Jacquelineworkedasapublisher'seditor，firstatViking,thenatDoubleday,pursuing（追求）alate-lifecareerlongerthanhertwomarriagescombined.Duringhertimeinpublishing,shewasresponsibleformanagingandeditingmorethan100successfullymarketedbooks.AmongthefirstbookswereIntheRussianStyleandInventiveParisClothes.ShealsosucceededinpersuadingTVhostsBillMoyersandJosephCampbelltotransformtheirpopulartelevisionconversationsintoabook,ThePowerofMyth.Thebookwentontobecomeaninternationalbest-seller.Shedealt,too,withMichaelJacksonashepreparedhisautobiography（自傳），Moonwalk.Jacquelinemayhavebeenhiredforhernameandforhersocialrelations,butshesoonprovedherworth.Herchoices,suggestionsandwidespreadsocialrelationswereofbenefitbothtothepublishingfirmsandtoJacquelineherself.Inthebookssheselectedforpublication,shebuiltonalifetimeofspendingtimebyherselfasareaderandleftarecordofthegrowthofhermind.Herbooksaretheautobiographysheneverwrote.Her_role_as_First_Lady,_in_the_end,_was_oyershadowed_by_her_performance_as_an_editor.However,fewknewthatshehadachievedsomuch.1.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatJacqueline.becamefondofreadingafterworkingasaneditorwasinchargeofpublishing100bookspromotedherbooksthroughsocialrelationsD．gainedalotfromhercareerasaneditor2．Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphprobablymeansthat.A．JacquelineendedupasaneditorratherthanasFirstLadyB．Jacqueline'slifeasFirstLadywasmorecolorfulthanasaneditorC．JacquelinewasmoresuccessfulasaneditorthanasFirstLadyD．Jacqueline'sroleasFirstLadywasmorebrilliantthanasaneditor3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Jacqueline'stwomarriageslastedmorethan20years.B．Jacqueline'sownpublishingfirmwassetupeventually.C．Jacqueline'sviewsandbeliefswerereflectedinthebookssheedited.D．Jacqueline'sachievementswerewidelyknown.4．Thepassageismainly.A．a(chǎn)nintroductionofJacqueline'slifebothasFirstLadyandasaneditorB．a(chǎn)briefdescriptionofJacqueline'slifelongexperiencesC．a(chǎn)briefaccountofJacqueline'scareerasaneditorinherlast20yearsD．a(chǎn)nanalysisofJacqueline'ssocialrelationsinpublishing答案與解析1．D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由短文第一段中的“...shewenttoworkasaneditorinthelasttwodecadesofherlife,sherevealedherselfasshedidnowhereelse”可推出她在自己的編輯事業(yè)中獲益很大。故選D項(xiàng)。C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)畫線句后面的“然而，很少有人知道她取得了這么多成就”可知，畫線句的含義是：她作為第一夫人的角色最終在她作為編輯的出色表現(xiàn)前黯然失色。故選C項(xiàng)。C推理判斷題。由最后一段倒數(shù)第三句“Herbooksaretheautobiographysheneverwrote.”即她編輯的書籍就是她從來沒有寫過的自傳。由此可知，她的觀點(diǎn)和信仰都反映在她所編輯的書籍中。故選C項(xiàng)。C主旨大意題。由短文第一段中“...asaneditorinthelasttwodecadesofherlife...”以及整篇文章的敘述可知，本文主要介紹Jacqueline生命中最后20年的編輯生涯。故選C項(xiàng)。（三）ManypeoplebelieveHenryFordinventedtheautomobile（汽車）.ButHenryForddidnotstarttobuildhisfirstcaruntil1896.ThatwaselevenyearsaftertwoGermansdevelopedtheworld'sfirstautomobile.ManypeoplebelieveHenryFordinventedtheproductionlinethatmovedacar'spartstotheworker,insteadofmakingtheworkermovetotheparts.Thatisnottrue,either.ManyfactoryownersusedmethodsofthiskindbeforeFord.WhatHenryForddidwastouseotherpeople'sideasandmakethembetter.Andhemadethewholefactoryamovingproductionline.Intheearlydaysoftheautomobile,almosteverycarmakerracedhiscars.Itwasthebestwayofgainingpublicnotice.HenryForddecidedtobuildaracingcar.Ford'smostfamousracewashisfirstone.Itwasalsothelastraceinwhichhedrovethecarhimself.Theracewasin1901,atafieldnearDetroit.Allofthemostfamouscarshadentered,butonlytwowereleft:theWintonandFord's.TheWintonwasfamousforitsspeed.Mostpeoplethoughttheracewasoverbeforeitbegan.TheWintontookanearlylead.Buthalfwaythroughtherace,itbegantolosepower.Fordstartedtogain.Andneartheendoftherace,hetookthelead.FordwontheraceanddefeatedtheWinton.Hisnameappearedinnewspapersandhebecamewell-knownallovertheUnitedStates.Withinweeksoftherace,HenryFordformedanewautomobilecompany.In1903,adoctorinDetroitboughtthefirstcarfromthecompany.That_salewasthebeginningofHenryFord'sdream.Fordsaid:“Iwillbuildamotorcarforthegreatmassofpeople.Itwillbelargeenoughforthefamily,butsmallenoughforonepersontooperateandcarefor.Itwillbebuiltofthebestmaterials.Itwillbebuiltbythebestmentobeemployed.Anditwillbebuiltwiththesimplestplansthatmodernengineeringcanproduce.Itwillbesolowinpricethatnomanmakinggoodmoneywillbeunabletoownone.”TheModelTwasacarofthatkind.Itonlycost$850.Itwasasimplemachinethatdriverscoulddependon.DoctorsboughttheModelT.Sodidfarmers.Evencriminals.Theyconsidereditthefastestandsurestformoftransportation.AmericanslovedtheModelT.Theywrotestoriesandsongsaboutit.ThousandsofModelT'swerebuiltinthefirstfewyears.1．WhatdoweknowaboutHenryFordfromParagraph1?Hemadegooduseofideasfromothers.Heproducedthefirstcarintheworld.Heknewhowtoimproveautoparts.Heinventedtheproductionline.2．WhydidHenryFordtakepartinthe1901carrace?Toshowoffhisdrivingskills.Todrawpublicattention.Tolearnaboutnewtechnology.Toraisemoneyforhisnewcompany.3．“Thatsale”inParagraph4refersto.thesellingofFordcarsatreducedpricesthesaleofModelTtothemassofpeoplethesellingofacartoaDetroitdoctorthesalestargetfortheFordCompany4．WhatwasHenryFord'sdreamaccordingtothetext?Producingcarsforaveragecustomers.Buildingracingcarsofsimpledesign.Designingmorecarmodels.Startingmorecompanies.答案與解析A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“WhatHenryForddidwastouseotherpeople'sideasandmakethembetter”.可知，A項(xiàng)符合題意。B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Intheearlydaysoftheautomobile,almosteverycarmakerracedhiscars.Itwasthebestwayofgainingpublicnotice.HenryForddecidedtobuildaracingcar.Ford'smostfamousracewashisfirstone.”可知，B項(xiàng)符合題意。C詞義猜測(cè)題。由第四段畫線單詞前的一句“In1903,adoctorinDetroitboughtthefirstcarfromthecompany.”以及畫線單詞所在的一句可知，C項(xiàng)符合題意。A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的ThatsalewasthebeginningofHenryFord'sdream.Fordsaid：“Iwillbuildamotorcarforthegreatmassofpeople...makinggoodmoneywillbeunabletoownone.”可知，A項(xiàng)符合題意。（四）MostpeopleknowthatMarieCuriewasthefirstwomantowintheNobelPrize,andthefirstpersontowinittwice.However,fewpeopleknowthatshewasalsothemotherofaNobelPrizewinner.BorninSeptember,1897,IreneCuriewasthefirstoftheCuries'twodaughters.Alongwithniceotherchildrenwhoseparentswerealsofamousscholars,Irenestudiedintheirownschool,andhermotherwasoneoftheteachers.ShefinishedherhighschooleducationattheCollegeofSevigneinParis.IreneenteredtheUniversityofParisin1914toprepareforadegreeinmathematicsandphysics.WhenWorldWarIbegan,Irenewenttohelphermother,whowasusingX-rayfacilities（設(shè)備）tohelpsavethelivesofwoundedsoldiers.IrenecontinuedtheworkbydevelopingX-rayfacilitiesinmilitaryhospitalsinFranceandBelgium.HerserviceswererecognisedintheformofaMilitaryMedalbytheFrenchgovernment.In1918,Irenebecamehermother'sassistantattheCurieInstitute.InDecember1924,FredericJoliotjoinedtheInstitute,andIrenetaughthimthetechniquesrequiredforhiswork.Theysoonfellinloveandweremarriedin1926.TheirdaughterHelenewasbornin1927andtheirsonPierrefiveyearsla