考研考博-英語-日照航海工程職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-日照航海工程職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.填空題

MakingEveryDropCount

AThehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.

BDuringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricitygeneratedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffallingwater.

CYetthereisadarksidetothispicture,despiteourprogress,halfoftheworld’spopulationsstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccesstowaterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwearefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.

DTheconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizinghumanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefromtheirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayforthereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certainirrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.GroundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturallyreplenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputesoversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,nationalandeveninternationaltensions.

EAttheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplannersthinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbacktotheprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriorityensuring‘someforall’，insteadof‘moreforsome’.Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,anditcomeswithstrongoppositionformsomeestablishedwaterorganizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfullythepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-relatedillness.

FFortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwaterinfrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.

GWhatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersofthe20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledonaverage;intheUSA，waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethepopulationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanusedapproximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionofcommercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(evenaccountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.IntheUSA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin1980.

HOntheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewillstillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichumanneedshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseemwarranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.

【答案】1.xi

2.vii

3.v

4.i

5.ix

6.ii

7.x

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一段，“Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.”，人類文明史與我們學(xué)會如何運用水資源的歷史交織在一起。第一段最后列舉了羅馬帝國時期對水資源的控制，建立了發(fā)達(dá)的水利系統(tǒng)，給羅馬人提供了充足的水?？膳袛喑鯝段的主要內(nèi)容為古代的供水系統(tǒng)。選項xi符合題意。

2.根據(jù)文章第三段，“morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday”，超過10億人缺乏干凈的飲用水，約25億人沒有足夠的衛(wèi)生凈水設(shè)備。據(jù)估計，每天1萬至2萬名兒童死于與水有關(guān)的可預(yù)防疾病?？膳袛喑鯟段的主要內(nèi)容為水和健康之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。選項vii符合題意。

3.根據(jù)文章第四段，“Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.”，超過20%的淡水魚物種現(xiàn)在受到威脅或瀕臨滅絕，因為大壩和取水破壞了它們賴以生存的自由流動的河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。本段還列舉了更多因為修建水利系統(tǒng)而帶來的環(huán)境影響，可判斷D段的主要內(nèi)容為環(huán)境問題。選項v符合題意。

4.根據(jù)文章第五段，“Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities”，一些水資源專家現(xiàn)在要求以更明智的方式使用現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，而不是建設(shè)新的設(shè)施，下文繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)了專家們在觀念上和措施上提出的轉(zhuǎn)變?？膳袛喑鯡段的主要內(nèi)容為科學(xué)家們呼吁對政策進(jìn)行改變。選項i符合題意。

5.根據(jù)文章第六段，“Fortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted…inafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.”，出乎意料的是，對水的需求并沒有像一些人預(yù)測的那樣迅速增長。在世界上的一些地方，對水的需求實際上已經(jīng)下降?？膳袛喑鯢段主要提到了人們對水的需求出現(xiàn)了令人驚訝的下降趨勢。選項ix符合題意。

6.根據(jù)文章第七段，“Whatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.”，如何解釋對水資源的需求下降（上一段已提及）的這一顯著的轉(zhuǎn)變？兩個因素：人們已經(jīng)知道如何更有效地用水，并且正在重新考慮他們用水的優(yōu)先次序?？膳袛喑鯣段主要對上一段提到的水資源需求下降的解釋。選項ii符合題意。

7.根據(jù)文章第八段，“Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.”，與過去相比，這些項目必須按照更高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造，必須考慮到當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窦捌洵h(huán)境影響?？膳袛喑鋈藗儗λY源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)提出了更高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。選項x符合題意。

2.單選題

Foryearsnow,thepeopleofthatfarawaycountryhavebeencruelly（）byadictator.

問題1選項

A.depressed

B.immersed

C.oppressed

D.cursed

【答案】C

【解析】句意:多少年來，那個偏僻國度的人民一直遭受著一個獨裁者的壓迫。

考查動詞辨析。四個選項分別為對應(yīng)動詞的過去分詞形式表被動,表示“被獨裁者…”。depress使沮喪，壓抑，使蕭條;immerse（in）沉浸，使專心于；oppress壓迫;curse詛咒。故C符合句意。

3.單選題

Beneaththerhetoricaboutwhoispracticingapurerformofthesportisanastybattleoverwhowilldominateaccesstotherocks——aficionadosof“sport”.

問題1選項

A.creators

B.enthusiasts

C.organizers

D.advocators

【答案】B

【解析】考查同義名詞辨析。A選項creators“創(chuàng)作者，造物主”；B選項enthusiasts“熱心人，熱衷者，狂熱者”；C選項organizers“主辦單位，舉辦方，舉辦者”；D選項advocator“提倡者，擁護(hù)者”。句意：在關(guān)于誰在練習(xí)一種更純粹的運動形式的言辭背后，是一場關(guān)于誰將主導(dǎo)進(jìn)入巖石運動的惡戰(zhàn)——“體育”的狂熱者。Aficionados“迷，狂熱愛好者”，B選項與該詞意思最相近，因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Oneeffectofthe（

）economyof2009onstateandlocalgovernmentsisadecreaseinincome,sales,andpropertytaxrevenues.

問題1選項

A.prosperous

B.sluggish

C.substantial

D.pervasive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。prosperous意為“繁榮的，興旺的”；sluggish意為“緩慢的，遲緩的”；substantial意為“大量的，重大的”；pervasive意為“遍布的，普遍的”。

句意：2009年經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢對國家和地方政府的影響是收入、銷售和財產(chǎn)稅收入的減少。

5.單選題

Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things’’-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,pictured'inart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.

Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,BritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.

Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalways,people'saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.

Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,andtelevision,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution",atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtomaterialculture?

2.Theword"phonograph"(Line6,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofprintedmusic?

5.Fromthethirdparagraph,wemayinferthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.Instruments

B.Music.

C.Paintings.

D.Sheetmusic.

問題2選項

A.recordplayer

B.radio

C.musicaltechnique

D.music-culture

問題3選項

A.theimportance,ofculturaltoolsandtechnology

B.theculturalinfluenceofthedevelopmentofcivilization

C.thefocusofthestudyofthematerialcultureofmusic

D.thesignificanceoftheresearchintothemusicalinstruments

問題4選項

A.Readingofmusicnotationhasagreatimpactonmusicians.

B.Peoplemaydrawinspirationfromit.

C.Themusicculturewillbeinfluencedbyitintheend.

D.Songstendtobestandardizedbyit.

問題5選項

A.traditionalculturalheritageisworthyofpreservation

B.theuniversalfeaturessharedbyallculturesaren’tworthyofnotice.

C.musicianspaymoreattentiontothepreservationoftraditionalmusic.

D.themoredevelopedaculture,themorevaluablethemusicithasfostered

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句對物質(zhì)文化下了定義：文化中產(chǎn)生的能看到、摸到、感覺到使用的自然物體（physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces）。該段接下來提到樂器是音樂文化中的物質(zhì)載體（Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument），所以選項A可以排除；第一段還提到圖片、文字記載都屬于物質(zhì)文化（Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,picturedinart），選項C可以排除；第二段第一句Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture提到樂譜也是物質(zhì)文化，選項D可以排除。因此選項B符合題意。

2.題干中的phonograph出現(xiàn)在第一段：Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented，sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.在phonograph被發(fā)明之前，我們聽不到任何音樂表演的聲音，只能通過樂器來研究過去的音樂。由此推測，這個詞指的是一種能夠記錄聲音并被用來研究音樂文化的東西。選項A符合題意。

3.文章第一段第一句給物質(zhì)文化下了定義；第二、三句提到研究音樂物質(zhì)文化才能研究好音樂文化；第四、五句指出樂器是因為文化研究中的重要物質(zhì)文化；第六句提及了樂器作為物質(zhì)文化的兩種形式。第七句舉了繪畫和書寫文件來說明樂器在音樂文化研究中所起的作用。由此可只選項D符合題意。

4.文章第二段第三句Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs提到樂譜形式單調(diào)，因為它們將歌曲都標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。所以選項D不是優(yōu)勢，符合題意。

5.文章第三段第二句Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages提到我們越來越關(guān)注傳統(tǒng)和民族特色的音樂，并且愿意將民樂保存下來?？芍x項A符合題意，傳統(tǒng)文化遺產(chǎn)值得保留下來。

6.單選題

Noformofgovernmentintheworldis（）;eachsystemreflectsthehistoryandpresentneedsoftheregionorthenation.

問題1選項

A.dominant

B.influential

C.integral

D.drastic

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。dominant“顯性的，占優(yōu)勢的，統(tǒng)治的”；influential“有影響力的”；integral“積分的，完整的”；drastic“激烈的，猛烈的”。句意：世界上沒有任何一種政體是占統(tǒng)治地位的，每一種制度都反映了該地區(qū)或民族的歷史和現(xiàn)實需要。選項A符合題意。

7.單選題

Ittakesmuchtimetosolvetheproblemonebyone.Canwegeneralizecommon（）toapplytosimilarproblems?

問題1選項

A.means

B.techniques

C.tips

D.solutions

【答案】D

【解析】句意:一個接一個地解決問題需要很多吋間。我們能歸納出適用于所有類似問題的通用解決方法嗎？

考查名詞辨析。means手段,方法;technique技巧,技藝,工藝;tip尖端,尖兒,端;solution解決方案,溶液,溶解。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息“problem(問題)”可知D符合句意。

8.單選題

Wecandistinguishthreedifferentrealmsofmatter,threelevelsonthequantumladder.Thefirstistheatomicrealm,whichincludestheworldofatoms,theirinteractions,andthestructuresthatareformedbythem,suchasmolecules,liquidsandsolids,andgasesandplasmas.Thisrealmincludesallthephenomenaofatomicphysics,chemistry,and,inacertainsense,biology.Theenergyexchangestakingplaceinthisrealmareofarelativelyloworder.Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,suchasinthecollisionsbetweenmoleculesoftheairinaroom,thenatomsandmoleculescanberegardedaselementaryparticles.Thatis,theyhave“conditionalelementarity”becausetheykeeptheiridentityanddonotchangeinanycollisionsorinotherprocessesattheselowenergyexchanges.Ifonegoestohigherenergyexchanges,say104electronvolts,thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary.WefindexamplesofstructuresandprocessesofthisfirstrungofthequantumladderonEarth,onplanets,andonthesurfacesofstars.

Thenextrungisthenuclearrealm.Heretheenergyexchangesaremuchhigher,ontheorderofmillionsofelectronvolts.Aslongaswearedealingwithphenomenaintheatomicrealm,suchamountsofenergyareunavailable,andmostnucleiareinert:theydonotchange.However,ifoneappliesenergiesofmillionsofelectronvolts,nuclearreactions,fissionandfusion,andtheprocessesofradioactivityoccur;ourelementaryparticlesthenareprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Inaddition,nuclearprocessesproduceneutrinos,particlesthathavenodetectablemassorcharge.Intheuniverse,energiesatthislevelareavailableinthecentersofstarsandinstarexplosions.Indeed,theenergyradiatedbythestarsisproducedbynuclearreactions.ThenaturalradioactivitywefindonEarthisthelong-livedremnantofthetimewhennow-earthlymatterwasexpelledintospacebyamajorstellarexplosion.

Thethirdrungofthequantumladderisthesubnuclearrealm.Herewearedealingwithenergyexchangesofmanybillionsofelectronvolts.Weencounterexcitednucleons,newtypesofparticlessuchasmesons,heavyelectrons,quarks,andgluons,andalsoantimatterinlargequantities.Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,oftheforce（thestrongforce）thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Aslongaswearedealingwiththeatomicornuclearrealm,thesenewtypesofparticlesdonotoccurandthenucleonsremaininert.Butatsubnuclearenergylevels,thenucleonsandmesonsappeartobecomposedofquarks,sothatthequarksandgluonsfigureaselementaryparticles.

1.Theprimarytopicofthepassageis（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,radioactivitythatoccursnaturallyonEarthistheresultof（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcanbefoundintheatomicrealm?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,gluonsarenot（）.

5.Thepassagespeaksofparticlesashavingconditionalelementarityifthey（）.

問題1選項

A.theinteractionoftherealmsonthequantumladder

B.atomicstructuresfoundonEarth,onotherplanets,andonthesurfacesofstars

C.levelsofenergythatarereleasedinnuclearreactionsonEarthandinstars

D.particlesandprocessesfoundintheatomic,nuclear,andsubnuclearrealms

問題2選項

A.theproductionofparticlesthathavenodetectablemassorelectriccharge

B.highenergyexchangesonthenuclearlevelthatoccurredinanancientexplosioninastar

C.processesthatoccurinthecenteroftheSun,whichemitsradiationtotheEarth

D.high-voltagedischargesofelectricitythattookplaceintheatmosphereoftheEarthshortlyaftertheEarthwasformed

問題3選項

A.Morethanonelevelofenergyexchange

B.Exactlyoneelementaryparticle

C.Exactlythreekindsofatomicstructures

D.Noparticlessmallerthanatoms

問題4選項

A.foundtobeconditionallyelementary

B.producedinnuclearreactions

C.encounteredinsubnuclearenergyexchanges

D.relatedtothestrongforce

問題5選項

A.remainunchangedatthegivenlevelofenergyexchange

B.cannotbedecomposedintosmallerconstituents

C.releaseenergyatalowlevelincollisions

D.belongtothenuclearlevelonthequantumladder

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本篇開頭介紹了我們可以區(qū)分物質(zhì)的三個不同領(lǐng)域，在量子階梯上的三個層次。接著三段分別闡述了原子能領(lǐng)域，原子核領(lǐng)域以及亞核領(lǐng)域的物質(zhì)及物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生過程。故D項“在原子、原子核和亞核領(lǐng)域中發(fā)現(xiàn)的粒子和過程”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段"However,ifoneappliesenergiesofmillionsofelectronvolts,nuclearreactions,fissionandfusion,andtheprocessesofradioactivityoccur;ourelementaryparticlesthenareprotons,neutrons,andelectrons."然而，如果一個人應(yīng)用數(shù)百萬電子伏特的能量，核反應(yīng)、裂變和聚變，那么放射性過程就會發(fā)生;我們的基本粒子是質(zhì)子、中子和電子。據(jù)此可知地球上自然發(fā)生的放射性現(xiàn)象是極高的能量交換發(fā)生反應(yīng)的結(jié)果。故B項“是一個古老的恒星爆炸過程中的高能量的核水平交換的結(jié)果”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“atomicrealm”可定位到第一段Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,……Ifonegoestohigherenergyexchanges,say104electronvolts,thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary.如果這些交換低于1電子伏特，如果進(jìn)行更高的能量交換，比如104電子伏特，那么原子和分子就會分解成原子核和電子;在這個層次上，后一種粒子必須被認(rèn)為是基本粒子。據(jù)此可知第一段在原子領(lǐng)域不止一級能量交換，可以有高能量和低能量交換。故A項正確。B項與原文內(nèi)容"thenatomsandmoleculeswilldecomposeintonucleiandelectrons;atthislevel,thelatterparticlesmustbeconsideredaselementary."那么原子和分子就會分解成原子核和電子;在這個。層次上，后一種粒子必須被認(rèn)為是基本粒子”不符，原子領(lǐng)域除了基本粒子還有其他成分。CD兩項第一段未提及。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞gluons定位到第三段"Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,oftheforce（thestrongforce）thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Aslongaswearedealingwiththeatomicornuclearrealm,thesenewtypesofparticlesdonotoccurandthenucleonsremaininert.Butatsubnuclearenergylevels,thenucleonsandmesonsappeartobecomposedofquarks,sothatthequarksandgluonsfigureaselementaryparticles."膠子是使夸克聚集在一起的力（強(qiáng)力）的量子，或最小的單位。只要我們研究的是原子或核領(lǐng)域，這些新型粒子就不會出現(xiàn)，核子也會保持惰性。但是在亞核能級，核子和介子似乎是由夸克組成的，所以夸克和膠子是基本粒子。據(jù)此可知膠子不會出現(xiàn)在原子和核領(lǐng)域，故B項正確。其他選項與題干中的gluons無關(guān)。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞"conditionalelementarity"定位到第一段"Iftheseexchangesarebelowoneelectronvolt,suchasinthecollisionsbetweenmoleculesoftheairinaroom,thenatomsandmoleculescanberegardedaselementaryparticles.Thatis,theyhave“conditionalelementarity”becausetheykeeptheiridentityanddonotchangeinanycollisionsorinotherprocessesattheselowenergyexchanges."如果這些交換低于1電子伏特，例如在一個房間里空氣分子之間的碰撞，那么原子和分子可以被視為基本粒子。也就是說，它們有“條件元素性”因為它們保持它們的同一性，在任何碰撞或其他低能量交換過程中都不會改變。據(jù)此可知條件元素性在能量交換過程中不會改變。故A項“給定的能量交換水平上保持不變”正確。

9.單選題

Formostpeople,shoppingisstillamatterofwanderingdownthehighstreetorloadingacartinashoppingmall.Soon,thatwillchange.Electroniccommerceisgrowingfastandwillsoonbringpeoplemorechoice.Therewill,however,beacost;protectingtheconsumerfromfraudwillbeharder.Manygovernmentsthereforewanttoextendhigh-streetregulationstotheelectronicworld.Butpoliticianswouldbewisertoseecyberspaceasabasisforaneweraofcorporateself-regulation.

Consumersinrichcountrieshavegrownusedtotheideathatthegovernmenttakesresponsibilityforeverythingfromthestabilityofthebankstothesafetyofthedrugs,ortheirrightstorefundwhengoodsarefaulty.Butgovernmentscannotenforcenationallawsonbusinesseswhoseonlypresenceintheircountryisonascreen.Othercountrieshaveregulators,buttherulesofconsumerprotectiondiffer,asdoesenforcement.Evenwhereaclearrighttocompensationexists,theon-linecataloguecustomerinTokyo,say,canhardlygotoNewYorktoextractarefundforadudpurchase.

Oneanswerisforgovernmentstocooperatemore:torecognizeeachother’srules.Butthatrequiresyearsofworkandvolumesofdetailedrules.Andplentyofcountrieshaverulestoofancifulforsoberstatestoaccept.Thereis,however,analternative.Lettheelectronicbusinessesdothe“regulation”themselves.Theydo,afterall,haveaself-interestindoingso.

Inelectroniccommerce,areputationforhonestdealingwillbeavaluablecompetitiveasset.Governments,too,maycompetetobetrusted.Forinstance,customersorderingmedicineson-linemayprefertobuyfromtheUnitedStatesbecausetheytrusttherigorousscreeningoftheFoodandDrugAdministration;ortheymaydecidethattheFDA’srulesaretoostrict,andbuyfromSwitzerlandinstead.

Consumerswillstillneedtousetheirjudgment.Butpreciselybecausethetechnologyisnew,electronicshoppersarelikelyforawhiletobealotmorecautiousthanconsumersofthenormalsort—andthenewtechnologywillalsomakeiteasierforthemtocomplainnoisilywhenacompanyletsthemdown.Inthisway,atleast,theadventofcyberspacemayargueforfewerconsumerprotectionlaws,notmore.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whatwillbethebestpolicyforelectroniccommerce?

2.Incaseanelectronicshopperboughtfaultygoodsfromaforeigncountry,whatcouldhedointhepresentcircumstances?

3.Intheauthor’sview,businesseswouldplaceahighpremiumonhonestdealingbecauseintheelectronicworld

（

）.

4.WecaninferfromthepassagethatinlicensingnewdrugstheFDAintheUnitedStatesis

（

）.

5.Theworld“cyberspace”inthelastparagraphprobablyrefersto（

）.

問題1選項

A.Self-regulationbythebusinesses.

B.Strictconsumerprotectionlaws.

C.Closeinternationalcooperation.

D.Governmentprotection.

問題2選項

A.Refusetopayforthepurchase

B.Gotothesellerandaskforarefund

C.Appealtoconsumerprotectionlaws

D.Complainaboutitviaelectronicmail

問題3選項

A.internationalcooperationwouldbemuchmoreenhanced

B.consumerscouldeasilyseekgovernmentprotection

C.agoodreputationisagreatadvantageincompetition

D.itwouldbeeasyforconsumerstocomplain

問題4選項

A.veryquick

B.verycautious

C.veryslow

D.rathercareless

問題5選項

A.theouterspace

B.artificialintelligence

C.thecommercialworld

D.computernetworks

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第三段中的內(nèi)容為：答案之一是各國政府更多地合作：承認(rèn)彼此的規(guī)則。但這需要多年的工作和大量的詳細(xì)規(guī)則。而且許多國家的規(guī)則對此來說都太不切實際了。然而，還有一種選擇。讓電子企業(yè)自己做“監(jiān)管”，畢竟，這樣做對他們是有利的。句中的“regulation”themselves即self-regulation，因此選A。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的thenewtechnologywill