學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作Unit5Abstract課件

Unit5AbstractWhatisanabstract?TypesofabstractsWhywriteanabstract?Whatshouldtheabstractinclude?Howdoyouwriteanabstract?Whatisthestyleofanabstract?AnoutlineforwritinganabstractCommonproblemsinwritinganabstractDifferencebetweenanabstractandanintroductionTheTricks,ConclusionofthelectureUnit5AbstractWhatisana1Whatisanabstract?Anabstractisastand-alonestatementthatbrieflyconveystheessentialinformationofapaper,article,documentorbook;presentstheobjective,methods,results,andconclusionsofaresearchproject;hasabrief,non-repetitivestyle.An

abstract

isasummaryofabodyofinformation.Sometimes,abstractsareinfactcalledsummaries--sometimes,executivesummariesorexecutiveabstracts.Therearedifferentkindsofabstracts—yourtechnicalreportusestwotypes:thedescriptiveabstractandtheinformativeabstract.Whatisanabstract?Anabstrac2Typesofabstractsdescriptiveabstracts:rmativeabstracts:

givemuchinformationabouttheoriginal,summarizingtheprincipalargumentsandgivingtheprincipalargumentsandsummarizingtheprincipaldata.evaluativeabstracts:commentontheworthoftheoriginalareincluded.

DifferencebetweendescriptiveabstractsandinformativeabstractsThefirsttwotypesofabstractsaretypicallyused:Typesofabstractsdescriptive3descriptiveabstracts說明性摘要Adescriptiveabstract—asummaryofsomeoneelse’spaperorbook—isoftenrequiredbyprofessorstogiveyoupracticeinsummarizingandrespondingtosources.The

descriptiveabstract,

alsoknownasthe

limitedabstract

orthe

indicativeabstract,

providesadescriptionofwhatthepapercoverswithoutdelvingintoitssubstance.

Adescriptiveabstractissimilara

tableofcontents

inparagraphform.descriptiveabstracts說明性摘要Ade4DescriptiveAbstractstellreaderswhatinformationthereport,article,orpapercontains.includethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,article,orpaper.donot

provideresults,conclusions,orrecommendations.arealwaysveryshort,roducethesubjecttoreaders,whomustthenreadthereport,article,orpapertofindouttheauthor'sresults,conclusions,orrecommendations.DescriptiveAbstractstellread5DescriptiveabstractsThedescriptiveabstractprovidesadescriptionofthereport'smaintopicandpurposeaswellanoverviewofitscontents.Itisveryshort—usuallyabriefone-ortwo-sentenceparagraph.Youmayhavenoticedsomethingsimilartothistypeofabstractatthebeginningofjournalarticles.Inthistypeofabstract,youdon'tsummarizeanyofthefactsorconclusionsofthereport.Thedescriptiveabstractdoesnotsaysomethinglikethis:DescriptiveabstractsThedescr6DescriptiveAbstractsInthistypeofabstract,youdon'tsummarizeanyofthefactsorconclusionsofthereport.Thedescriptiveabstractdoesnotsaysomethinglikethis:Problem:

Basedonanexhaustivereviewofcurrentlyavailable

products,thisreportconcludesthatnoneoftheavailable

grammar-checkingsoftwareproductsprovidesanyuseful

functiontowriters.Thisisthestyleofsummarizingyoufindintheinformativeabstract.Instead,thedescriptiveabstractsayssomethinglikethis:Revision:

Thisreportprovidesconclusionsandrecommendationson

thegrammar-checkingsoftwarethatiscurrentlyavailable.Readsampledescriptiveabstract:DescriptiveAbstractsInthist7SampledescriptiveabstractDescriptiveabstractsarenotmuchpreferredforacademicwritingassignmentsastheyarerathervagueinnature.SampledescriptiveabstractDes8Informativeabstracts資料性摘要The

informativeabstract,

alsoknownasthe

completeabstract,

isacompendioussummaryofapaper'ssubstanceincludingitsbackground,purpose,methodology,results,andconclusion.

Usuallybetween100and200words,theinformativeabstractsummarizesthepaper'sstructure,itsmajortopicsandkeypoints.

Aformatforscientificshortreportsthatissimilartoaninformativeabstracthasbeenproposedinrecentyears.

Informativeabstractsmaybeviewedasstandalonedocuments.Informativeabstracts資料性摘要The

9InformativeAbstracts

communicatespecificinformationfromthereport,article,orpaper.includethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,article,videthereport,article,orpaper'sresults,conclusions,andrecommendations.areshort--fromaparagraphtoapageortwo,dependinguponthelengthoftheoriginalworkbeingabstracted.Usuallyinformativeabstractsare10%orlessofthelengthoftheoriginalpiece.allowreaderstodecidewhethertheywanttoreadthereport,article,orpaper.

InformativeAbstractscommunic10InformativeabstractsAninformativeabstractprovidesdetailaboutthesubstanceofapieceofwritingbecausereaderswillsometimesrelyontheabstractaloneforinformation.Informativeabstractstypicallyfollowthisformat:1.Identifyinginformation(bibliographiccitationorotheridentificationofthedocument)2.Conciserestatementofthemainpoint,includingtheinitialproblemorotherbackground3.Methodology(forexperimentalwork)andkeyfindings4.MajorconclusionsInformativeabstractsAninform11InformativeAbstractsThemajorityofabstractsareinformative.Whiletheystilldonotcritiqueorevaluateawork,theydomorethandescribeit.Agoodinformativeabstractactsasasurrogate(代表)fortheworkitself.Thatis,thewriterpresentsandexplainsallthemainargumentsandtheimportantresultsandevidenceinthecompletearticle/paper/book.Aninformativeabstractincludestheinformationthatcanbefoundinadescriptiveabstract(purpose,methods,scope)butalsoincludestheresultsandconclusionsoftheresearchandtherecommendationsoftheauthor.Thelengthvariesaccordingtodiscipline,butaninformativeabstractisrarelymorethan10%ofthelengthoftheentirework.Inthecaseofalongerwork,itmaybemuchless.ReadinformativeabstractsInformativeAbstractsThemajor12SampleInformativeAbstractInformativeabstractsusuallyappearinindexeslike

DissertationAbstractsInternational;however,yourinstructormayaskyoutowriteoneasacoversheettoapaperaswell.SampleInformativeAbstractInf13Differencebetweeninformativeanddescriptiveabstracts

Peopleoftenconfusethekindsofwritingexpectedindescriptiveandinformativeabstracts.Studythedifferencebetweentheinformativeanddescriptivephrasinginthefollowingexamples:Informative:

Basedonanexhaustivereviewofcurrentlyavailableproducts,thisreportconcludesthatnoneoftheavailablegrammar-checkingsoftwareproductsprovidesanyusefulfunctiontowriters.Descriptive:

Thisreportprovidesconclusionsandrecommendationsonthegrammar-checkingsoftwarethatiscurrentlyavailable.Differencebetweeninformative14WhywriteanabstractTheabstractallowsreaderstomakedecisionsaboutyourproject.Yoursponsoringprofessorcanusetheabstracttodecideifyourresearchisproceedingsmoothly.Theconferenceorganizerusesittodecideifyourprojectfitstheconferencecriteria.Theconferenceaudience(faculty,administrators,peers,andpresenters'families)usesyourabstracttodecidewhetherornottoattendyourpanel.Yourabstractneedstotakeallthesereadersintoconsideration.WhywriteanabstractTheabstr15Whatshouldtheabstractinclude?

Thinkofyourabstractasacondensedversionofyourwholeessay.Byreadingit,thereadershouldunderstandthenatureofyourresearchquestion.

Abstractsforexperimentalresearchprojectsshouldinclude:(tobecontinued)Whatshouldtheabstractinclu16Aspecificanddetailedtitle.Abriefintroductiontothetopic-providingcontextorbackground.Astatementofthestudy'sobjectives--whatistheresearchquestion?Asummaryofresults.Astatementofconclusions(orhypothesizedconclusions).Possiblysomediscussionoftherelevanceoftheconclusions.Possiblysomecallforfutureresearch.(tobecontinued)Aspecificanddetailedtitle.17(tobecontinued)Abstractsforresearchprojectsthatareprimarilytext-basedshouldinclude:Aspecificanddetailedtitle.Abriefintroductiontothetopic-providingcontextorbackground.Astatementofthestudy'sobjectives--whatistheresearchquestion?Asummaryofthekeysubtopicsexplored—whatargumentareyouproposingaboutthetopic?(tobecontinued)Abstractsfor18(tobecontinued)Abriefreferencetothenatureofthesourcematerialandmethodology(ifrelevant)—libraryresearch?analysisoffictionaltexts?

interviewsorobservations?Astatementofconclusions(orhypothesizedconclusions).Possiblysomediscussionoftheimplicationsoftheconclusions.(tobecontinued)Abriefrefer19(tobecontinued)Whateverkindofresearchyouaredoing,yourabstractshouldprovidethereaderwiththeanswerstothefollowingquestions:Whatareyouasking?Whyisitimportant?Howwillyoustudyit?Whatwillyouusetodemonstrateyourconclusions?Whatarethoseconclusions?Whatdotheymean?(tobecontinued)Whateverkind20Howdoyouwriteanabstract?Whenwritinganabstract,followthisstructure:Topicsentence:identifiesmainideaorwhatthearticleisabout.Mainbody:toexplainthescope,rangeordepthofthearticle.Concludingsentence:tostatethemajorconclusion(s)orrecommendation(s).Howdoyouwriteanabstract?W21Howdoyouwriteanabstract?

indetail(1)Writinganabstractinvolvesboilingdowntheessenceofawholepaperintoasingleparagraphthatconveysasmuchnewinformationaspossible.Onewayofwritinganeffectiveabstractistostartwithadraftofthecompletepaperanddothefollowing:Howdoyouwriteanabstract?22Howdoyouwriteanabstract?(2)Highlighttheobjectiveandtheconclusionsthatareinthepaper'sintroductionandthediscussion.Bracketinformationinthemethodssectionofthepaperthatcontainskeywordinformation.Highlighttheresultsfromthediscussionorresultssectionofthepaper.Compiletheabovehighlightedandbracketedinformationintoasingleparagraph.Howdoyouwriteanabstract?23Howdoyouwriteanabstract?(3)Condensethebracketedinformationintothekeywordsandphrasesthatidentifybutdonotexplainthemethodsused.Deleteextrawordsandphrases.Deleteanybackgroundinformation.Howdoyouwriteanabstract?24Howdoyouwriteanabstract?

(4)Rephrasethefirstsentencesothatitstartsoffwiththenewinformationcontainedinthepaper,ratherthanwiththegeneraltopic.Onewayofdoingthisistobeginthefirstsentencewiththephrase"thispaper"or"thisstudy."

Revisetheparagraphsothattheabstractconveystheessentialinformation.Howdoyouwriteanabstract?25Whatisthestyleofanabstract?Theabstractshouldbeoneparagraphandshouldnotexceedthewordlimit.EdititcloselytobesureitmeetstheFourC'sofabstractwriting:Complete—itcoversthemajorpartsoftheproject.Concise—itcontainsnoexcesswordinessorunnecessaryinformation.Clear—itisreadable,wellorganized,andnottoojargon-laden.Cohesive—itflowssmoothlybetweentheparts.Whatisthestyleofanabstra26(tobecontinued)Readersdonotexpecttheabstracttohavethesamesentencestructureflowofapaper.Rather,theabstract'swordingshouldbeverydirect.Forexample,thefollowingabstractisaself-containeddescriptionofanimaginaryphysicsproject.Thekeyelementsofanabstractareinboldface,anditsstyleconformstothesuggestionsabove.

(tobecontinued)Readersdono27SampleAbstract

Thisstudy'sobjectivewastodeterminethestrangenessmeasurementsforred,green,andbluequarks.TheBritt-CushmanmethodforquarkanalysisexplodedaquarkstreaminaHegascloud.Resultsindicatethatbothredandgreenquarkshadastrangenessthatdifferedbylessthan0.453x10-17Zabes/m2forallmeasurements.Bluequarksremainedimmeasurable,sincetheirparticletracesbentinto7-tuplespace.Thisstudy'sconclusionsindicatethatredandgreenquarkscanbeusedinterchangeablyinallHestreamapplications,andfurtherstudiesmustbedonetomeasurethestrangenessofbluequarks.SampleAbstractThisstudy's28Anoutlineforwritinganabstract(1)StatementofpurposeoftheresearchScopeoftheresearch-whatresearchconsistedofImportance/significanceoftheresearchMajorpointsofliteraturereviewResearchmethodselectedandwhyObjectivesProposedinterventionsAnoutlineforwritinganabst29Anoutlineforwritinganabstract(2)Datacollectionmethod(questionnaires/interviews,etc.)Resultssummarized(ingeneral)Conclusions(yourinterpretation)RecommendationsAnoutlineforwritinganabst30CommonproblemsinwritinganabstractToolongToomuchdetailTooshortFailuretoincludeimportantinformationCommonproblemsinwritingan31Toolong

Ifyourabstractistoolong,itmayberejected-abstractsareenteredondatabases,andthereareusuallyaspecifiedmaximumnumberofwords.Abstractsareoftentoolongbecausepeopleforgettocounttheirwords(rememberthatyoucanuseyourwordprocessingprogramtodothis)andmaketheirabstractstoodetailed(seebelow).Toolong Ifyourabstractist32ToomuchdetailAbstractsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetails.Theabstractisnottheplacefordetailedexplanationsofmethodologyorfordetailsaboutthecontextofyourresearchproblembecauseyousimplydonothavethespacetopresentanythingbutthemainpointsofyourresearch.ToomuchdetailAbstractsthat33TooshortShorterisnotnecessarilybetter.

Ifyourwordlimitis200butyouonlywrite95words,youprobablyhavenotwritteninsufficientdetail.Youshouldreviewyourabstractandseewhereyoucouldusefullygivemoreexplanation-rememberthatinmanycasesreadersdecidewhethertoreadtherestofyourresearchfromlookingattheabstract.ManywritersdonotgivesufficientinformationabouttheirfindingsTooshortShorterisnotnecess34Failuretoincludeimportantinformation

Youneedtobecarefultocoverthepointslistedabove.Oftenpeopledonotcoverallofthembecausetheyspendtoolongexplaining,forexample,themethodologyandthendonothaveenoughspacetopresenttheirconclusion.Failuretoincludeimportanti35ABSTRACTEXAMPLESHereisanabstractfromapublishedpaper.Itis162wordslong.Again,readthroughitandspecificallylookforthemainpurposeofeachsentence(forexample,presentingtheresearchproblem,objective,methodology,mainfinding,orconclusion).ABSTRACTEXAMPLESHereisanab36abstractThelong-termperformanceofvarioussystemswasdeterminedandtheeconomicaspectsofsolarhotwaterproductionwereinvestigatedinthiswork.Theeffectofthecollectorinclinationangle,collectorareaandstoragevolumewasexaminedforallsystems,andvariousclimaticconditionsandtheirpaybackperiodwascalculated.Itwasfoundthatthecollectorinclinationangledoesnothaveasignificanteffectonsystemperformance.Largecollectorareashaveadiminishingeffectonthesystem’soverallefficiency.Theincreaseinstoragevolumehasadetrimentaleffectforsmalldailyloadvolumes,butabeneficialonewhenthereisalargedailyconsumption.Solarenergywasfoundtobetrulycompetitivewhentheconventionalfuelbeingsubstitutediselectricity,anditshouldnotreplacedieseloilonpureeconomicgrounds.Largedailyloadvolumesandlargecollectorareasareingeneralassociatedwithshorterpaybackperiods.Overall,thesystemsareoversizedandareeconomicallysuitableforlargedailyhotwaterloadvolumes.abstractThelong-termperforma37DifferencebetweenanabstractandanintroductionAtfirstglance,itmightseemthattheintroductionandtheabstractareverysimilarbecausetheybothpresenttheresearchproblemandobjectivesaswellasbrieflyreviewingmethodology,mainfindingsandmainconclusions.

However,thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenintroductionandabstract.

Differencebetweenanabstract38introductionShouldbeshort,butdoesnothaveawordlimit;Mainpurposeistointroducetheresearchbypresentingitscontextorbackground.Introductionsusuallygofromgeneraltospecific,introducingtheresearchproblemandhowitwillbeinvestigated).introductionShouldbeshort,b39abstractHasamaximumwordlimit;Isasummaryofthewholeresearch;Mainpurposeistosummarizetheresearch(particularlytheobjectiveandthemainfinding/conclusion),NOTtointroducetheresearcharea.abstractHasamaximumwordlim40Tricks(1)Writetheabstractonlywhenthedocumentisfinished.Abstractswrittenbeforethenarejustpreviews.

Ifyouareforcedtowriteanabstractbeforethedocumentiscompleted,thinkaboutitspurposeandwriteatopicsentence.Keepinmindthatyou'llneedtorewritetheabstractwhenthedocumentisfinishedbecauseitwillnolongeraccuratelyreflectthecontentsofthedocument.Tricks(1)Writetheabstracton41Tricks(2)

Beforestartingtheabstract,listyourthoughtsonthedocument.Grouprelateditemstogether.Prioritizethelistandputthemostimportantgroupfirst.Thefirstfewgroupsformthecoreofthetopicsentence.Therestleadtosupportingsentences.

Ifyoucan'tcreateatopicsentence,writethesupportingsentencesfirst.Thetopicsentencemaythenbecomeobvious.Tricks(2)Beforestartingthe42Tricks(3)

Writeforanaudiencenotnecessarilyuptospeedinyoursubjectarea.Thisisimportantbecauseyouneverknowwhowillreadyourabstract.Chooseacronyms,abbreviations,andtechnicaltermscarefullyastheymayconfusemanyreaders.Tricks(3)Writeforanaudien43Tricks(4)

Definethescopeoftheprojectintheabstract.Rereadyourabstractafterseveraldayshavepassed.Removeallsuperfluousinformation.Alistofupto3–5keywords(ormoreasrequired)shouldfollowtheabstract.Tricks(4)Definethescopeof44Conclusion:PartsofanAbstractDespitethefactthatanabstractisquitebrief,itmustdoalmostasmuchworkasthemultipaperthatfollowsit.Inacomputerarchitecturepaper,thismeansthatitshouldinmostcasesincludethefollowingsections.Eachsectionistypicallyasinglesentence,althoughthereisroomforcreativity.Inparticular,thepartsmaybemergedorspreadamongasetofsentences.Usethefollowingasachecklistforyournextabstract:Conclusion:PartsofanAbstra451.MotivationWhydowecareabouttheproblemandtheresults?Iftheproblemisn'tobviously"interesting"itmightbebettertoputmotivationfirst;butifyourworkisincrementalprogressonaproblemthatiswidelyrecognizedasimportant,thenitisprobablybettertoputtheproblemstatementfirsttoindicatewhichpieceofthelargerproblemyouarebreakingofftoworkon.Thissectionshouldincludetheimportanceofyourwork,thedifficultyofthearea,andtheimpactitmighthaveifsuccessful.1.MotivationWhydowecareab462.ProblemstatementWhatproblemareyoutryingtosolve?Whatisthescopeofyourwork(ageneralizedapproach,orforaspecificsituation)?Becarefulnottousetoomuchjargon.Insomecasesitisappropriatetoputtheproblemstatementbeforethemotivation,butusuallythisonlyworksifmostreadersalreadyunderstandwhytheproblemisimportant.2.ProblemstatementWhatprobl473.ApproachHowdidyougoaboutsolvingormakingprogressontheproblem?Didyouusesimulation,analyticmodels,prototypeconstruction,oranalysisoffielddataforanactualproduct?Whatwastheextentofyourwork(didyoulookatoneapplicationprogramorahundredprogramsintwentydifferentprogramminglanguages?)Whatimportantvariablesdidyoucontrol,ignore,ormeasure?3.ApproachHowdidyougoabou484.ResultsWhat'stheanswer?Specifically,mostgoodcomputerarchitecturepapersconcludethatsomethingissomanypercentfaster,cheaper,smaller,orotherwisebetterthansomethingelse.Puttheresultthere,innumbers.Avoidvague,hand-wavingresultssuchas"very","small",or"significant."Ifyoumustbevague,youareonlygivenlicensetodosowhenyoucantalkaboutorders-of-magnitudeimprovement.Thereisatensionhereinthatyoushouldnotprovidenumbersthatcanbeeasilymisinterpreted,butontheotherhandyoudon'thaveroomforallthecaveats.4.ResultsWhat'stheanswer?S495.ConclusionsWhataretheimplicationsofyouranswer?Isitgoingtochangetheworld(unlikely),beasignificant"win",beanicehack,orsimplyserveasaroadsignindicatingthatthispathisawasteoftime(allofthepreviousresultsareuseful).Areyourresultsgeneral,potentiallygeneralizable,orspecifictoaparticularcase?5.ConclusionsWhataretheimp50WritingassignmentReadashortpaperabouthowtowriteanabstract.Thenwriteanabstractforthispaper.Writeinnomorethan100words.WritingassignmentReadashort51Unit5AbstractWhatisanabstract?TypesofabstractsWhywriteanabstract?Whatshouldtheabstractinclude?Howdoyouwriteanabstract?Whatisthestyleofanabstract?AnoutlineforwritinganabstractCommonproblemsinwritinganabstractDifferencebetweenanabstractandanintroductionTheTricks,ConclusionofthelectureUnit5AbstractWhatisana52Whatisanabstract?Anabstractisastand-alonestatementthatbrieflyconveystheessentialinformationofapaper,article,documentorbook;presentstheobjective,methods,results,andconclusionsofaresearchproject;hasabrief,non-repetitivestyle.An

abstract

isasummaryofabodyofinformation.Sometimes,abstractsareinfactcalledsummaries--sometimes,executivesummariesorexecutiveabstracts.Therearedifferentkindsofabstracts—yourtechnicalreportusestwotypes:thedescriptiveabstractandtheinformativeabstract.Whatisanabstract?Anabstrac53Typesofabstractsdescriptiveabstracts:rmativeabstracts:

givemuchinformationabouttheoriginal,summarizingtheprincipalargumentsandgivingtheprincipalargumentsandsummarizingtheprincipaldata.evaluativeabstracts:commentontheworthoftheoriginalareincluded.

DifferencebetweendescriptiveabstractsandinformativeabstractsThefirsttwotypesofabstractsaretypicallyused:Typesofabstractsdescriptive54descriptiveabstracts說明性摘要Adescriptiveabstract—asummaryofsomeoneelse’spaperorbook—isoftenrequiredbyprofessorstogiveyoupracticeinsummarizingandrespondingtosources.The

descriptiveabstract,

alsoknownasthe

limitedabstract

orthe

indicativeabstract,

providesadescriptionofwhatthepapercoverswithoutdelvingintoitssubstance.

Adescriptiveabstractissimilara

tableofcontents

inparagraphform.descriptiveabstracts說明性摘要Ade55DescriptiveAbstractstellreaderswhatinformationthereport,article,orpapercontains.includethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,article,orpaper.donot

provideresults,conclusions,orrecommendations.arealwaysveryshort,roducethesubjecttoreaders,whomustthenreadthereport,article,orpapertofindouttheauthor'sresults,conclusions,orrecommendations.DescriptiveAbstractstellread56DescriptiveabstractsThedescriptiveabstractprovidesadescriptionofthereport'smaintopicandpurposeaswellanoverviewofitscontents.Itisveryshort—usuallyabriefone-ortwo-sentenceparagraph.Youmayhavenoticedsomethingsimilartothistypeofabstractatthebeginningofjournalarticles.Inthistypeofabstract,youdon'tsummarizeanyofthefactsorconclusionsofthereport.Thedescriptiveabstractdoesnotsaysomethinglikethis:DescriptiveabstractsThedescr57DescriptiveAbstractsInthistypeofabstract,youdon'tsummarizeanyofthefactsorconclusionsofthereport.Thedescriptiveabstractdoesnotsaysomethinglikethis:Problem:

Basedonanexhaustivereviewofcurrentlyavailable

products,thisreportconcludesthatnoneoftheavailable

grammar-checkingsoftwareproductsprovidesanyuseful

functiontowriters.Thisisthestyleofsummarizingyoufindintheinformativeabstract.Instead,thedescriptiveabstractsayssomethinglikethis:Revision:

Thisreportprovidesconclusionsandrecommendationson

thegrammar-checkingsoftwarethatiscurrentlyavailable.Readsampledescriptiveabstract:DescriptiveAbstractsInthist58SampledescriptiveabstractDescriptiveabstractsarenotmuchpreferredforacademicwritingassignmentsastheyarerathervagueinnature.SampledescriptiveabstractDes59Informativeabstracts資料性摘要The

informativeabstract,

alsoknownasthe

completeabstract,

isacompendioussummaryofapaper'ssubstanceincludingitsbackground,purpose,methodology,results,andconclusion.

Usuallybetween100and200words,theinformativeabstractsummarizesthepaper'sstructure,itsmajortopicsandkeypoints.

Aformatforscientificshortreportsthatissimilartoaninformativeabstracthasbeenproposedinrecentyears.

Informativeabstractsmaybeviewedasstandalonedocuments.Informativeabstracts資料性摘要The

60InformativeAbstracts

communicatespecificinformationfromthereport,article,orpaper.includethepurpose,methods,andscopeofthereport,article,videthereport,article,orpaper'sresults,conclusions,andrecommendations.areshort--fromaparagraphtoapageortwo,dependinguponthelengthoftheoriginalworkbeingabstracted.Usuallyinformativeabstractsare10%orlessofthelengthoftheoriginalpiece.allowreaderstodecidewhethertheywanttoreadthereport,article,orpaper.

InformativeAbstractscommunic61InformativeabstractsAninformativeab