英語詞匯學PPT市公開課一等獎省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課一等獎課件

Lexicology（詞匯學）Lexicologyisthestudyofform,meaningandbehaviorofwords.(TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish)Morphology(形態(tài)學),semantics(語義學),etymology（詞源學）Vocabulary（口語化）,lexis（二者之間）,lexicon（學術味）(詞匯)1011年第二學期詞匯學試題類型I.Explainthefollowingterms.(20points)II.Completethefollowingstatementsorpassageswithproperexpressionsaccordingtothetext.(10points)III.Fillineachblankwithawordcontraryinmeaningtothewordgiveninthebracket.(10points)IV.Completethefollowingidioms.(10points)V.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingverbalphrasesintheirsuitableforms.(20points)VI.Expressthefollowinginonecompoundword.(10points)VII.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20points)I.Explainthefollowingterms.

homonymcompoundingconnotativemeaningMorphemeblendinginitialismantonymysynonymdenotativemeaningpolysemyConversionderivationmotivationAcronymback-formationradiationVII.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Howdoyoudefineantonyms?2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?3.Whatdowemeanbyliteraryandcommonwords?4.Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning?5.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffix?6.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?7.Whyshouldwegiveprimaryimportancetodenotativemeaningofwords?8.Whatisthedifferencebetweenrootantonymsandderivationalantonyms?9.Statethevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofwordmeaning.10.Whatareverbphraseidioms?Whataretheirpeculiarfeatures?Partone

ChapterIAGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabulary1.TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary2.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria3.VarietiesofEnglish4.ClassificationoflanguagesChapter1ABriefSurveyoftheEnglishLanguage

DefinitionofWord

Bloomfield:somelinguisticforms,whichwecallboundformsareneverusedassentences.-ess;-ish;-sFreeform:twoormorelesserfreeformsPoorJohnFrenchlinguist,AntoineMeilletAwordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.

lexicon(詞匯):thevocabularyofperson,language,orbranchofknowledge,eg.thesizeoftheEnglishlexiconEntry(詞條):anitemwrittenorprintedinadiary,list,accountbook,orreferencebook.Lexeme詞位abasiclexicalunitofalanguageconsistingofonewordorseveralwords,theelementsofwhichdonotseparatelyconveythemeaningofthewhole.

Inbrief,awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform,withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.詞是語言組織中基本單位，能獨立利用，含有聲音、意義和語法功效。1.TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary（英語發(fā)展史)1.1.Englishvocabularyasviewedinthehistoricalperspective1.1.1OldEnglish(449/450–1100)Anglo-Saxon(古英語)(50,000-60,000words)1.1.2MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)stronginfluenceofFrench(中古英語)1.1.3EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)(早期當代英語)RenaissanceLatinGreek1.1.4LateModernEnglish(1700–Pres.)(后期當代英語)1.1.1OldEnglish古英語

(450AD–1100)(“theAnglo-SaxonPeriod”)

Background

CharacteristicsofOE

Background

PaleolithicMan3000BC,Iberians---Neolithic500BC,Celts55BC–410AD,theRomanoccupation55BC:JuliusCaesar43AD:EmperorClaudius---TheRomanConquest羅馬人征服410AD,thefalloftheRomanEmpire449AD,InvasionofAngles,Saxons&Jutes---theTutonicConquest(449–6thC)threeLowWestGermaniclg.--〉Anglo-Saxon*“Runic”597AD,introduces.ofChristianity,byAugustine.

Introduces.ofLatinwords790AD,invasionofScandinavians,esp,Danes.–Vikings.

IntroducesofvocabularyfromScandinaviancountries(OldNorsewords)CharacteristicsofOE

1)OEDialects方言2)

OEVocabulary詞匯3)

OESpelling拼寫4）OEPronunciation發(fā)音5)OEInflections屈折形式6）LoanWords外來語1)OEDialects方言WestSaxon西撒克遜語

Kentish肯特語

Mercian莫西亞語

Northumbrian北恩布瑞安語2)

OEVocabulary詞匯Compounding:for-(forbid,forget),in-,-ful,-dom,-hood,-ship,-ness,-th,-ish.

Alliteration:(with)mightandmain,friendorfoe,alabouroflove.

3)

OESpelling拼寫eg.(1)OEModernEOEModernEhāmhomemētantomeet

stānstonefēdāntofeed

hūshouseDuThou

bōcbookT?tthat

fīftigfifty

eg.(2)

F?der

ūre,tūteeart

onheofonum,

Father

ofours,thouthatartinHeaven,

4）OEPronunciation發(fā)音OESp.OEPron.Mod.ESp.Mod.EPron.

tīme[`ti:m?]time[taim]

hūs[hu:s]house[haus]

stān[sta:n]stone[st?un5）OEInflections屈折形式eg.(1)hām(home)變格：

SingularPlural

SubjectivehāmhāmasPossessive

hāmeshāmaPatient

hāmehāmumObjective

hāmhāmas

6）LoanWords外來語（1）IntroductionofChristianity(基督教)

Fr.Latin:bargain,cheap,inch,pound,cup,dish,wall,wine,etc.;abbot,alter,candle,disciple,hymn,martyr,num,priest,pope,shrine,temple,etc.

（2）Scandinavianinvasion—Vikings

Fr.OldNorse:are,they,their,them,till,call,diegive,takeskin,sky,window,ill,weak,etc.

1.1.2MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)中古英語BackgroundCharacteristicsofMEBackground

TheNormanConquest:1066.1KingEdward

1066.9.28William

1066.10

Hastings

WilliamI,WilliamtheConqueror

WilliamI(1066-1100)--HouseofNormandy(諾曼底王朝)HenryI(1100-1135)

HenryII(1154-1189)--HouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝)

John(1199-1216)

HenryIII(1216-1272)

EdwardIII(1327-1377)--BlackDeath1337-1454:TheHundredYearsWar

RichardII(1377-1400)

HenryIV(1399-1413)--HouseofLancaste（蘭加斯特王朝）

1455-1485:TheWarsoftheRoses

EdwardIV(1461-1483)--HouseofYork（約克王朝）

EdwardV(1483-1483)

RichardIII(1483-1485)

HenryVII(1485-1509)--HouseofTudor（都鐸王朝）Coexistenceofthreelanguages

French+English+Latin

English:1204，1399，1404

Chaucer,theBibleCharacteristicsofME1)

Dialects2)

SpellingandPronunciation3)

Grammar4)

LoanWords1)

DialectsNorthernDialect

EastMidlandDialect

WestMidlandDialect

SouthernDialect

2)

SpellingandPronunciatione.g.t,eth,

?a,ūou(hūshous),hwwh,cwqu,scsh/sch

-enotpronounced

letter'j'fromFrench,clear[l],[r];-gh-,-gn-,-kn-.“knight”FormationofStandardPronunciation:endof14thC--15thCBasedonEastMidlandDialect(esp.Londondialect)3)

GrammarNouns,Adjectives,Articles(sē,seē,T?t)(OE)'Te'(Laterwrittenas'the');T?t(OE)'that';“a/an”appearedVerbs(Mostverbsturnedtoberegular.)

Significance:

(a)ImportanceofWordOrder

(b)NatureofEnglish:fromsyntheticlanguagetoanalyticlanguage4)

LoanWords(a）Fr.FrenchTheRomanizationofEnglish

LossofalargepartoftheOEword-stock(b)Fr.LatinTwoways:directlyintoEnglishintoEnglishviaFrench.

(c)Affixes

ofFrenchandLatin.(d)

Significance:

--modificationofmeaning

e.g.'beef,mutton,pork':牛、羊、豬(Fr.)牛肉、羊肉、豬肉(E.)

--synonyms

e.g.W.fr.OE

W.fr.Fr.

W.fr.Latin

fire

flame

conflagrationask

inquire

interrogate

1.1.3EarlyModernEnglish(1500-)早期當代英語Background

CharacteristicsofEarlyModernE

Background

1)

1492,ChristopherColumbus,90sailors/3sails

1519-1522,FerdinandMagellan

Londonastheworldtradecentre

2)

EnclosureMovement

3)

TheRenaissance

4)

BriefHistory

1603,DeathofElizabethI,JamesVIofScotland

JamesI(1603-1625)--HouseofStuart(斯圖亞特王朝)

1653,OliverCromwell,LordProtect(1653-1658)

---theCommonwealth（共和政體）

1660,CharlesII(1660-1685)--RestorationoftheHouseofStuart（斯圖亞特王朝復辟）

JamesII(1685-1688)

WilliamIIIandMaryII(1689-1702)

CharacteristicsofEarlyModernE

1)

SpellingandPronunciation2)

VocabularyandGrammar3)

InfluenceofRenaissanceonEnglish1)

SpellingandPronunciation

(a)

Spellingtendedtobeuniformed(mid17thC)andtakethepresentform.

EdwardPhillips:TheNewWorldofEnglishWords(1658)

(b)

ChangeofShortVowels.

[a:](letter'a')[?](cat,thank,flax)

[u](mostlyletter'u')[Λ](cut,sun,us,love)(c)

ChangeofLongVowels

---theGreatVowelshift(元音大變動1500-1750）MEEModE[e:][?:][i:][i:][ei][ai][a:][ei][?:][ou][o:][u:][u:][?u][au](d)

ChangeofConsonants

Changeof[h];Lossof[w][l]inconsonantclusters

Introductionof[?]

(e)

DiscordancebetweenSpellingandPronunciation

e.g.[i:]:ea(leaf),ee(sheep),e(fever),ie(thief),ei(either),ey(key),ay(quay)2)

VocabularyandGrammar(a)

Interchangeoffeaturesofspeech.

adj.adv./n./v.n.v.

eg.(fr.AntonyandClepoatrabyShakespeare)

---‘Hewords

me,girls,hewordsme…’

---‘…ahandthatkingshavelipp’d,andtrembledkissing.’(b)

Continuouslossofinflections.

n.:plural:-(e)s(Some‘–n’)

possessive:’s--thewriterofthebook’sambition

--thekingofEngland’snose

adj.:-er,-estormore,most

pron.:thou,thy,theeye,your,youyou,your,you

“its”,“who”cameintoexistence.

v.:thirdsing.：–eth-s

(c)

EstablishmentofWordOrder

詞序位置固定是中古英語過渡到當代英語一個主要標志。

‘主語+動詞+賓語’‘定語—名詞’

e.g.“是我?！監(jiān)E:ichiteom(Iitam.)ME:HitamI(ItamI)Chaucer’stime:ItamI.EModE:Itisme.(d)

Differenceinvocabulary

e.g.

climate:country

circumstance:ado,fuss,ceremony

address:toprepare,togetready

enlarge:release

3)

InfluenceofRenaissanceonEnglish

(a)

OnformalityoftheEnglishLanguage

(b)

OnLiterature.Drama,Shakespeare.

e.g.Shylock,poundofflesh,thesaltofyouth,Cordelia’sgift.

(c)

Onvocabulary.(Borrowedwords)(c)

Onvocabulary.(Borrowedwords)LatinandGreek:arbiter,genius,ignoramus,census,maximum;-ism,-ist,-ize,anti-,co-,de-,ex-,inter-,pre-,pro-.

FromFrench:alloy,bizarre,comrade,detail,duel,vogue,surpass.

Fromotherlanguages:armada,banana,cocoa,hurricane(fr.Spanish)balcony,design,portico,colcano(fr.Italian)1.1.4LateModernEnglish(1700-Present)后期當代英語BackgroundCharacteristicsofLateModernE

TherapidgrowthofpresentdayEnglishBackground1)

The18thCSociety

1688

Enlighttment,theAgeofReason

Novelists:Defoe,Swift,FieldingPoets:Blake,Burns.

2)

The19thCtoDate

IndustrializationTechnologicaldevelopmentCharacteristicsofLateModernE1)

PrescriptionofEnglish2)

GrammarStudy3)

Vocabulary4)

Pronunciation1)

PrescriptionofEnglishLearnedthinkersandauthorswhowroteinLatin.

1729,ThomasCooke：ProposalsforPerfectingtheEnglishLanguage.

1755,SamuelJohnson:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.2)

GrammarStudy

Varietyofgrammarbooks.

Fromtheviewpointofprescriptivism.

e.g.I’drather:IhadratherIwouldrather

ItismeItisI.

I/weshall,you/he/she/theywill.3)

Vocabulary2ndinfluxofFr.Vocabulary:effectoftheRestorationoftheHouseofStuart.Loanwordsfromcoloniesandothercountries.VarietiesofWaysofEnlargingVocabulary

--Inform:affixation,compounding,conversion,blending,backformation.

--Inmeaning:extension,narrowing,transference,elevation,degradation.4)

PronunciationPettymodificationofsomephonemesinstandardpronunciation.

e.g.unstressed[i],[e]in[ei],[o]in[ou].

Wordstress:al`ly`ally,la`boratory`laboratory

1.2Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyanditscauses1.2.1Markedprogressofscienceandtechnologyegunclearbombcomputerscience1.2.2Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchangeegsocialhabitslivingcondition1.2.3Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages2.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria2.1byorigin:nativewordsandloanwordsfundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockNationalcharacterStabilityWord-formingabilityAbilitytoformcollocations2.2bylevelofusage

2.2.1commonwords2.2.2literarywords2.2.3colloquialwords2.2.4slangwords2.2.5technicalwords2.3bynotion2.3.1functionwordsdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforth2.3.2contentwordsFunctionwords(功效詞)：

沒有完整詞匯意義但有語法意義或語法功效詞

Determiner(限定詞)

Pronoun代詞

Preposition介詞

Conjunction連接詞

Auxiliaryverb助動詞

Interjection感嘆詞

Contentwords(實義詞)：

本身有完整詞匯意義詞

Noun名詞

Verb動詞

Adjective形容詞

Adverb副詞

3

VarietiesofEnglish

(英語變體)3.1

GeneralView（概述）

3.2

AmericanEnglish（美國英語）

3.3

DifferencebetweenBr.EandAm.E(英國英語和美國英語差異)

3.1

GeneralView

BritishEnglish

AmericanEnglish

ScottishEnglish

CanadianEnglish

AustralianEnglish

NewZealandEnglish3.2AmericanEnglish3.2.1Background3.2.2CharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish

3.2.1BackgroundEngland,‘TheQueenoftheSeas’

1607,thefirstcolony,‘Jamestown’

1620,thefirstpilgrims.Plymouth1607-1733,13colonies1607-1733,13colonies:Virginia(1607),Massachusetts(1630),Maryland(1632),RhodeIsland(1636),Connecticut(1638),NorthCarolina(1663),NewYork(1664),NewJersey(1664),SouthCarolina(1670),NewHampshire(1679),Pennsylvania(1682)，Delaware(1703),Georgia（1733）1765.10

1773

1774.9

17.2.2CharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish

1)

Archaism2)

Heterogeneity3)

Creativeness1)

Archaism17thCBritishEnglish

e.g.Ingrammar:gotten,

Inpronunciation:[r],[?]2)

HeterogeneityFromIndian:raccoon,squash.(anglicize)

FromFrench:prairie,pumpkin,caribou,rapids.

FromGerman:noodle,sauerkraut.

FromDutch:SantaClaus,boss,bedspread,dumb,sleigh.

FromSpanish:cockroach,patio,plaza,ranch.

3)

CreativenessTonamenewthings:groundhog,bullfrog,sweetpotato,lynch.

3.3DifferencebetweenBri.EandAm.E3.3.1InPronunciation

3.3.2InGrammar3.3.3

InVocabulary3.3.4

MutualInfluence3.3.1InPronunciation1)DifferentPronunciationforthesamesymbol[i][e][?];[?u]-[ou];[r][t](writing,bitter,waiter)2)[r]:farm,cord,hard,far.law&lore;saw,sore&soar3)[a:]--[?]path,laugh[?]–[o]law,cause4)dormitory,secretary,l