胡敏考研作文

胡徼考研作文（滬江必一儂空理，題記：雖然我有2004的作文hash,經(jīng)過比較，還是最欣賞胡敏老師的講解，終于靜下心來把這個(gè)flash錄制下來希望大家喜歡，?？佳械呐笥疡R到成功！雄雞一唱天下曉！旁白：2004年的作文flash開頭很有氣勢(shì)，胡老師就差強(qiáng)人意，但是兩人的比較就像粱羽生和金庸的小說，2004的逐漸平淡，而胡老師卻愈來愈強(qiáng)，呵呵，喜歡歷年作文得分情況：96年平均分6.75；97年平均分6.28；98年平均分6.34；99年平均分5.96；2000年平均分7.63；2001年平均分11.10；2002年平均分9.36；其他沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)，請(qǐng)熱心的朋友添加。摘自2003年考試分析文章的編排根據(jù)自己的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行了排列，但是根據(jù)胡老師的講法要循環(huán)復(fù)習(xí)，所以一些題目根據(jù)flash的進(jìn)度有重復(fù)，由此引起的不便請(qǐng)諒解。寫作課的學(xué)習(xí)方法：八字方針：背誦五背原則一一精彩詞匯（文章中的）：精彩句型；文章里精彩的句子；萬能的框架；經(jīng)典范文默寫（readingmakesafullmanwritingmakesanexactman）可以查出一些細(xì)小的錯(cuò)誤，而這是判卷老師最不可忍受的地方。互譯把精彩的文章翻成中文，過一段時(shí)間再?gòu)?fù)原成中文描紅即是模仿，仿效，通過這四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)最終產(chǎn)生高分作文我們的原則是：堅(jiān)持一種寫法，一寫到底，把復(fù)雜的問題簡(jiǎn)單化，一看到就不自覺的想這樣寫。寫作的三個(gè)階段：牢記、效仿、持之以恒一、考生寫作的困境及其對(duì)策1、滔滔不絕意識(shí)流中文的特點(diǎn)：情感分段;作者想到哪說的哪，觀點(diǎn)由讀者領(lǐng)會(huì),聽弦外之音，語言含蓄而隱晦英文的特點(diǎn)：邏輯分段;思維嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，觀點(diǎn)由作者交待,是什么就是什么，比較直接，直來直去要學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用英文的思維?！昂镒釉瓌t”（只要香蕉）：themonkeyprinciple-提綱原則，提綱要你干么你就要干么，只寫最需要的，注重命題的提綱還要量化：200個(gè)字，即12（最好狀態(tài)）-15（基礎(chǔ)不太好的人）句話。對(duì)策：緊扣大綱（outline）,不過多闡發(fā)2、無話可說真難受91-96年的情況：（標(biāo)題+提綱），社會(huì)性的問題， 聯(lián)系生活實(shí)際情況,從身邊的方方面面中找到話題。有話說時(shí)，還的按照一定的慣式來寫！97年是圖畫圖表文章：對(duì)策：例證法；平時(shí)拓展思維訓(xùn)練；關(guān)注社會(huì)焦點(diǎn)，尋找相對(duì)立面，開拓自己的思路：3、真情流露沒必要只需要“相關(guān)”,只要大方向相同就可以了，不要想的太遠(yuǎn)考作文不是考的人的思想，而是制造一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)使你展示自己的書面表達(dá)英語的能力，應(yīng)該把內(nèi)容方面的構(gòu)思時(shí)間降低到最低限度，而花時(shí)間在推敲每一個(gè)句子，每一個(gè)表達(dá)上。降低每一個(gè)小的細(xì)節(jié)錯(cuò)誤，英語表達(dá)清新的感覺對(duì)策：語言第一，結(jié)構(gòu)第二，內(nèi)容第三位4、英語表達(dá)憋得慌對(duì)路的話，就是拿分的項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)楹驮瓉淼?5分效果相同。達(dá)到12分：安全第一:句子結(jié)構(gòu)，語法一一盡量使用有把握的簡(jiǎn)單原則:詞匯，再點(diǎn)綴一些包裝性的句子結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到17分以上：（是有得20分的可能性的），要求詞匯多變：多使用同義詞、近義詞，別重復(fù)用詞（要有意識(shí)去做）；句子結(jié)構(gòu)多變：一定要有復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣容易得高分對(duì)策：積累寫作語言，做好表達(dá)得分太低的原因是樹干funk出了問題:謂語部分、核心部分有刺眼的錯(cuò)誤：1主謂一致2動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)3定冠詞和不定冠詞4名詞單發(fā)數(shù)5介詞、副詞的搭配；6拼寫錯(cuò)誤不高的原因是樹枝branches的問題:狀語從句、定語從句、賓語從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞等綠葉：各種修飾對(duì)每一個(gè)句子，從寫作的角度，從這三個(gè)層次trunk,branch,greenery上用心體會(huì)每一個(gè)句子高分的特點(diǎn)：有樹干，樹干沒有被蟲咬過，即便是被蟲咬，也只是個(gè)別地方有刺眼的錯(cuò)誤，然后還有樹枝，樹枝還比較多，還有綠葉的襯托（比如動(dòng)詞和副詞的修飾，詞語搭配，形容詞性的修飾詞effectivemeasures等等）,這樣就比較精彩了。所以我們要對(duì)每一個(gè)精彩的句子都要從這三個(gè)方面考慮分析。這是突破的關(guān)鍵。5、處于被動(dòng)危害大：寫作應(yīng)是主動(dòng)的，避免不利于自己的詞語和句子，別去說自己說不清楚的東西，不去寫自己沒有把握的東西，不要把自己搞得很被動(dòng)。單詞拼寫不會(huì)，為什么不換一種形式得到另一種表達(dá)方法希望大家從錯(cuò)誤中提高自己。在35分鐘內(nèi)寫完2001年作文題（五大經(jīng)典題型中的一種）二、透視91年到2001年真題，提煉重點(diǎn)題型，歸納總結(jié)經(jīng)典段落圖畫作文（漫畫作文）1、歷屆真題從91年開始一一第一次考研作文命題，基本上和托福作文命題差不多“Wheretolive,inthecityorthecountry?"title開頭有一句話：Somepeoplethinkthatpeoplelivinginthecountryenjoymoreadvantagesthanthosewholiveinthecity.outline（提綱）conveniencesofthecityattractionsofthecountrydisadvantagesofbothmypreferencePrivateCarNowadays,anyChinesecanenjoytheluxuryofowningaprivatecarifhecanaffordit.Outline：advantagesofowningaprivatecardisadvantagesofowningaprivatecarShoulditbenecessarytoenlargetheprivatecarmarket?Whyorwhynot?如果認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該發(fā)展小汽車，最后一段就寫不應(yīng)該發(fā)展小汽車的幾個(gè)理由。如果最后一段表示支持，調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)：第1段寫小汽車的壞處1,2,3第2段寫小汽車的好處1,2,3第3段寫為什么要發(fā)展小汽車連成一片，這樣可以協(xié)調(diào)一致92年——標(biāo)題（必需要寫，對(duì)93,95,99,2000,2001的命題產(chǎn)生了影響）標(biāo)題：ForabetterunderstandingbetweenparentandchildPresentsituation:lackofcommunicationbetweenparentandchildPossiblereasons:differentlikesanddislikesmisunderstandingotherssuggestions:a.forparentsb.forchildren第二段不管是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，都應(yīng)該寫幾個(gè)理由第三段不管是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，至少要寫到兩點(diǎn)詳細(xì)記錄92年提綱一一經(jīng)典題型之一（必須寫的文章）93年 AdvertisementonTV1.Presentstate；2.Reasons：3.Mycomments

94年 Onmakingfriends.theneedforfriendship（為什么要交朋友？友誼的必要性，理由）.truefriendship（解釋性段落卜大經(jīng)典段落之一）參看97年1月四（熟能生巧）、六級(jí)考試（欲速則不達(dá)）寫掉這三個(gè)段落《大學(xué)英語考試高分作文》這種題型歷史上只考過一次（學(xué)會(huì)怎樣寫解釋性的段落）.myprincipleinmakingfriends（聯(lián)系92年的第三部分mycomments）95年 Theprojecthope（希望工程）1.presentsituation2.necessityoftheproject3.mysuggestion96年（命題的巨大失敗，因?yàn)樗徊碌搅耍?GoodhealthImportanceofgoodhealth；2.waystokeepfit3.myownpractice97（命題結(jié)構(gòu)的分水嶺，想到了雅思，但該年依然不成功）T5Vcne4Z：■K#T5Vcne4Z：■K#。2￡<>i1-T&- 414世KH斗gE/nterpretthepictures（實(shí)際上同講現(xiàn)狀，只不過是圖表上的）2.predictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyourreasons（容易寫成畸形文章，所以說不成功）可以改為：第一，現(xiàn)在的狀況第二項(xiàng)，為什么這樣，第三預(yù)算未來（當(dāng)年有不少0分作文，因?yàn)閷懥伺c圖表無關(guān)的內(nèi)容）98年圖畫作文（仍不是太成功，甚至是失敗的）一只母雞拿著一張紙，上面寫著“如此承諾”一一本母雞承諾下的雞蛋有蛋清、蛋黃、蛋殼……，旁邊有一首打油詩：各行各業(yè)興承諾，歡迎監(jiān)督不推脫，原本皆為份內(nèi)事，何須高唱文明歌評(píng)論：出現(xiàn)了漫畫作文，不小的進(jìn)步，但提綱不太成熟，容易誤導(dǎo)人寫出不像文章的文章）writeoutthemessageconveyedbythecartoon：（message”信息、內(nèi)容”）giveyourcomments.99年（步入正規(guī)，必寫題目）Directions:studyingthefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150wordsyouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:（猴子原則）.effectofthecountry'sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife（現(xiàn)狀）.possiblereasonfortheeffect（理由）.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection（建議措施）essay:論文 要有開頭introduction,主體body,結(jié)論conclusion91到96年歷史留給我們的是1＞幾個(gè)經(jīng)典段落2、提綱outline（也就是思路）圖畫作文比較公正客觀99年是經(jīng)典題型之二2000年是經(jīng)典題型之三（也是必寫題目）.Describethepiclure（描述圖片，解釋圖表 十大經(jīng)典段落之一）.Deduce（推斷，推論）thepurposeofthedrawerofthepictures（畫家的意圖 十大經(jīng)典段落之一）3.Suggestyourcountermeasures98年命題不成功一一沒有想到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中人是怎么欣賞漫畫的看漫畫的三步曲1、看畫2、畫家想干嘛（themeaningbehindit）3、看了畫以后會(huì)要采取什么行動(dòng) （正好和提綱相對(duì)應(yīng)）Abriefhistoryofworldcommercialfishing注意：漫畫不需要?jiǎng)雍芏嗄X筋，看漫畫時(shí)不需要想太多（練習(xí)寫小鳥哭樹的文章）參考樣文:必須包含一下幾點(diǎn)：第一，對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行描述：必須包括：clearcutthewoods,thehugeaxe,thelargeteardropofthebird第二，點(diǎn)出圖畫的寓意第三，發(fā)表議論，提出你的方法和建議Basically,whatweseeinthispictureisabirdlamenting（超綱，悲傷、哀悼）thefactthatitshomehasbeendestroyed.Ofcourse,birdsusuallymaketheirhomesintrees,andsincetherearenotreesleftinthepicture-onlythestumps（超綱,樹樁）,toshowthattheoriginaltreeshavebeenchoppeddown-thebirdisleftwithoutshelter.Infact,thebirdhasnochoicebuttoperch（超綱，棲息、就位于）onthehandleofanaxe,whichhasbeenusedtodestroyitsoriginalhome.Wecandeducefromthispicturethatthedraweristryingtoattractourattentiontothetragedy（悲劇、慘事、災(zāi)難）ofthedestructionofforests,whichispartofthethreattotheecologicalbalanceoftheplanet.Heseemstobesayingthatsoontherewillbenotreesleftintheworld.Inmyopinion,thesadlittlebirdisasymbolofalllivingthings,includinghumanbeings,and,likethebird,weloo（注意too的用法）willbelefthomelessifweallowthedestructionoftheenvironmenttocontinue.Thissimplepictureisawake-upcallforthewholeofthehumanrace.Ifthisvividimageofthegrim（超綱，嚴(yán)酷的）futureofourplanetisnottobecomeareality,wemusttakepositivestepsrightnowtoputanendtheplundering（超綱,掠奪，搶奪）oftheEarth'snaturalresources.Itisclearthatthedrawerofthepictureisurgingustostartwithacampaigntosavetheforests,whichissomethingallofuscanjoinbyurgingourlocalauthoritiestotakepositivemeasurestosavethetrees.竟然有五個(gè)超綱詞，呵呵，胡老師手到擒來，可是卻苦了我！2000年滿分例文thecaption=thewordsread漫畫中的說明文字具體的東西抽象化，抽象的東西具體化。Asisshowninthepictures,wecanseeclearlythatwiththeincrease?ofcommercialfishing,thenumberoffishessharply/dramaticaH/decreased.Inonepicture,therewerevariouskindsoffishandonlyonefishing-boatin19（X）.Onthecontrary,in1995therewasonlyonefish,with3（but的重心在后面，with表示伴隨的狀況重心在前面）manyfishing-boats.（分析：第一句主題句，二三句分析圖片）僅僅分析描述picture,不要議論Thepi”、ofthispictureistoshowusthatdue（足夠的充分的）4attentionhastobepaidtothedecreased.Owingtooverfishingthenumberoffishhasobviouslydecreased.Ifweletthissituationcontinue/go'asitis（描述性語句describeasitis）,wewon'tknowwherefishisinthefuture.Bythattime,ourenvironmentwillsufferagreatdestruction.（分析：第一句主題句，后面沒必要說很多Therefore,itisimperative（迫切的）6forustotakeeffective（drastic,嚴(yán)厲的激烈的）*measures.Foronething,weshouldappealto（呼吁）ourauthoritiestomakestrictlawstocontrolcommercialfishing.Foranother,weshouldenhance（提高增力口）,theawarenessofpeoplethattheoceanresourcesareveryvitaltous.8Onlyinthiswaycanweprotectouroceanresources.AlsoIbelievethatwehumans（human,humans=humanbeings）canovercomethisdifficulty,andwewillhaveabrightfuture.（分析：第一句仍是主題句。每一段都嚴(yán)格按照提綱來寫，每一段的第一句話又都是每一段的主題句，這樣一來，給人一種很直接的感覺，符合“猴子原則”而且全文用詞準(zhǔn)確地道，給人深刻印象。?Development是一個(gè)褒義詞，這里需要一個(gè)貶義詞至少是中性詞，因此填寫increase不能填寫increasing因?yàn)閕ncrease本身可以作為名詞，所以如果填寫increasing是錯(cuò)誤的；edramatically這里就是greenery綠葉，點(diǎn)綴、陪襯句子，也可以用sharply；3with這里是一個(gè)重心的問題，如果填寫but強(qiáng)調(diào)but引導(dǎo)的詞或詞組，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)有很多漁船，與文章的中心不符合；"due這里如果添上great、much、more也可以，但是屬于同一種層次，不能體現(xiàn)自己詞匯的深度和廣度（大家都會(huì)的）而利用due則給人耳目一新的感覺；要注意動(dòng)詞副詞形容詞之間的搭配；5goasitis一下子提高了一個(gè)檔次，這樣的語言點(diǎn)要學(xué)會(huì)；imperative：important>essential>necessary這類詞是一個(gè)檔次，體現(xiàn)不出自己的深度；imperative迫切的，這個(gè)詞很好；★effective也可以，some是最低檔次，只適合“安全”，用drastic就顯得技高一籌但是，aseriesof一系列，但寫作文時(shí)千萬不要說takeaseriesofmeasures,這是要受到批判的。因?yàn)閙easures本身就表示多，所以我們要說采取什么性質(zhì)的措施，而不是多少措施，takeaseriesofmeasures是中文式英語，只能表明你的無知和不地道。Enhance這個(gè)詞很好；如果用arouse用的比較不是特別貼切，仿佛別人沒有覺悟需要你去提醒；8增加一個(gè)倒裝句，顯示自己有好的語法功底1、本文185個(gè)詞（寫到180個(gè)詞就不會(huì)扣分）2、12個(gè)句子（說兩分鐘左右的時(shí)間，沒有什么復(fù)雜） 第1段3句話，53個(gè)單詞；第2段4句話，60個(gè)單詞；第3段5句話，72個(gè)單詞提綱第一點(diǎn)里面要你干什么你就干什么答案：Asisshowninthepictures,wecanseeclearlythat（語法沒問題，意義上有重疊，可改為Asisseen（shown）inthepictures,+clause或改為Fromthepictures,wecanseeclearlythat+clause）withtheincreaseofcommercialfishing,thenumberoffishessharply/dramaticallydecreased.Inonepicture,therewerevariouskindsoffishandonlyonefishing-boatin1900.0nthecontrary,in1995therewasonlyonefish,withmanyfishing-boats.Thepurposeofthispictureistoshowusthatdueattentionhastobepaidtothedecreaseofoceanresources.Owingtoover-fishingthenumberoffishhasobviouslydecreased,（decreased重復(fù)了三次，完全可以避免，第二個(gè)改為decline,第三個(gè)可用dropped,同樣的詞要盡量避免）Ifweletthissituationcontinue/goasitis,wewon'tknowwherefishisinthefuture.（時(shí)態(tài)上的混亂，應(yīng)該為,wedonotknowwherefishwillbeinthefuture）這樣文章已經(jīng)完全正確了，背下來！如何使作文的時(shí)態(tài)簡(jiǎn)單化，以最大程度地避免錯(cuò)誤？參加國(guó)際上的任何一場(chǎng)考試，只要是寫英語作文，主體上應(yīng)該是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)；只有當(dāng)你提到具體的、過去的、某一事件段發(fā)生的具體的某一件事情作為例證時(shí)，可以一般過去時(shí)。中心時(shí)態(tài)是簡(jiǎn)單的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。拳擊手的故事，抓住結(jié)構(gòu)，活學(xué)活用，即使有小錯(cuò)也是無所謂的，畢竟瑕不掩玉，這個(gè)成語對(duì)么？A_ATherearetwothingsneedourtothink,yun!改為：Twothingsareconcerned.Weneedtothinkabouttwothings.Twothingsareworthconsideration.（最好）受中文影響，沒有英語結(jié)構(gòu)，每一個(gè)句子都要問一下自己有沒有參照結(jié)構(gòu)。范文十Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinabout200wordsYouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:.Describethecartoonandthemessageconveyed.Drawaconclusionandgiveyourcommentonthecartoon補(bǔ)充句型：itseemstomethat Itseemstomethatthecartoonistissendingamessageabouttheimportance.Thepurposeofthepictureistoshowusthatdueattentionhastobepaidto theimportanceofthetreesinwaterandsoilconversation,andtheneedforeveryonetofightagainstthedangerofthedesertificationInfact,whatheissayingthatisifwedonotfightagainstthelandhills,theywoulddriveusawayfromtheland.選這個(gè)文章的目的：其一它代表一種方向，其二這篇的特點(diǎn)是問題有，又有解決問題的方案，構(gòu)成整體的漫畫Today,theearth'sdesertsarespreadingandgettinglargeranddesertificationisaseriousproblemfacingtheworld.Themajorreasonforthisisirresponsiblecuttingdownoftrees.Asisshowninthefirstcartoon,whenpeoplecutdowntreesdesertforcesonandbecomesirrepressible.其問題就在于第一段就在分析原因作文在判卷的時(shí)候注重兩個(gè)方面：語言、內(nèi)容寫完后檢查：1、句子的主語和謂語是否一致 2、時(shí)態(tài)3、名次的單復(fù)數(shù)4、定冠詞和不定冠詞5、搭配6、單詞的拼寫套用句型時(shí)要對(duì)句型部分句法結(jié)構(gòu)功能特別清晰如：Asisshowninthepictures,wecanseeclearlythat后面是要加從句的，而不是單獨(dú)的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，或者，你可以說Asisshowninthepictures,wecanseeclearlytherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthedesert.要想用句型來包裝自己，首先要對(duì)該句型有完全的把握。例文：Asisshowninthepictures,wecanseeclearlytherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthedeserts.（這是我發(fā)現(xiàn)的胡老師的第二個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，呵呵自己在2000年的例文中進(jìn)行了批判，結(jié)果還是用進(jìn)來了，A_A）Inthefirstpicture,peoplearefleeingfromgreedysandhillsbecausetheyhavecutdownallthetrees.Thecaptionreads:Asthesandadvantages,weretreat.Inthesecondpicture,thepeoplehavereturnedcarryingtools,waterandyoungtreestoplantthelandagain.Thecaptionreads:Asweadvance,thesandretreats.描述圖片考試的目的是考你語法和詞匯的知識(shí)：詞匯兩個(gè)方面：1詞匯面的寬度 2詞匯的難度語法的兩個(gè)原則：1語法的精確性 2語法的復(fù)雜性thecaption=thewordsread漫畫中的說明文字具體的東西抽象化，抽象的東西具體化，總而言之你把意思說出來2001年（第四個(gè)經(jīng)典題型）特點(diǎn)：1場(chǎng)景2提綱3圖畫2004年仍然是考得這種類型Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herownunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspapertoshowyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow,giveaspecificexample,andgiveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.第1段包涵兩個(gè)經(jīng)典段落：描述圖畫、畫家意圖第2段具體例證第3段建議措施，具體做法2001年大綱樣題（第五個(gè)經(jīng)典題型）Widespreadtobaccoconsumptionhasledtograveconsequences,yetthetobaccocompaniesstillclaimthattheymakeavaluablecontributiontotheworldeconomy.Thereisadiscussioninanewspaperontheabovetwoviewpoints.Writeanessaytothenewspaper1Criticizing（評(píng)論）theirviewand2）justify（證明什么的合理性）yourstand.Inyouressay,makefulluseoftheinformationprovidedinthepicturesprintedbelow.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsonanswersheet2.Xr田今.JFFHT?E及2000-C^Z9*77WT（picture:theyear1997）特點(diǎn)：原來的經(jīng)典圖表題：提綱+圖表1、描述圖片2、幾個(gè)可能的理由3、建議措施經(jīng)典題型之五：現(xiàn)在的圖表題：場(chǎng)景+提綱+圖表十大經(jīng)典段落03-04重點(diǎn)1現(xiàn)狀 2解釋性段落 3描述性段落（圖表圖畫）開頭段落（1.2.3）4原因列舉（alistofreason） 主體段落（4）5舉例（2001年考研題，參看97年1月四六級(jí)考題）6意圖分析7利和弊（自己總結(jié)） 中間段落（5.6.7）8結(jié)尾（自己總結(jié)）9建議措施10預(yù)測(cè)未來（從沒有出現(xiàn)過）（8.9.10）學(xué)術(shù)性英語的功能段落考的是你的科研能力，胡敏（精彩）：你在讀研究生的時(shí)候，你是在搞研究，你必需會(huì)描述現(xiàn)狀，你必需會(huì)解釋概念，你必需會(huì)把圖表轉(zhuǎn)化為文字，你必需會(huì)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)狀分析它的原因何在，你還要會(huì)看一個(gè)問題比較客觀的看，公正的看它的利與弊，你還要拿具體的事實(shí)和例證來說明問題，最后這樣還不行，你作為搞研究來說，你不只是描述現(xiàn)狀，不只是解釋定義，不只是可觀分析原因，分析利與弊，說它到底是什么樣的真正的背后的意圖，你還要怎么樣，你還要拿出解決問題的方案，你的建議措施，你還要怎么樣，搞科研你還必需會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)未來。從這種角度來說這些功能是作為讀研究生必需會(huì)的能力，不是survival而是academic,這是考研究生，不是去移民。理解Academicfunctionalparagraphs.（AFP）學(xué)術(shù)性英語的功能段落把十大段落進(jìn)行排列組合，就能產(chǎn)生新的提綱。橫向的集中的看一項(xiàng)問題，干事情要找到一個(gè)focus?作業(yè)：.沙進(jìn)我退，我進(jìn)沙退的那篇寫掉2.3段，.看2000年還要什么可以改進(jìn)的地方.把下面兩篇文章看可以有什么修改的地方：(20頁有詳細(xì)分析)Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest.Itisoftheutmostimportancetothehumanbeings,Everybodynotonlyneedslove,butalsoshouldgivelove.Asisdescribedinthepicture,"loveisalampwhichisbrighterindarkerplaces.MThisisindeedtrue.Peopleindarkerplacesneedmorelightthanordinarypeople.Maybeevenadimlightcangivethemmuchhopeforabetterlifeandprogress.Maybejustathreadoflightwillcallforththeirstrengthandcouragetostepoutoftheirdifficulties.Forinstancewhensomeoneisstarvingtodeath,justalittlefoodandwaterfromyoumaysavehislife.OrwhenalittlegirlinapoorruralareadropsoutofschoolbecauseofpovertyJustasmallsurnofmoneyfromyoumaysupporthertofinishherschoolingandchangeherlife,youhavegivenlovewhichislikealampinadarkplacewherelightismostneeded.Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetootherssowhenyouseesomeoneindifficultyorindistressandinneedofhelp,don'thesitatetogiveyourlovetohim.Ibelievethentheralationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.(20分)Itisgenerallybelievedthatloveisahottopicwhichismosttalkedabout.ThisistruenotonlyinChinabutalsoinothercountries.Weliveindifferentcountries,speakdifferentlanguages,butloveissomethingcommontousall.Buthowtoshowlovemaybedifferentwithdifferentpeopleindifferentcountries.Thisissomethingweshouldgivemorethoughtto.Asshowninthepicture,loveislikealampwhichshinesbrightestindarkplaces.Thistellsusasimpletruth:Loveislikaalamp.Itismostvaluablewhenitismostneeded.Forexample,onceIsawaforeignladygetlostinthestreet.ShecouldnotspeakChineseandnobodyseemedtobeabletohelpher.ThoughmyEnglishisnotverygoodandIamashyperson,Ithougthsheneededhelpverymuch.Iaskedherwhatshewanted.Shetoldmeshelostherway,soIshowedherthewaytoherhotel.Itwasasmallthingbutshethankedmeverymuchbecausemyhelpwasneededverymuch.Myhelpwaslikealampinadarkplace.Ithinkweallshouldbelikealampinadarkplace,showingourlove,givingourhelptoothers,eventostrangers.Inthiswaywecanmakethisworldaharmoniousandpeacefulworld.（18分）4.盡量看懂下面的文章：Whenweusetheword"love"wedonotsimplymeananattractiontoapersonoftheoppositesex,whichisaverynarrowdefinitionoftheword.Thepicturebelowillustratestherealmeaningoflove,bystressingthefactthatloveisemotionalstrength,whichcansupportusnomatterhowdarktheworldaroundusbecomes.Infact,throughouthistorypeopleofmanydifferentcultureshaveregardedloveasthenoblestofhumanemotions.Asanexampleofthepoweroflove,weshouldrememberhowtheChinesepeopleofallnationalitiesrespondtothecalltohelpthevictimsofnaturaldisasterseveryyear.Althoughtheirincomesarestilllowbyinternationalstandards,peoplealloverthecountrydonothesitatetodonatewhatevertheycan-beitmoneyorgoods-tohelptheirneedyfellowcitizens.Moreover,theydothiswithnothoughtofgainforthemselves.Inmyopinion,thebestwaytoshowloveistohelppeoplewhoaremoreunfortunatethanweare.Weshouldalwaysbereadytogiveahelpinghandtothosewhoareintrouble,nomatterwhethertheyarefarmilymembersorcompletestrangers.Inthisway,wecanhelptomaketheworldabetterplace,fbr,asthepictureshows,thedarkertheshadowsofsorrowbecome,themorebrightlythelampofloveshines.◎◎圖畫作文◎◎自己認(rèn)為是重點(diǎn)以下四篇背誦文章解決該類題型：第一：對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行描述：第二：透過畫面點(diǎn)出圖畫的寓意；第三：發(fā)表議論、提出問題方法和建議。我們要掌握背誦20篇文章，這是第一篇：AbriefHistoryof

WorldCommercialFishingAbriefHistoryof

WorldCommercialFishing2000年考題Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteandessayto1)describethepictures,deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictures,andsuggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Fromthepictureswecanseeclearlythatwiththeincreaseofcommercialfishing,thenumberoffishesdramaticallydecreased.Inonepicture,therewerevariouskindsoffishandonlyonefishing-boatin1900.Onthecontrary,in1995therewasonlyonefish,withmanyfishing-boats.Thepurposeofthispictureistoshowusthatdueattentionhastobepaidtothedeclineofoceanresources.Owingtooverfishing,thenumberoffishhasobviouslydropped.Ifweletthissituationgoasitis,wedonotknowwherefishwillbeinthefuture.Bythattime,ourenvironmentwillsufferagreatdestruction.Therefore,itisimperativeforustotakedrasticmeasures.Foronething,weshouldappealtoourauthoritiestomakestrictlawstocontrolcommercialfishing.Foranother,weshouldenhancetheawarenessofpeoplethattheoceanresourcesareveryvitaltous.Onlyinthiswaycanweprotectouroceanresources.AlsoIbelievethatwehumanscanovercomethisdifficulty,andwewillhaveabrightfuture.現(xiàn)在最大的問題不是沒有單詞，而是沒有句子結(jié)構(gòu)。所以我們寫的每一個(gè)句子都要從20篇文章中找到參照結(jié)構(gòu)。2.關(guān)于沙進(jìn)我退作文沙泣我JS圖畫作文； 范文1沙泣我JS第一：對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行描述：第二：透過畫面點(diǎn)出圖畫的寓意；第三：發(fā)表議論、提出問題方法和建議.補(bǔ)充句型;itseemstomethat...也聶陟衣Itseemstomethatthecartoonistissendingamessegeabouttheimportance.也聶陟衣Thepurposeofthispictureistoshowusthatdueattentionhastobepaidto...Itseemstomethatthecartoonistissendingamessegeabouttheimportanceoftreesinwaterandsoilconservation,andtheneedforeveryonetofightagainstthedangerofdesertification句型：Itseemstomethatthecartoonistissendingamessageabouttheimportanceoftreesinwaterandsoilconservation,andtheneedforeveryonetofightagainstthedangerofdesertification.Infact,whatheissayingisthatthesandhillswilldriveusawayfromthelandifwedonotagainstthem.Ifweletthissituationgoasitis,ourenvironmentwillsufferagreatdestruction.（第二段兩個(gè)句型，第三個(gè)是背的句子）注：漫畫作文:一般問題的解決方案不通過圖畫體現(xiàn)。但如果圖畫中給出了解決方案，則需要在寫作中體現(xiàn)出來。比如本文：第三段：（主題句）Thebestwaytofightbackagainstthegreedydesertismadeclearinthesecondpicture.Therethelocalpeopleareactivelysettingaboutthetaskofplantingtreestoreclaim（改造）thelandandmakeitfertile.Thefactthattherearethreepeopleinthepicture,eachwithadifteienijob.（邏輯獨(dú)MK謂4\構(gòu),介.suggeststhatworkingtogether（齊心協(xié)力）isthekeytosuccessinthebattleagainstsoilerosion.句型：同位語從句：Thefactthat+clausesuggeststhat...范文十：（第二篇背誦范文）Fromthepictures,wecanseeclearlytherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthedeserts.Inthefirstpicture,peoplearefleeingfromgreedysandhillsbecausetheyhavecutdownallthetrees.Thecaptionreads:asthesandadvantages,weretreat.Inthesecondpicture,thepeoplehavereturnedcarryingtools,waterandyoungtreestoplantthelandagain.Thecaptionreads:asweadvance,thesandretreats.Itseemstomethatthecartoonistissendingamessageabouttheimportanceoftreesinwaterandsoilconservation,andtheneedforeveryonetofightagainstthedangerofdesertification.Infactwhatheissayingisthatthesandhillswilldriveusawayfromthelandifwedonotagainstthem.Ifweletthissituationgoasitis,ourenvironmentwillsufferagreatdestruction.Thebestwaytofightbackagainstthegreedydesertismadeclearinthesecondpicture.Therethelocalpeopleareactivelysettingaboutthetaskofplantingtreestoreclaimthelandandmakeitfertile.Thefactthattherearethreepeopleinthepicture,eachwithadifferentjob,suggeststhatworkingtogetheristhekeytosuccessinthebattleagainstsoilerosion.范文八（第三篇背誦）范文八Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteandessayinabout200words.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET11.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:DescribethecartoonandthemessageconveyedDrawaconclusionandgiveyourcommentonthecartoon▲漫形殺手Pollutionisbecomingmoreandmoreseriousallovertheworld.Asisshowninthecartoon,twocarsaregivingoffwastegasandthreepeoplearetryingtoavoidbreathinginthepoisonousgasbymaskingtheirfacewiththeirhands.Thepoisonousgassentoffbyfactories,domesticappliancesandautomobileshasmadetheairunhealthyforpeopletobreathe.（對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行描述）Thereisnodenyingthatautomobilesareindicationsofcivilization,progressanddevelopment;nevertheless,automobilescausetheseriousproblemofairpollution.Scientistshavewarnedthatunlesseffectivemeasuresaretaken,theproblemofpollutionwilleveniuallygeloulofhand.Actually,peopleareshowingarealconcernovertheproblem.（事實(shí)上人們?cè)谡嬲龘?dān)憂這個(gè)問題）Forexample,thereisanincreasinglyloudvoicefromthepublic（公眾）forfirmactionagainstpollutionfromautomobileso（解釋寓意）Indeed,theearthisourhomeandwehavethedutytotakecareofitforourselvesandforourdescendants.Inmyopinion,weshouldworkoutconcretesolutionstotheproblemofpollutionfrompoisonousgasgivenoffbyautomobiles.Forexample,theautomobilesshouldbeequippedwithadevicewhichcandisposeofwastegassoastopreventitfrompollutingair.Onlyinthiswaycanwereallysolvetheproblemofairpollutioncausedbyautomobiles.（建議措施）范文九（第四篇背誦）范文九Directions:Writeanessaythatconveystheinformationinthefollowingchart/graph/picture/drawing/cartoonaccompaniedbyourcomments.Timelimit:40minutesWordlimit:nolessthan150wordsYouressayshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.Thispictureshowstwopeoplereadingtheannouncementonabillboard,andbeingshockedatthemessage.Thisisbecausethebillboardisadvertisinga"SaleofDeadBodies.'*Thecartoonisacriticismofthecarelessuseofsimplifiedcharacters.Obviously,theadvertiserwantstoinformpeopleofthesaleofsomethingelse-notdeadbodies!Butwedon*tknowwhatitis,becausethethreecharacterswhichmakeupthemessageareusedincorrectly.Nowadaystoomanypeoplenotonlydonottakeenoughcaretowriteproperly,theyeveninventtheirownsimplifiedwaysofwriting.Simplifyingtheold,complicatedcharactershasbeenagreatbenefit,enablingpeopletolearntoreadandwritequickly.Butweshouldsticktothestandardsimplifiedcharacters,makesurethatweusethemproperly,anddefinitelynotmakeupourownsimplifiedcharacters.Otherwise,whatwasintendedtomakecommunicationeasiercouldresultinmakingitmoredifficult.2001年真題作文圖畫+提綱+場(chǎng)景Directions:Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herownunderstandingofit.（不是重心，不能展開）Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto（注意文體，是寫議論文不是寫信）showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaning（象征意義）ofthepicturebelow,（描述，寓意，包涵兩個(gè)經(jīng)典段落）giveaspecificexample,and（舉例參前，可以給多個(gè)例證）giveyoursuggestionasto（hebestwaytoshowlove.Youshouldwriteabout（建議措施，可以一個(gè)也可以更多）200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.（20points）

樣卷的評(píng)分和評(píng)語Sample1,Sample2給分：（17—20分）評(píng)語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部?jī)?nèi)容；文章通順，語言流暢，句式變化多樣；用詞面較寬；雖有個(gè)別不妥之處，但該生基本功較好；表達(dá)能力較強(qiáng)；長(zhǎng)度符合要求。Sample3,Sample4給分：（13—16分）評(píng)語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部?jī)?nèi)容；表達(dá)基本清楚，文字連貫；句式變化較多；結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞有少量一般性錯(cuò)誤；長(zhǎng)度符合要求。Sample5,Sample6給分：（9—12分）評(píng)語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的全部?jī)?nèi)容；表達(dá)基本清楚；但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯(cuò)誤較多，有少數(shù)是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤；長(zhǎng)度符合要求。Sample7,Sample8給分：（5—8分）評(píng)語：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列要點(diǎn)；語句尚可理解，但結(jié)構(gòu)與用詞錯(cuò)誤多；有些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤；長(zhǎng)度基本符合要求。Sample9,Sample10給分：（1一4分）評(píng)語：與題意勉強(qiáng)有關(guān)，但條理不清，不成篇章；語句錯(cuò)誤多且嚴(yán)重；詞不達(dá)意。（注：文章長(zhǎng)度低于180詞扣1分，低于170分扣2分，依次類推。）這是2004年的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，通俗化，呵呵，認(rèn)為不錯(cuò)評(píng)分有五個(gè)檔次17?20分：思維豐富，語言非常漂亮，運(yùn)用了相當(dāng)多的好詞語等13?16分：語言比較通暢，有些閃光點(diǎn)，但也有一些小錯(cuò)誤等等9~12分：沒什么閃光點(diǎn)，語言簡(jiǎn)單乏味，字?jǐn)?shù)夠了；5~8分：語言錯(cuò)誤太明顯，且比較多；。?4分：跑題，不符合題目要求，語言太差。

（1）Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblesJ（原文句子砍）Itisoftheutmostimportancetothehumanbeings2,Everybodynotonlyneedslove,butalsoshouldgivelove3.32Asisdescribedinthepicture4,"loveisalampwhichisbrighterindarkerplaces."Thisisindeedtrue.Peopleindarkerplacesneedmorelightthanordinarypeople,.Maybeevenadimlightcangivethemmuchhopeforabetterlifeandprogress6.Maybejustathreadoflightwillcallforththeirstrengthandcouragetostepoutoftheirdifficulties.65Forinstancewhensomeoneisstarvingtodeath,justalittlefoodandwaterfromyoumaysavehis8life.Or9whenalittlegirlinapoorruralareadropsoutofschoolbecauseofpoverty,justasmallsurnofmoneyfromyoumaysupporthertofinishherschoolingandchangeherlife,youhavegivenlovewhichislikealampinadarkplacewherelightismostneeded.74Sotosumweshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetootherssowhenyouseesomeoneindifficultyorindistressandinneedofhelp,don'thesitatetogiveyourlovetohim.Ibelievethentheralationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.74（20分）小毛病中的大問題分析：?第一句話是敗筆，機(jī)械的抄襲命題的語言，是剽竊行為，砍掉。2humans作名詞，humanbeings很少使用。3Give引導(dǎo)雙賓語。4Asisdescribedinthepicture改為：Ascanbeseenfromthepicture5ordinarypeople是普通老百姓，這里不合適，發(fā)生邏輯錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)改6多余7段落開頭不宜使用舉例，缺乏主題句。并且應(yīng)該用逗號(hào)分開8第一次一定要細(xì)致9換為again見最后一段修改后（235詞15句）第五篇背誦文章Loveisofutmostimportancetoushumans.Everybodynotonlyneedslove,butalsoshouldgiveotherslove.Ascanbeseenfromthepicture,"loveisalampwhichisbrighterindarkerplaces.MThisisindeedtrue.Peopleindarkerplacesneedmorelightthanotherpeople.Mayb