16、四十三、澤瀉目(單子葉)幻燈片

單子葉植物綱（百合綱）

Monocotyledoneae

（Liliopsida）單子葉植物綱分亞綱檢索表1.草本，多沼生，單心皮/離生心皮，維管束退化，導(dǎo)管僅在根分布，無(wú)胚乳澤瀉亞綱1.習(xí)性多樣，合生心皮，維管束發(fā)達(dá)，導(dǎo)管分布所有器官，具胚乳2.無(wú)典型平行葉脈，肉穗花序檳榔亞綱2.平行葉脈，非肉穗花序3.風(fēng)媒花，花無(wú)蜜腺鴨跖草亞綱3.多蟲(chóng)媒花，花具蜜腺4.萼片與花瓣異型姜亞綱4.萼片花瓣?duì)畎俸蟻喚V澤瀉亞綱(Alismatidae)花藺科(Butomaceae)澤瀉目(Alismatales)澤瀉科(Alismataceae)：多數(shù)心皮離生、螺旋排列于凸起的花托上似木蘭科），瘦果。(carpelspolycarpellary,free,spirallyarrangedonprotrudingreceptacle(likeMagnoliaceae),achene)

慈姑(Sagittariasagittifolia)：水生草本、挺水葉箭形、長(zhǎng)柄，沉水葉窄帶形、匍枝端膨大為球莖，可食。藥用清熱解毒。

(hydrophytes,emergentleavesarrow-like,withlongstalk,submergedleavesnarrowband-like,cormsformedfromexpandedendsofcrawlingbranches,edible)

澤瀉(Alismaorientale)：球莖藥用，清熱、利尿。澤瀉目的系統(tǒng)地位(evolutionarypositionofAlismatales)單子葉植物綱最古老的類(lèi)群，可能源于古老的睡蓮目。是單子葉植物進(jìn)化的近基部旁枝。(themostancientgroupinmonocotyledoneae,possiblyoriginatedfromancientNymphaeaceae,thenearlybasalcollateralbranchofmonocotyledonevolution)水鱉目：水鱉科(hydrocharitaceae)：浮水/沉水植物(floatingorsubmerged

(Hydrocharitales)hydrophytes)黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)水鱉(Hydrocharisdubia)檳榔亞綱(Arecidae)檳榔目Arecales天南星目Arales四十五、檳榔目Arecales檳榔短穗魚(yú)尾葵酒瓶椰★檳榔科Arecaceae

(棕櫚科Palmae)1.喬/灌木，單干、多不分枝2.葉聚生樹(shù)干頂部（棕櫚型樹(shù)冠），大型互生、掌狀分裂/羽狀復(fù)葉3.肉穗花序，花部3基數(shù)、整齊花、單性/兩性花，花被雄蕊均2輪、子房上位多3室4.核果/漿果，富含胚乳5.廣布熱帶、亞熱帶1,treesorshrubs,singlestem,usuallywithoutbranches2,leavesaggregatedatthetopofstems(),largeandalternate,palmatelypartedorpinnatecompound3,spadix,floralpartstrimerous,actinomorphic,unisexualorbisexual,bothperianthandstamenstwowhorled,ovarysuperior,often3chambers4,drupeorberry,richinendersperm5,widelydistributedintropicalandsubtropicalzones園藝學(xué)上根據(jù)葉型的分法1.棕（葵）2.櫚（椰子）掌狀葉（扇形）羽狀葉palmateleavespinnatecompoundleaves蒲葵Livistonachinensis椰子Cocosnucifera棕竹Rhapisexcelsa水椰Nypafruticans刺軸櫚Licuala

spinosa三角椰子四十六、天南星目Arales

天南星科Araceae芋Colocasiaesculenta馬蹄蓮Zantedeschiaaethiopica龜背竹Epipremnumpinnatum鴨跖草亞綱

（Commelinidae）四十七、鴨跖草目Commelinales

鴨跖草科Commelinaceae鴨跖草Commelinacommunis紫竹梅Setcreaseapurpurea蚌蘭Rhoeodiscolor四十八、莎草目(Cyperales)★莎草科Cyperaceae

★禾本科Gramineae,Poacea共同點(diǎn)：具葉鞘，穗狀花序，苞片穎狀，花被退化（特化）或無(wú)，子房上位、2-3心皮合生、1室。Commonfeatures:Withleafsheath,spikeinflorescence,glumosebracts,perianthdegenerated(specialized)orwithout,ovarysuperior,2-3carpelsfused,1chamber莎草科與禾本科的區(qū)別

ThedifferencesbetweenCyperaceae

and

Gramineae

莎草科Cyperaceae禾本科Gramineae稈三棱形culmstrigonus圓柱形culmscylingdic稈實(shí)心culmssolid空心culms

hollow

稈無(wú)節(jié)withoutnodes有節(jié)withnodes葉鞘閉合leafsheathclosed葉鞘開(kāi)裂leafsheath

open葉3列l(wèi)eavestristichous葉2列l(wèi)eaves

distichous堅(jiān)果nut穎果（種皮果皮愈合）caryopsis

莎草科Cyperaceae藨草屬(Scirpus)：藨草(S.triqueter)莎草屬(Cyperus)：香附子(C.rotundus)苔草屬(Carex)：烏拉草(C.meyeriana)荸薺屬(Eleocharis)：荸薺(E.dulcis)風(fēng)車(chē)草Cyperusaltenifolius藨草(S.triqueter)香附子(C.rotundus)禾本科小穗結(jié)構(gòu)

spikelet

structureofGramineae

上2—3心皮1室

雌蕊pistil

3—3+3

雄蕊stamen2-3

漿片lodicule（包雌雄蕊enclosingstamens）—花被片tepals

2

內(nèi)稃+外稃pale+lemma（包小花enclosingfloret）—苞片bracts2

穎片glume（包小穗enclosingspikelet）下禾本科分亞科

classificationofsubfamiliesinGramineae竹亞科：木質(zhì)稈、喬灌木狀，葉分稈葉/籜片（中脈不明顯）、普通葉（具短葉柄、中脈，葉柄葉鞘間形成關(guān)節(jié)）兩型。各類(lèi)竹。禾亞科：草質(zhì)稈、草本，葉一型（無(wú)葉柄、有中脈，葉柄葉鞘間關(guān)節(jié)不明顯）。多種作物：稻、小麥、大麥、甘蔗、高粱、玉米、蘆葦?shù)?。Bambusoideae:woodyculms,arboreousorshrubby,leavesdividedintotwoforms:culmleaves(inconspicuousmidrib)andcommonleaves(withshortpetioleandmidrib,thearticleformedbetweenpetioleandleafsheath).VariousbambooAgrostidoideae:herbaceousculms,herbaceous,oneformofleaves(withoutpetiole,withmidrib,inconspicuousarticle).Variouscrops:rice,wheat,barley,sugarcane,sorghum,maize,reed,etc.黃金間碧竹粉單竹稻小麥姜亞綱(Zingiberidae)四十九、姜目Zingiberales姜科Zingiberaceae：姜、砂仁芭蕉科Musaceae美人蕉科Cannaceae鳳梨目Bromeliales

百合亞綱(Liliidae)五十、百合目Liliales

百合科Liliaceae：石蒜科Amaryllidaceae：君子蘭Cliviaminiata水仙Narcissustazettavar.chinensis五十一、蘭目Orchidales蘭科Orchidaceae★百合科Liliaceae1、草本、具鱗片、球莖2、單葉互生3、花3基數(shù)，花萼花瓣?duì)?、花?輪，雄蕊2輪，子房上位，中軸胎座3室4、蒴果、漿果5、廣布全球1,herbs,withscales,corm2,simpleleavesalternate3,flowerstrimerous,sepalspetal-like,perianth2whorled,stamens2whorled,ovarysuperior,axileplacentawith3chambers4,capsule,berry5,globaldistribution葵百合野百合Liliumbrownii川百合Liliumdavidii山菅蘭文竹武竹百合科—名花良藥菜肴百合Liliumbrowniivar.viridulum洋蔥Alliumcepa蔥A.fistulosum蒜A.sativum韭A.tuberosum貝母fritillaria★蘭科Orchidaceae1、草本、具塊莖2、單葉互生3、花萼花瓣?duì)睿ò曛醒?片特化為唇瓣，雄蕊1或2，具合蕊柱（雄蕊與花柱、含柱頭合生而成），子房下位，3心皮合為1室，側(cè)膜胎座4、蒴果，種子多而小5、分布熱帶、亞熱帶、溫帶1,herbs,withtubers2,simpleleavesalternate3,sepalspetal-like,centralpetalspecializedaslabellum,stamens1or2,withgynostemium(thecolumnformedwhentheandroeciumandgynoeciumcombinetogether),ovaryinferio