(完整版)構(gòu)詞法

ChapteFourWord-formationinMedicalTerminologyMedicaltermsarelargelyformedfromthebuildingelements,namely,roots,prefixes,suffixesandexistingwords.Generally,werecognizefivecommonlyusedprocessesofword-formationinmedicallanguage.Theyare:1.affixation（詞綴法）,2.composition（合成法）,3.conversion（轉(zhuǎn)化法）,4.shortening（縮略法“including（1）blending（緊縮詞），（2）clipping（音節(jié)縮略詞）,and（3）acronym（字母縮略詞）,and5.backformation（逆生法）。Affixation（詞綴法）（Derivation派生法）Prefixation（加前綴法）——Suffixation（加后綴法）Combiningvowols（組合元音）Commonpatternsofaffixation（1）PrefixationDefinition:prefixationisamorphologicalprocesswherebyaprefixisattachedtothefrontofbase(rootorword).Grammaticalrole:Usually,prefixationtendstobesemanticallyoriented,addingnewmeaningtoabasewithoutchangeinthepartofspeech(詞性).3)Examples:Autograft(自體移植),isograft(同系移植物),allograft(homograft)(同種異體移植物),xenograft(hetrograft)(異種移植物)allhavethesamerootgraftbutdenotegraftsofdifferenttypesbecauseoftheirprefixes.2)SuffixationDefinition：Suffixationisamorphologicalprocesswherebyasuffixisattachedtotheendofabase(wordorroot)Grammaticalrole:Suffixesarebasicallyclass-changing.Hence,suffixationtendstochangethepartofspeechofaword.Examples:immune,immunity,immunizeandimmunizationhavebasicmeaning,allrelatedto“immunity”ofanorganism,butbelongtodifferentwordclasses.(3)Combiningvowols(CV)1)Definition:Whentwobasesarecombinedorasuffixisattachedtoabase,ifthereisnovoweltojointthetwoforms,avowolcalledthecombiningvowolisadded.2)CommonlyusedCVs:Themostcommonlyusedcombiningvowoliso,withiandacomingsecond.Examples:arthr+o+centesis=arthrocentesisMast+o+carcinoma=mastocarcinomaMamm+o+plasia=mammoplasia(4)CommonpatternsofaffixationPrefix+rootInject=in+jectprefix+combiningvowel+rootEctoderm=ect+o+dermroot+suffixStasis=sta+sisroot+combiningvowel+suffixSclerosis=scler+o+sisprefix+root+suffixPerirenal=peri+ren+alprefix+root+combiningvowel+suffixSynarthrosis=syn+arthr+0+sisprefix+prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffixContraindication=contra+in+dic+a+Tionroot+root+suffixsialadenitis=sial+aden+itisroot+combiningvowel+root+suffixhemophilia=hem+o+phil+iaprefix+root+root+suffixhyperglycemia=hyper+glyc+(h)em+iaComposition(合成法)(1)Definition：Compositionisaword-formingprocessbyjoiningtwoormorewords.Typesofcompounds1)Opencompound:Anopencompoundismadeupoftwoormorewordswrittenseparately.Forexample,womandoctor,mannurse,braindeath,birthcontrol,graymatter.2)Hyphenatedcompound:Anhyphenatedcompoundcontainstwoormorewordsconnectedbyahyphen.Forexample,high-resolution,host-specific,deaf-mute,air-borne,bottle-feed,graft-versus-host3)Solidcompound:Asolidcompoundconsistsoftwowordswrittenasonewordsuchaswindpipe,sleepwalk,overweight,andnosebleed.4)Neoclassicalcompound:Aneoclassicalcompoundrefertothosecoinedfromelementsoftheclassicallanguages(LatinandGreek).Mostrootsandcompoundsuffixeshavebeenveryactiveandproductiveinthisword-formingprocess.Suchwordsasbiocide,lysosome,bio-science,psychanalysis,biophysicsandchemotherapyareallneoclassicalcompounds.Conversion(轉(zhuǎn)化法)(1)Definition:Aword-formingprocesswherebyawordisadaptedorconvertedtoanewclasswithoutanychangeofform.(2)Examples:Stent(Stent(n.v.)Mask(n.v.)Smell(v.n.)plaster(n.v.)faint(adj.v.)skin(n.v.)Shortening(縮略法)Blending(緊縮法)clipping(音節(jié)縮略法)Acronyms(字母縮略詞)(2)Blending(緊縮法)-----blend(緊縮詞)Definition：Ablendisformedbyblendingtwoormorewords.Typesandexamples:threemajorpatternsasfollows,Part+partgenome(gene+chromosome)Whole+partbreathalyzer(breath+analyzer)Part+wholemedicaid(medical+aid)Medicare(medical+care)Medichair(medical+chair)Paramedic(parachute+medic)3)clipping(音節(jié)縮略法)1)Definition：clippingreferstotheprocesswherebyawordisshortenedbyclippingoffpartofthewordwithoutchangeinitsmeaningandwordclass.2)Examples:ExamexaminationFluinfluenzaSpecspectaclesPoliopoliomyelitisPsychpsychologyQuackquacksalverAcronyms(字母縮略詞)1)Definition:anacronymisawordcoinedfromtheinitiallettersofagroupwords.2)Patternsandexamples:AcronymsfrommodernEnglishCT(computerizedtomography)RBC(redbloodcell)BMR(basalmetabolicrate)ButTBtuberculosisODoverdoseIVintravenousAcronymsfromLatinorGreeka.c.(antecibum=beforemeal)p.c.(postcibum=aftermeal)b.i.d.(bisindie=twiceaday)t.i.d(terindie=threetimesaday)q.i.d(quarterindie=fourtimesaday)b.i.n(bisinnocte=twiceanight)O.D.(oculusdexter=righteye)O.S.(oculussinister=lefteye)p.r.n(prorenata=asneeded)q.h(quaquehora=everyhour)q.m(quaquemane=everymorning)q.n(quaquenocte=everynight)Backformation(逆生法)(1)Definition:Itisausaulprocesstoformnounsfromexsistingverbsbyaddingsuffixessuch-or,-er,-ar.Forinstance,teacherismadefromteachandsuffix-er.Backformationreferstotherever