考研考博-英語(yǔ)-呂梁學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-呂梁學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Nowresearchersaredirectingmoreattentiontothesocialandculturalimpetusthatpropelleduniversitygraduatesintocareersinmanagement.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.implication

B.propaganda

C.impulse

D.benefit

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：如今研究人員正將更多的注意力轉(zhuǎn)向推動(dòng)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生進(jìn)入管理行業(yè)的社會(huì)和文化……。implication“含義，暗示”；propaganda“宣傳”；impulse“推動(dòng)力，刺激”；benefit“好處，利益”。根據(jù)“propel”（推進(jìn)；推動(dòng)）可推測(cè)劃線單詞的意思是“推動(dòng)力”，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.單選題

Kenlovestoarguejustforthesakeofarguing.Withsucha______personality,he’ssuretobeatriallawyer.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.disputatious

B.captious

C.belligerent

D.malicious

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)disputatious“愛(ài)爭(zhēng)辯的”，B項(xiàng)captious“挑剔的，吹毛求疵的”，C項(xiàng)belligerent“交戰(zhàn)的，好戰(zhàn)的”，D項(xiàng)malicious“惡意的，惡毒的”。根據(jù)前半句的意思“Ken喜歡為了爭(zhēng)論而爭(zhēng)論”可知，A項(xiàng)符合。句意：Ken喜歡為了爭(zhēng)論而爭(zhēng)論；有這樣一個(gè)好爭(zhēng)辯的性格，他一定會(huì)成為一名辯護(hù)律師。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

3.單選題

Althoughwetriedtoconcentrateonthelecture,wewere（

）bythenoisefromthenextroom.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.displaced

B.distracted

C.dispersed

D.discarded

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。displace“取代”；distract“分心”；disperse“分散，傳播”；discard“丟棄”。句意：盡管我們盡力將精力集中在講座上，但注意力還是被隔壁房間的噪聲給分散了。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.單選題

Automaticfirealarms,（）smokedetector,areinstalledinalmostallpublicbuildings.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.suchastheubiquitous

B.soubiquitous

C.theubiquitous

D.soastheubiquitous

【答案】A

【解析】考查連詞辨析。C選項(xiàng)缺少連詞，排除C。A選項(xiàng)suchas“比如”；B選項(xiàng)so“所以”；D選項(xiàng)soas“為了”。句意：幾乎所有的公共建筑都安裝了自動(dòng)火災(zāi)報(bào)警器，如無(wú)處不在的煙霧探測(cè)器。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.寫(xiě)作題

Directions:Chooseoneofthetwotopicstodevelopanessayofabout300words.

1.China’sOpportunitiesandChallengeswiththeComingofGlobalization.

2.SomepeoplebelievethattheEarthisbeingdamagedbyhuman,activity.OthersfeelthathumanactivitymakestheEarthabetterplacetolive.Whatisyouropinion?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

【答案】略

6.單選題

Asisknowntoall,therailservicenowoperateswithoutasumofmoneygrantedbythegovernmentforassistance.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.bonus

B.yield

C.pension

D.subsidy

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。bonus獎(jiǎng)金；yield收益：pension養(yǎng)老金；subsidy補(bǔ)貼，津貼，補(bǔ)助金。句意：眾所周知，鐵路服務(wù)并沒(méi)有獲得政府提供的一筆援助金。故D項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Havingpublishedmorethanadozenpapersinsomefirst-ratejournals,sheisheldinhigh（）byhercolleagues.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.esteem

B.evaluation

C.estate

D.ego

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。esteem尊重,尊敬;evaluation評(píng)價(jià);estate財(cái)產(chǎn);ego自負(fù)。句意：她在一些一流的刊物上發(fā)表了十多篇論文,深受同事們的尊敬。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

8.單選題

Onceitwaspossibletodefinemaleandfemaleroleseasilybythedivisionoflabor.Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilies,whilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeople,andtherewasnotmuchopportunityforwomentoexchangetheirroles.Butbythemiddleofthiscentury,men’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed.

Inthe1950s,economicandsocialsuccesswasthegoalofthetypicalAmerican.Butinthe1960sanewforcedevelopedcalledthecounterculture.Thepeopleinvolvedinthismovementdidnotvaluethemiddle-classAmericangoals.Thecounterculturepresentedmenandwomenwithnewrolechoices.Takingmoreinterestinchildcare,menbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infact,someyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.Inaddition,manyAmericansdidnotvaluethetraditionalmaleroleofsoldier.SomeyoungmenrefusedtobedraftedassoldierstofightinthewarinVietnam.

Intermsofnumbers,thecounterculturewasnotaverylargegroupofpeople.ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety.Workingmenofallclassesbegantochangetheireconomicandsocialpatterns.Industrialworkersandbusinessexecutivesalikecutdownon“overtime”worksothattheycouldspendmoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies.Somedoctors,lawyers,andteachersturnedawayfromhighpayingsituationstopracticetheirprofessionsinpoorerneighborhoods.

Inthe1970s,thefeministmovement,orwomen’sliberation,producedadditionaleconomicandsocialchanges.Womenofallagesandatalllevelsofsocietywereenteringtheworkforceingreaternumbers.Mostofthemstilltooktraditionalwomen’sjobsaspublicschoolteaching,nursing,andsecretarialwork.Butsomewomenbegantoentertraditionallymaleoccupations:policework,banking,dentistry,andconstructionwork.Womenwereaskingforequalwork,andequalopportunitiesforpromotion.

Todaytheexpertsgenerallyagreethatimportantchangesaretakingplaceintherolesofmenandwomen.Naturally,therearedifficultiesinadjustingtothesetransformations.

andwomen.Naturally,therearedifficultiesinadjustingtothesetransformations.

1.WhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofParagraph1?

2.WhichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofParagraph2?

3.Inthepassagetheauthorproposesthatthecounterculture______.

4.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.

5.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Womenusuallyworkedoutsidethehomeforwages.

B.Menandwomen’sroleswereeasilyexchangedinthepast.

C.Men’srolesathomeweremorefirmlyfixedthanwomen’s.

D.Menandwomen’sroleswereusuallyquiteseparatedinthepast.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thefirstsentence.

B.Thesecondandthethirdsentences.

C.Thefourthsentence.

D.Thelastsentence.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.destroyedtheUnitedStates

B.transfonnedsomeAmericanvalues

C.wasnotimportantintheUnitedStates

D.broughtpeoplemoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.menandwomenwillneversharethesamegoals

B.somemenwillbewillingtoexchangetheirtraditionalmaleroles

C.mostmenwillbehappytosharesomeofthehouseholdresponsibilitieswiththeirwives

D.moreAmericanhouseholdsareheadedbywomenthaneverbefore

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ResultsofFeministMovements

B.NewinfluenceinAmericanLife

C.CountercultureandItsconsequence

D.TraditionalDivisionofMaleandFemaleRoles

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。由文章第一段中Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilies,whilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeople,andtherewasnotmuchopportunityforwomentoexchangetheirroles.（男人在外面工作，掙的錢(qián)養(yǎng)家，而女人做飯，照顧家里和孩子。這些角色對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)是固定不變的，婦女沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)交換她們的角色）可知過(guò)去男女的分工明確，角色相對(duì)固定，因此選D。

2.主旨大意題。文章第二段主要講述了反主流文化對(duì)男女分工角色的影響，再根據(jù)第一段最后一句中Butbythemiddleofthiscentury,men’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed.（但是到了本世紀(jì)中葉，男性和女性的角色越來(lái)越不固定）可知C選項(xiàng)最符合題意。

A選項(xiàng)“在20世紀(jì)50年代，經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的成功是典型的美國(guó)人的目標(biāo)”；B選項(xiàng)“但是在20世紀(jì)60年代，一支新的力量被稱(chēng)為反文化。參與這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的人并不重視美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的目標(biāo)；C選項(xiàng)“反主流文化為男性和女性提供了新的角色選擇”；D選項(xiàng)“一些年輕男性拒絕應(yīng)征當(dāng)兵參加越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety（但它的影響卻蔓延到美國(guó)社會(huì)的許多方面）可推測(cè)反主流文化改變了美國(guó)的一些價(jià)值觀，因此選B。

4.推理判斷題。由文章第二段中Takingmoreinterestinchildcare,menbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infact,someyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.（由于對(duì)育兒更感興趣，男人們開(kāi)始和妻子分擔(dān)撫養(yǎng)孩子的任務(wù)。事實(shí)上，一些年輕男女搬進(jìn)了公共住宅或農(nóng)場(chǎng)，在那兒雙方共同承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)和撫養(yǎng)孩子的責(zé)任）可推測(cè)C選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)男人都很樂(lè)意和妻子分擔(dān)一些家務(wù)”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了過(guò)去社會(huì)男女分工明確，角色固定；第二三段講述了反主流文化以及它的影響；第四段講述了女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)給美國(guó)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)的變化；最后一段簡(jiǎn)單概括男女地位的變化與轉(zhuǎn)變中的困難。因此B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)生活的新影響”符合題意。

9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthesignalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.

3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.

4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.

5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestit

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswer

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations

B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather

D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerations

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowth

B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth

C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independent

D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensities

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.citetheviewsofotherbiologists

B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddresses

C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologists

D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.1.本文的作者主要關(guān)注______。

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportanceA.討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類(lèi)因素，并評(píng)估它們的相對(duì)重要性

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccurB.描述自然種群的增長(zhǎng)率如何隨時(shí)間波動(dòng)，并解釋為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這些變化

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestitC.提出關(guān)于種群規(guī)模的假設(shè)并提出檢驗(yàn)方法

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswerD.提出一個(gè)關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)中的環(huán)境因素的基本問(wèn)題，并給出一些目前被接受的答案

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】文章首先提出物種增長(zhǎng)的現(xiàn)象，隨即提出二分法并對(duì)其進(jìn)行討論，最后對(duì)這個(gè)二分法進(jìn)行評(píng)估，因此在這篇文章中，作者主要關(guān)注的是討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類(lèi)因素以及他們的重要性，所以A項(xiàng)“討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類(lèi)因素，并評(píng)估它們的相對(duì)重要性”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B項(xiàng)“描述自然種群的增長(zhǎng)率如何隨時(shí)間波動(dòng)，并解釋為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這些變化”、C項(xiàng)“提出關(guān)于種群規(guī)模的假設(shè)并提出檢驗(yàn)方法”和D項(xiàng)“提出一個(gè)關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)中的環(huán)境因素的基本問(wèn)題，并給出一些目前被接受的答案”都是文章中的一部分，不夠全面，這三項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.2.從文中可以推斷，作者認(rèn)為討論的二分法______。

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulationsA.只適用于不穩(wěn)定波動(dòng)的人口

B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognizedB.有用的，但前提是它的局限性被認(rèn)識(shí)到

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstancesC.在大多數(shù)情況下都是危險(xiǎn)的誤導(dǎo)

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomenaD.解釋觀察到的現(xiàn)象的一種完整而充分的方法

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞dichotomy定位至第三段首句“這種二分法有它的用途，但如果從字面上理解，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題（butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally）”，其中二分法指的是第二段提到的兩類(lèi)種群，即相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的種群和高度變化的種群，第二段討論了這兩種種群的不同用途，說(shuō)明二分法是有用的；然后第三段首句卻提到butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally（但如果從字面上理解，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題），可以看出，二分法有其局限性，所以B項(xiàng)“有用的，但前提是它的局限性被認(rèn)識(shí)到”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“只適用于不穩(wěn)定波動(dòng)的人口”表述太絕對(duì)，該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文；

C項(xiàng)“在大多數(shù)情況下都是危險(xiǎn)的誤導(dǎo)”和D項(xiàng)“解釋觀察到的現(xiàn)象的一種完整而充分的方法”表述都比較片面，這兩項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.3.根據(jù)本文，以下所有的行為都在不同的物種中出現(xiàn)過(guò)，除了______。

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyearA.每年大致保持恒定的人口水平

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbersB.數(shù)字有規(guī)律的增加和減少的循環(huán)

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweatherC.數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)與天氣有關(guān)

D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerationsD.數(shù)代人不受制約的增長(zhǎng)

【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)首段前兩句“正如吉爾伯特?懷特、達(dá)爾文和其他人很久以前觀察到的那樣，所有物種（allspecies）似乎都具有與生俱來(lái)的能力，能夠一代一代地增加它們的數(shù)量。生態(tài)學(xué)家的任務(wù)是理清環(huán)境和生物因素，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，這些因素制約著（incheck）人口增長(zhǎng)的內(nèi)在能力”，其中allspecies對(duì)應(yīng)了題干中的differentpopulations，可知不同的物種都具有能夠一代一代地增加它們的數(shù)量的能力，但是這種能力受到環(huán)境和生物因素的制約，D項(xiàng)“數(shù)代人不受制約的增長(zhǎng)”中的unchecked與原文不符合，但符合題干，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“每年大致保持恒定的人口水平”、B項(xiàng)“數(shù)字有規(guī)律的增加和減少的循環(huán)”和C項(xiàng)“數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)與天氣有關(guān)”，根據(jù)第一段最后一句“不同種群表現(xiàn)出的各種動(dòng)態(tài)行為使得這項(xiàng)任務(wù)更加困難：有些種群年復(fù)一年大致保持不變；另一些則表現(xiàn)出規(guī)律性的豐富性和稀缺性循環(huán)；還有一些情況差別很大，疾病的爆發(fā)和崩潰在某些情況下與天氣密切相關(guān)，而在其他情況下則與天氣無(wú)關(guān)”可知，這三項(xiàng)行為都在不同的物種中出現(xiàn)過(guò)，故屬于反向干擾。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.4.第三段中關(guān)于種群的討論主要是為了______。

A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowthA.說(shuō)明生態(tài)學(xué)家在研究限制種群增長(zhǎng)的密度依賴(lài)因素時(shí)所面臨的困難

B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowthB.提倡更嚴(yán)格地研究種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴(lài)的因素

C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independentC.證明任何種群的死亡率都不是完全與密度無(wú)關(guān)的

D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensitiesD.強(qiáng)調(diào)即使是很小的密度依賴(lài)因素在調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)期的種群密度方面的重要性

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先定位第三段，該段主要陳述density-dependentfactors（密度依賴(lài)因素），由最后三句“換句話說(shuō)，種群中平均99%的死亡是由與密度無(wú)關(guān)的原因引起的，只有1%是隨密度變化的因素引起的。構(gòu)成這1%的因素可能看起來(lái)不重要，它們的原因可能相應(yīng)地難以確定。然而，無(wú)論是否被認(rèn)識(shí)到，它們通常將決定長(zhǎng)期的平均種群密度?！笨芍?，種群中只有1%的死亡是由密度依賴(lài)因素引起，但是這1%的因素通常決定長(zhǎng)期的平均種群密度，綜合理解可以推斷，第三段關(guān)于種群的討論主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)密度依賴(lài)因素在調(diào)節(jié)種群密度方面的重要性，D項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)即使是很小的密度依賴(lài)因素在調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)期的種群密度方面的重要性”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明生態(tài)學(xué)家在研究限制種群增長(zhǎng)的密度依賴(lài)因素時(shí)所面臨的困難”在第三段沒(méi)有依據(jù)，該項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有；

B項(xiàng)“提倡更嚴(yán)格地研究種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴(lài)的因素”，該段只是證明了種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴(lài)因素的重要性，但是advocate在該段沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)，該項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有；

C項(xiàng)“證明任何種群的死亡率都不是完全與密度無(wú)關(guān)的”并不是第三段討論種群的重點(diǎn)，該項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.5.在本文中，作者做了以下所有的事情，除了______。

A.citetheviewsofotherbiologistsA.引用其他生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)

B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddressesB.定義文章要解決的一個(gè)基本問(wèn)題

C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologistsC.介紹其他生物學(xué)家使用的概念范疇

D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudyD.描述一項(xiàng)特定研究的結(jié)果

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】通讀全文可知，本文作者在論述自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)運(yùn)用了各種寫(xiě)作手段，第一段引用生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)引出文章主題，第二段介紹其他生態(tài)學(xué)家所定義的概念，第三段和第四段則是提出二分法需要解決的一個(gè)問(wèn)題，并介紹理解生態(tài)學(xué)家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)的不同方法，只有D項(xiàng)“描述一項(xiàng)特定研究的結(jié)果”的寫(xiě)作手法并沒(méi)有在文中運(yùn)用，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“引用其他生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)”在第一段有體現(xiàn)，該段引用了吉爾伯特?懷特和達(dá)爾文，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“定義文章要解決的一個(gè)基本問(wèn)題”在第三段有體現(xiàn)，第一句提到“這種二分法有它的用途，但如果從字面上理解，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題”，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“介紹其他生物學(xué)家使用的概念范疇”在第二段有體現(xiàn)，第一句提到“為了給這種千變?nèi)f化的模式賦予一些秩序，一種思想學(xué)派建議將種群分為兩類(lèi)”，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

10.單選題

BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.，theByzantineEmpire(拜占庭帝國(guó))stagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishedtheempirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,anditsinfluenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomyhadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscholarshiphadadvanced.

ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-centuryAthensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequentialconnectionsamongmilitary,economic,andculturalformsofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsofhistoricalchange.

ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.

Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthatmilitaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst.Economicadvancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.Inthe860’stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArabincursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththeAbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredintheempire’sfavor.Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.Anumberofnotablescholarsandwritersappearedby788and,bythelastdecadeoftheeighthcentury,aculturalrevivalwasinfullbloom,arevivalthatlasteduntilthefallofConstantinoplein1453.Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.

41.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthetext?

42.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheByzantineEmpiresustainedsignificantterritoriallosses___.

43.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthormostprobablyprovidesanexplanationoftheapparentconnectionsamongeconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentinorderto___.

44.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionascrucialevidenceconcerningthemannerinwhichtheByzantinerevivalbegan?

45.Accordingtotheauthor,“Thecommonexplanation”(paragraph3)ofconnectionsbetweeneconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentis___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheByzantineEmpirewasauniquecaseinwhichtheusualorderofmilitaryandeconomicrevivalprecedingculturalrevivalwasreversed.

B.Theeconomic,cultural,andmilitaryrevivalintheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturieswassimilarinitsordertothesequenceofrevivalinAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthens.

C.After810Byzantineeconomicrecoveryspurredamilitaryand,later,culturalexpansionthatlasteduntil1453.

D.TherevivaloftheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesshowsculturalrebirthprecedingeconomicandmilitaryrevival,thereverseofthegenerallyacceptedsequenceofprogress.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.in600

B.duringtheseventhcentury

C.acenturyaftertheculturalachievementsoftheByzantineEmpirehadbeenlost

D.soonaftertherevivalofByzantinelearning

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.suggestthattheprocessofrevivalinByzantiumaccordswiththismodel

B.setupanorderofeventsthatisthenshowntobenotgenerallyapplicabletothecaseofByzantium

C.castaspersionsontraditionalhistoricalscholarshipaboutByzantium

D.suggestthatByzantiumrepresentsacaseforwhichnohistoricalprecedentexists

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheByzantinemilitaryrevivalofthe860’sledtoeconomicandculturaladvances.

B.TheByzantineculturalrevivallasteduntil1453.

C.TheByzantineeconomicrecoverybeganinthe900’s.

D.TherevivalofByzantinelearningbegantowardtheendoftheeighthcentury.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.revolutionaryandtoonewtohavebeenappliedtothehistoryoftheByzantineEmpire

B.reasonable,butanantiquatedtheoryofthenatureofprogress

C.notapplicabletotheByzantinerevivalasawhole,butdoesperhapsaccuratelydescribelimitedperiodsduringtherevival

D.equallyapplicabletotheByzantinecaseasawholeandtothehistoryofmilitary,economic,andculturaladvancesinancientGreeceandRome

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】41.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段開(kāi)頭BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.（在公元8世紀(jì)到11世紀(jì)之間，拜占庭帝國(guó)上演了一場(chǎng)幾乎無(wú)與倫比的經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化復(fù)興，這種復(fù)興之所以格外引人注目，是因?yàn)樗?jīng)歷了一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的嚴(yán)重內(nèi)部衰退）和最后一段結(jié)尾Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.（因此，在拜占庭，人們普遍期望的軍事復(fù)興，隨后是經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，然后是文化復(fù)蘇的秩序被逆轉(zhuǎn)了。事實(shí)上，拜占庭學(xué)習(xí)的復(fù)興本身可能影響了后來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事擴(kuò)張）可知選D選項(xiàng)“拜占庭帝國(guó)在8世紀(jì)和11世紀(jì)之間的復(fù)興顯示了經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事復(fù)興之前的文化復(fù)興，與普遍接受的進(jìn)步秩序相反”；根據(jù)第二段開(kāi)頭ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.（將拜占庭的軍事、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步視為單一現(xiàn)象的不同方面是合理的。畢竟，這三種形式的進(jìn)步在許多國(guó)家和文明中是同時(shí)發(fā)生）可知A選項(xiàng)“拜占庭帝國(guó)是一個(gè)獨(dú)特的例子，在文化復(fù)興之前，通常的軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)興的秩序被逆轉(zhuǎn)了”錯(cuò)誤，文中只是說(shuō)明了拜占庭帝國(guó)的發(fā)展順序與一般的不一樣，但并未說(shuō)明唯一；B選項(xiàng)“810年后，拜占庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇刺激了軍事和文化的擴(kuò)張，這種擴(kuò)張一直持續(xù)到1453年”，C選項(xiàng)“8世紀(jì)拜占庭學(xué)術(shù)的復(fù)興是一種無(wú)法解釋的現(xiàn)象，它的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事先驅(qū)尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)”只是文章中的部分內(nèi)容，并不能概括文章主旨。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

42.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第一段Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600…（到了八世紀(jì)初，帝國(guó)在公元600年失去了大約三分之二的領(lǐng)土）可以推斷出在七世紀(jì)時(shí)拜占庭帝國(guó)遭受到了嚴(yán)重的領(lǐng)域損失，所以到八世紀(jì)初，帝國(guó)失去了大約三分之二的領(lǐng)土，選B選項(xiàng)“在七世紀(jì)”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“600年”錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“拜占庭帝國(guó)的文化成就消失后的一個(gè)世紀(jì)”和D選項(xiàng)“拜占庭學(xué)習(xí)復(fù)興后不久”和原文不符，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

43.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedback