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書(shū)山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-內(nèi)蒙古體育職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)!第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題
Thefirestartedonthefirstfloorofthehospital______wereelderlyandweak.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.manyofitspatients
B.manyofwhichpatients
C.manypatientsofwhom
D.manyofwhosepatients
【答案】D
【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意:大火從醫(yī)院的一樓開(kāi)始蔓延,在一樓有許多年老體弱的病人。橫線到句尾部分是修飾firstfloor的定語(yǔ)從句,patients和firstfloor是所屬關(guān)系,用引導(dǎo)詞whose,D選項(xiàng)manyofwhosepatients符合題意。A選項(xiàng)中its不是引導(dǎo)詞,不引導(dǎo)從句;B選項(xiàng)中which不表示所屬關(guān)系;C選項(xiàng)中whom用在先行詞是人的情況。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
2.單選題
Whatwillitmeantoknowthecompletehumangenome?EricLanderofMIT’sWhiteheadInstitutecomparesittothediscoveryoftheperiodictableoftheelementsinthelast1800s.“Genomicsisnowprovidingbiology’speriodictable.”saysLander.“Scientistswillknowthateveryphenomenonmustbeexplainableintermsofthislist”whichwillbeonasingleCD-ROM.AlreadyresearchersareextractingDNAfrompatients,attachingfluorescentmoleculesandsprinklingthesampleonaglasschipwhosesurfaceisspeckledwith10,000knowngenes.Alaserreadsthefluorescence,whichindicateswhichoftheknowngenesonthechipareinthemysterysamplefromthepatient.Inonlythelastfewmonthssuch“gene-expressionmonitoring”hasdiagnosedamuscletumorinaboythoughttohaveleukemia,anddistinguishedbetweentwokindsofcancerthatrequireverydifferentchemotherapy.
Butdecodingthebookoflifeposesdauntingmoraldilemmas.Withknowledgeofourgeneticcodewillcomethepowertore-engineerthehumanspecies.Biologistswillbeabletousethegenomeasapartslistmuchascustomersscouralistofchinatoreplacebrokenplatesandmaywellletprospectiveparentschoosetheirunbornchild’straits.Scientistshavesolidleadsongenesfordifferenttemperaments,bodybuilds,staturesandcognitiveabilities.AndifanyonestillbelievesthatparentswillrecoilatprayingGod,andleavetheirbaby’sfateinthehandsofnature,recallthatcoupleshavealreadycreatedafrenziedmarketineggsfromIvyLeaguewomen.
Beyondtheprofoundethicalissuesarepracticalconcerns.Theeasieritistochangeourselvesandourchildren,thelesssocietymaytoleratethosewhodonot;warnsLoriAndrewsofKentCollegeofLaw.Ifgenetictestsinuteruspredictmentaldullness,obesity,shortstatureorotherundesirabletraitsofthemoment,willsocietydisparagechildrenwhoseparentsletthembebornwiththosetraits?Already,Andrewsfinds,somenursesanddoctorsblameparentsforbringingintotheworldachildwhosebirthdefectwasdiagnosablebeforedelivery;howlongwillitbebeforethesamecondemnationappliestocosmeticimperfections?Anevengreaterconcernisthatwellintentionedchoicesbymillionsofindividualparents-to-becouldadduptounforeseenconsequencesforallofhumankind.Itjustsohappensthatsomediseasegenesalsoconferresistancetodisease:carryingageneforsicklecellanemia,forinstance,bringsresistancetomalaria.Arewesmartenough,andwiseenough,toknowhowknockingout“bad”geneswillaffectourevolutionasaspecies?
36.Themainsimilaritybetweenthebiology’speriodictableandtheperiodictableoftheelementsis______.
37.Inthesecondparagraph,“thebookoflife”refersto______.
38.WecaninferthatsomecouplesareeagertogeteggsfromIvyLeaguewomenbecause______.
39.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat______.
40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsknowingthecompletehumangenomecanbedescribedas______.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.theyarebothlists
B.theycanbeusedtoexplaineveryphenomenonintheirownfields
C.theycanbeusedtodiagnosediseases
D.theyarebothusedtocurediseases
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.abookwrittenbyaprophet
B.abookwrittenbyabiologist
C.theperiodictableoftheelements
D.thehumangenome
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.theycan’tgivebirthtochildren
B.theywanttohaveagood-lookingchild
C.theywanttohaveacleverchild
D.curiositydrivesthemtodothat
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.“gene-expressionmonitoring”ishelpfulincuringdiseases
B.allofthediseasegenesareharmfultohumanbeings
C.shortpeoplemayalsobelookeddownuponinfuture
D.scientistsareencouragedtodoresearchonhumangenome
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.critical
B.objective
C.positive
D.indifferent
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:C
第5題:B
【解析】36.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“生物學(xué)元素周期表和元素周期表的主要相似點(diǎn)是……”。定位第一段第二句EricLanderofMIT’sWhiteheadInstitutecomparesittothediscoveryoftheperiodictableoftheelementsinthelast1800s.(麻省理工學(xué)院懷特黑德研究所的埃里克蘭德將其比作19世紀(jì)末期元素周期表的發(fā)現(xiàn)),第三句Genomicsisnowprovidingbiology’speriodictable.(基因組學(xué)現(xiàn)在提供生物學(xué)的元素周期表),以及第四句Scientistswillknowthateveryphenomenonmustbeexplainableintermsofthislist(科學(xué)家們將知道,每一種現(xiàn)象都必須用這張清單來(lái)解釋?zhuān)┛芍?,生物學(xué)元素周期表提供的基因組學(xué),化學(xué)元素周期表提供的是化學(xué)元素的信息,所以生物學(xué)元素周期表和化學(xué)元素周期表都是用來(lái)解釋相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)現(xiàn)和現(xiàn)象,B項(xiàng)“它們可以用來(lái)解釋各自領(lǐng)域中的每一種現(xiàn)象”正確。A項(xiàng)“它們都是列表”表述本身沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤,但是并沒(méi)有表達(dá)出它們兩者之間的真正相似點(diǎn)。C項(xiàng)“它們可以用來(lái)診斷疾病”和D項(xiàng)“它們都被用來(lái)治療疾病”錯(cuò)誤,這只能用來(lái)描述生物學(xué)元素周期表,屬于以偏概全。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
37.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“在第二段,‘生命之書(shū)’指的是……”。從文章第一句Whatwillitmeantoknowthecompletehumangenome?(了解完整的人類(lèi)基因組意味著什么?),以及文章內(nèi)容可知,本文主要講述了解整個(gè)人類(lèi)基因組將可能產(chǎn)生的道德困境和后果,因此thebookoflife指的就是人類(lèi)基因組,D項(xiàng)“人類(lèi)基因組”正確。A項(xiàng)“先知寫(xiě)的書(shū)”和B項(xiàng)“生物學(xué)家寫(xiě)的書(shū)”屬于無(wú)中生有。C項(xiàng)“元素周期表”屬于反向干擾。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
38.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“我們可以推斷,一些夫婦渴望從常春藤盟校的女性那里得到卵子,因?yàn)椤?。定位到第二段,該段主要講述了解基因組可能導(dǎo)致的倫理問(wèn)題,第二句提到Biologistswillbeabletousethegenomeasapartslist…andmaywellletprospectiveparentschoosetheirunbornchild’straits.(生物學(xué)家將能夠把基因組作為一個(gè)零件清單……而且很可能讓準(zhǔn)父母選擇他們未出生孩子的特征),可知,父母可能根據(jù)自己的意愿選擇未出世孩子的特征,而IvyLeague是美國(guó)東部最為著名的頂級(jí)大學(xué)之一,所以推斷,有些夫婦想要IvyLeague的女性的卵子是為了得到一個(gè)聰明的孩子,C項(xiàng)“他們想要一個(gè)聰明的孩子”正確。A項(xiàng)“他們不能生孩子”和D項(xiàng)“好奇心驅(qū)使他們那樣做”沒(méi)提到,屬于無(wú)中生有。B項(xiàng)“他們想要一個(gè)漂亮的孩子”屬于曲解原文。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
39.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以得知……”。定位第一段最后一句Inonlythelastfewmonthssuch“gene-expressionmonitoring”hasdiagnosedamuscletumorinaboythoughttohaveleukemia,anddistinguishedbetweentwokindsofcancerthatrequireverydifferentchemotherapy.(僅僅在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)月里,這種“基因表達(dá)監(jiān)測(cè)”就診斷出一個(gè)被認(rèn)為患有白血病的男孩患有肌肉腫瘤,并區(qū)分出兩種需要非常不同的化療的癌癥)可知,“基因表達(dá)監(jiān)測(cè)”可用來(lái)診斷疾病,但沒(méi)有說(shuō)可用來(lái)治療疾病,A項(xiàng)“基因表達(dá)監(jiān)測(cè)有助于治療疾病”曲解原文。定位最后一段倒數(shù)第二句Itjustsohappensthatsomediseasegenesalsoconferresistancetodisease:carryingageneforsicklecellanemia,forinstance,bringsresistancetomalaria.(碰巧的是,一些疾病基因也具有抵抗疾病的能力:例如,攜帶鐮狀細(xì)胞貧血基因就能抵抗瘧疾)可知,某些致病基因可使攜帶者又抵抗其他疾病的能力,因此B項(xiàng)“所有的疾病基因都對(duì)人類(lèi)有害”屬于反向干擾。定位第二段第一句Butdecodingthebookoflifeposesdauntingmoraldilemmas.(但是,解讀生命之書(shū)帶來(lái)了令人生畏的道德困境),從daunting(使人畏縮的)可知,D項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家被鼓勵(lì)做人類(lèi)基因組的研究”表達(dá)也不符合原文,屬于反向干擾。最后一段提到somenursesanddoctorsblameparentsforbringingintotheworldachildwhosebirthdefectwasdiagnosablebeforedelivery;howlongwillitbebeforethesamecondemnationappliestocosmeticimperfections?(一些護(hù)士和醫(yī)生已經(jīng)開(kāi)始指責(zé)父母把一個(gè)出生缺陷在出生前就可以診斷出來(lái)的孩子帶到這個(gè)世界上,外表的不完美也會(huì)受到同樣的譴責(zé)還要過(guò)多久呢?),可以看出,基因技術(shù)的發(fā)展會(huì)使改變孩子變得很容易,社會(huì)將蔑視那些具有不受歡迎特征的孩子,故C項(xiàng)“個(gè)子矮的人將來(lái)也可能被人看不起”符合原文。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
40.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干意思是“作者對(duì)完整的人類(lèi)基因組的態(tài)度可以用……來(lái)描述”。通讀全文可知,文章第一段講的是解讀人類(lèi)基因組的有利方面,隨后兩段闡述解讀人類(lèi)基因組可能帶來(lái)的道德問(wèn)題和后果,即不利影響。作者在其中并沒(méi)有表達(dá)任何有情感性的詞語(yǔ),可見(jiàn)作者的態(tài)度是客觀的,B項(xiàng)“客觀的”正確。A項(xiàng)“批評(píng)的”、C項(xiàng)“積極的”和D項(xiàng)“冷漠的”都屬于曲解原文。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
3.單選題
Sonyissaid________toApplerightnowaboutsupplyingmultiple-sensorcamerasfornewiPhones.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.havetalked
B.havingbeentalking
C.totalk
D.tobetalking
【答案】D
【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意:據(jù)說(shuō)索尼正在和蘋(píng)果公司商談向新的蘋(píng)果設(shè)備提供復(fù)式傳感器相機(jī)。besaid的固定搭配是后面接不定式,所以排除A,B選項(xiàng);從關(guān)鍵詞rightnow可知談話正在進(jìn)行,或者即將發(fā)生,所以需要用不定式的進(jìn)行式,所以答案選D。
4.單選題
Manypeopleareaskingwhethertraditionalresearchuniversitiesinfacthaveanyfuture().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.atall
B.sofar
C.inall
D.onend
【答案】A
【解析】考查詞組辨析。atall“根本,究竟”;sofar“到目前為止”;inall“總共,合計(jì)”;onend“豎著,連續(xù)著”。句意:許多人在詢(xún)問(wèn),傳統(tǒng)的研究型大學(xué)實(shí)際上到底還有沒(méi)有前途。A項(xiàng)符合題意。
5.單選題
In1982,HitachiwasindictedforstealingconfidentialdocumentsfromIBM.Aspartofacourtsettlement,thecompanypaidIBMhundredsofmillionsofdollars.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.condemnedfor
B.accusedof
C.disciplinedfor
D.disapprovedof
【答案】B
【解析】考查詞組辨析。beindictedfor“因……被指控”;A選項(xiàng)becondemnedfor“因……被譴責(zé)”;B選項(xiàng)beaccusedof“被指控”;C選項(xiàng)bedisciplinedfor“因……受到處分或懲罰”;D選項(xiàng)bedisapprovedofdoingsth.的搭配不存在。句意:1982年,日立被指控從IBM竊取機(jī)密文件。作為法庭和解的一部分,該公司向IBM支付了數(shù)億美元。題干說(shuō)到“acourtsettlement庭外和解”,可推知indictedfor在這里有“因……被指控”的意思,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
6.單選題
Frank’sremarkthathewas“slightlybruised”intheaccidentisa/an______;hesufferedtwofracturedribs.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.synecdoche
B.metonymy
C.understatement
D.personification
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)synecdoche“提喻法”,B項(xiàng)metonymy“轉(zhuǎn)喻”,C項(xiàng)understatement“保守的陳述,不充分的陳述”,D項(xiàng)personification“人格化,化身,擬人法”。根據(jù)hesufferedtwofracturedribs“他兩根肋骨骨折”可知,F(xiàn)rank’sremarkthathewas“slightlybruised”intheaccidentisa/an______表示的是“弗蘭克說(shuō)他在事故中有輕微擦傷只是保守的陳述”。句意:弗蘭克說(shuō)他在事故中有“輕微瘀傷”是輕描淡寫(xiě)的;他兩根肋骨骨折。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
7.單選題
TheSpanishteam,whoarenotinsuperbform,willbedoingtheirbestnextweektorevengethemselvesontheGermanteamforlastyear’sdefeat.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.retaliate
B.recover
C.repel
D.defend
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)retaliate“報(bào)復(fù)”;B選項(xiàng)recover“恢復(fù);彌補(bǔ);重新獲得”;C選項(xiàng)repel“擊退;抵制;使厭惡;使不愉快”;D選項(xiàng)defend“辯護(hù);防護(hù)”。句意:目前狀態(tài)不佳的西班牙隊(duì)將在下周全力以赴,為去年的失利向德國(guó)隊(duì)報(bào)仇。結(jié)合此處關(guān)鍵詞revenge“報(bào)復(fù);替……報(bào)仇;洗雪”,得知A選項(xiàng)正確。
8.單選題
Thisisadifficultjob,ifyoutryyourbest,youwilllearnhowtodoit().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.ontime
B.behindtime
C.attimes
D.intime
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定搭配。ontime“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”;behindtime“遲到”;attimes“有時(shí)偶爾”;intime“及時(shí)”。本句意為“這是一份困難的工作,但只要你盡力,你就能很快學(xué)會(huì)的”,intime符合句意,表達(dá)“及時(shí)”的意思。因此選項(xiàng)D正確。
9.單選題
Everybodygetssick.Diseaseandinjurymakeussufferthroughoutourlivesuntilfinallysonicattackonthebodybringsourexistencetoanend.Fortunately,mostofusinmodernindustrializedsocietiescantakerelativelygoodhealthforgrantedmostofthetime.Infact,wetendtofullyrealizetheimportanceofgoodhealthonlywhenweorthoseclosetousbecomeseriouslyill.Atsuchtimeswekeenlyappreciatetheancienttruththathealthisourmostpreciousasset,oneforwhichwemightreadilygiveupsuchrewardsaspower,wealth,orfame.
Becauseillhealthisuniversalproblem,affectingboththeindividualandsociety,thehumanresponsetosicknessisalwayssociallyorganized.Nosocietyleavestheresponsibilityformaintaininghealthandtreatingillhealthentirelytotheindividual.Eachsocietydevelopsitsownconceptsofhealthandsicknessandauthorizescertainpeopletodecidewhoissickandhowthesickshouldbetreated.Aroundthisfocustherearises,overtime,anumberofstandards,values,groups,statuses,androles:inotherwords,aninstitution.Tothesociologist,then,medicineistheinstitutionconcernedwiththemaintenanceofhealthandtreatmentofdisease.
Inthesimplestpre-industrialsocieties,medicineisusuallyanaspectofreligion.Thesocialarrangementsfordealingwithsicknessarcveryelementary,ofteninvolvingonlytworoles:thesickandthehealer.Thelatteristypicallyalsothepriest,whoreliesprimarilyonreligiousceremonies,bothtoidentifyandtotreatdisease:forexample,bonesmaybethrowntoestablishacause,songsmaybeusedtobringaboutacure.Inmodemindustrializedsocieties,ontheotherhand,theinstitutionhasbecomehighlycomplicatedandspecialized,includingdozensofrolessuchasthoseofbrainsurgeon,druggist,andhospitaladministrator,linkedwithvariousorganizationssuchasnursinghomes,insurancecompanies,andmedicalschools.Medicine,infact,hasbecomethesubjectofintensesociologicalinterestpreciselybecauseitisnowoneofthemostpervasiveandcostlyinstitutionsofmodernsociety.
1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtoParagraphI?
2.Theword“authorize”inParagraph2means“(
).
3.InParagraph2,welearnthatthesociologistregardsmedicineas
(
).
4.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
5.Theauthorofthispassageismainlyconcernedwith(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Nowadaysmostpeoplebelievetheycanhavefairlygoodhealth.
B.Humanlifeinvolvesagreatdealofpainandsuffering.
C.Mostofusareawareofthefullvalueofhealth.
D.Ancientpeoplebelievedthathealthwasmoreexpensivethananythingelse.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.makewayfor
B.givepowerto
C.writeanorderfor
D.makeitpossiblefor
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.asystemwhosepurposeistotreatdiseaseandkeeppeoplehealthy
B.auniversalproblemthataffectseverysociety
C.asocialresponsibilitytotreatillhealth
D.asciencethatfocusesonthetreatmentofdisease
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Inthepast,bonesmightbeusedtodecidewhypeoplefellill.
B.inpre-industrialsocietiespriestssometimestreatedpatientsbysinging.
C.Modemmedicineissocomplicatedthatsociologynolongerhasaplaceinit.
D.Therewereonlytworolesinanelementarymedicalsystem,thepatientandtheonewhotriedtocurehim.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.sociologicalaspectsinmedicine
B.medicaltreatmentofdiseases
C.thedevelopmentofmedicalscience
D.theroleofreligioninmedicine
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:B
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“根據(jù)第一段,下列哪個(gè)描述是正確的”。文章第一段提到“疾病和受傷讓我們痛苦一生,直到對(duì)身體的一些攻擊能讓我們死去”(Diseaseandinjurymakeussufferthroughoutourlivesuntilfinallysonicattackonthebodybringsourexistencetoanend),選項(xiàng)B“人生有許多痛苦和磨難”符合題意。
2.詞義題。題目問(wèn)的是“第二段中的authorize的意思是……”。文章第二段提到某些人去決定誰(shuí)生了病,以及決定這些病人被怎樣處理(authorizescertainpeopletodecidewhoissickandhowthesickshouldbetreated),選項(xiàng)B“給……以權(quán)力”符合題意。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“在第二段中,我們可以得知社會(huì)學(xué)家將藥品作為……”。文章第二段的最后一句“對(duì)于社會(huì)學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō),醫(yī)學(xué)是關(guān)于維持健康和治療疾病的一種制度”(Tothesociologist,then,medicineistheinstitutionconcernedwiththemaintenanceofhealthandtreatmentofdisease),選項(xiàng)A“一種以治療疾病和維持人體健康為目的的體系”符合題意。
4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“根據(jù)第三段,下列不正確的是……”。文章第三段提到“正因?yàn)獒t(yī)學(xué)現(xiàn)在是最普遍的、花費(fèi)多的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)之一,所以它已經(jīng)成為社會(huì)學(xué)家最感興趣的主題”(Medicine,infact,hasbecomethesubjectofintensesociologicalinterestpreciselybecauseitisnowoneofthemostpervasiveandcostlyinstitutionsofmodernsociety),所以選項(xiàng)C“現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)如此復(fù)雜,以至于社會(huì)學(xué)在其中不再有任何位置”與描述不符合,所以是答案。
5.主旨大意題。題目問(wèn)的是“這篇文章作者關(guān)心的是……”。文章第三段提到“正因?yàn)獒t(yī)學(xué)現(xiàn)在是最普遍的、花費(fèi)多的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)之一,所以它已經(jīng)成為社會(huì)學(xué)家最感興趣的主題”(Medicine,infact,hasbecomethesubjectofintensesociologicalinterestpreciselybecauseitisnowoneofthemostpervasiveandcostlyinstitutionsofmodernsociety),選項(xiàng)A“醫(yī)學(xué)的社會(huì)學(xué)方面”符合題意。
10.單選題
It’sinyourbest()toquitsmoking,foryouhavesomebreathingproblems.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.sake
B.benefit
C.advantage
D.interest
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:戒煙對(duì)你最有利,因?yàn)槟阌幸恍┖粑鼏?wèn)題。beinsb’s(best)interest(s)(todosth)=bethebestthingforsomeone,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
11.單選題
Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheocean’swatermassasconsistingoflarge,slow-movingcurrents,suchastheGulfStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.Butinthe1950’sandthe1960’s,researchersbegantoemploynewlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment,includingsubsurfacefloatsthatmovewithoceancurrentsandemitidentificationsignals,andocean-currentmetersthatrecorddataformonthsatfixedlocationsintheocean.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanunexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthedeepocean.Ratherthanbeingcharacterizedbysmooth,large-scalecurrentsthatchangeseasonally(ifatall),theseasaredominatedbywhatoceanographerscallmesoscalefields;fluctuating,energeticflowswhosevelocitycanreachtentimesthemeanvelocityofthemajorcurrents.
Mesoscalephenomena—theoceanicanalogueofweathersystems-oftenextendtodistancesof100kilometersandpersistfor100days(weathersystemsgenerallyextendabout1,000kilometersandlast3to5daysinanygivenarea).Morethan90percentofthekineticenergyoftheentireoceanmaybeaccountedformesoscalevariabilityratherthanbylarge-scalecurrents.Mesoscalephenomenamay,infact,playasignificantroleinoceanicmixing,air-seainteractions,andoccasionalbutfar-reachingclimaticeventssuchasEINino,theatmospheric-oceanicdisturbanceintheequatorialPacificthataffectsglobalweatherpatterns.
Unfortunately,itisnotfeasibletouseconventionaltechniquestomeasuremesoscalefields.Tomeasurethemproperly,monitoringequipmentwouldhavetobelaidoutonagridatintervalsofatmost50kilometers,withsensorsateachgridpointlowereddeepintheoceanandkeptthereformanymonths.Becauseusingthesetechniqueswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensiveandtime-consuming,itwasproposedin1979thattomographybeadoptedtomeasurethephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.InmedicaltomographyX-raysmapthehumanbody’sdensityvariations(andhenceinternalorgans);theinformationfromtheX-rays,transmittedthroughthebodyalongmanydifferentpaths,isrecombinedtoformthree-dimensionalimagesofthebody’sinterior.Itisprimarilythismultiplicativeincreaseindataobtainedfromthemultipathtransmissionofsignalsthataccountsforoceanographer’sattractiontotomography;itallowsthemeasurementofvastareaswithrelativelyfewinstruments.Researchersreasonedthatlow-frequencysoundwaves,becausetheyaresowelldescribedmathematicallyandbecauseevensmallperturbationsinemittedsoundwavescanbedetected,couldbetransmittedthroughtheoceanovermany,differentpathsandthatthepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior—itstemperature,salinity,density,andspeedofcurrents—couldbededucedonthebasisofhowtheoceanalteredthesignals.Theirinitialtrialswerehighlysuccessful,andoceanacoustictomographywasborn.
26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.
27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?
28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?
29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?
30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematically
B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectable
C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-rays
D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictable
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.
B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.
C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.
D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.
B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.
C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.
D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.
B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.
C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.
D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.
B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.
C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.
D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:B
第3題:D
第4題:B
第5題:A
【解析】26.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.26.根據(jù)這篇文章,科學(xué)家能夠使用海洋聲學(xué)層析成像來(lái)推斷海洋內(nèi)部的特性,部分原因是______。
A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematicallyA.低頻聲波在數(shù)學(xué)上描述得很好
B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectableB.中尺度現(xiàn)象很大,很容易探測(cè)到
C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-raysC.聲波的信息比X射線的信息更容易重組
D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictableD.海洋的密度變化在數(shù)學(xué)上是可以預(yù)測(cè)的
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位到文章倒數(shù)第二句“研究人員推斷,因?yàn)樗鼈儯╨ow-frequencysoundwaves)在數(shù)學(xué)上得到了很好的描述(sowelldescribedmathematically),而且即使是發(fā)出的聲波中的微小擾動(dòng)也能被探測(cè)到,所以低頻聲波可以通過(guò)許多不同的路徑在海洋中傳播,海洋內(nèi)部的特性(thepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior),如溫度、鹽度、密度和流速等,可以根據(jù)海洋如何改變信號(hào)來(lái)推斷”可知,科學(xué)家能夠使用海洋聲學(xué)層析成像來(lái)推斷海洋內(nèi)部的特性的原因是低頻聲波在數(shù)學(xué)上得到了很好的描述,且能探測(cè)到發(fā)出的聲波中的微小擾動(dòng),所以A項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)定位第三段第一句“不幸的是,使用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)測(cè)量中尺度場(chǎng)是不可行的”可知,easilydetectable并不符合原文,而且與題干無(wú)關(guān),該項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位;
C選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到聲波信息和X射線信息的比較,屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)在文中提到的是“海洋內(nèi)部的特性,如溫度、鹽度、密度和流速等,可以根據(jù)海洋如何改變信號(hào)來(lái)推斷”,所以海洋的密度是根據(jù)海洋改變的信號(hào)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)的,該項(xiàng)曲解原文。
27.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?27.下面哪項(xiàng)與文章中描述的醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描最相似?
A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.A.利用洋流計(jì)來(lái)確定海洋中尺度場(chǎng)的方向和速度。
B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.B.利用在幾個(gè)不同地點(diǎn)收集的地震沖擊波數(shù)據(jù),并結(jié)合起來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)地球內(nèi)部的三維圖像。
C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.C.使用網(wǎng)格點(diǎn)感知系統(tǒng)來(lái)繪制全球天氣模式。
D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.D.利用地下漂浮物繪制大規(guī)模海洋環(huán)流圖。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第四句“在醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描中,X射線可以繪制出人體密度的變化(以及內(nèi)部器官),來(lái)自X射線的信息,通過(guò)身體的許多不同路徑傳輸,被重新組合(recombined),形成身體內(nèi)部的三維圖像(three-dimensionalimages)”,從中可知,醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描中,其使用的原理就是通過(guò)X射線的掃描,收集身體內(nèi)部不同器官傳輸?shù)男畔ⅲ缓笾亟M形成身體的三維圖像,從而來(lái)進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)判斷;四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中與此原理相似的是B項(xiàng),因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A、C、D選項(xiàng)都不屬于層析技術(shù),屬于出處錯(cuò)位。
28.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?28.作者提到厄爾尼諾主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)以下哪一點(diǎn)?
A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.A.氣候模式的短暫持續(xù)時(shí)間。
B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.B.測(cè)量海洋大尺度洋流的難度。
C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.C.低頻聲波在海洋測(cè)繪中的有效性。
D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.D.中尺度場(chǎng)對(duì)氣候狀況可能產(chǎn)生的影響。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位第二段最后一句“事實(shí)上,中尺度現(xiàn)象可能在海洋混合、海氣相互作用和偶爾但影響深遠(yuǎn)的氣候事件中,如在影響全球氣候模式的赤道太平洋大氣-海洋擾動(dòng)的厄爾尼諾氣候事件中,發(fā)揮著重要作用”,從中可知,中尺度現(xiàn)象對(duì)厄爾尼諾這樣的氣候事件可以發(fā)揮重要的作用,所以推斷,作者在這里提到厄爾尼諾是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)中尺度現(xiàn)象對(duì)氣候的影響,D項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A、C選項(xiàng)與題干無(wú)關(guān),屬于出處錯(cuò)位;
B選項(xiàng)在文中沒(méi)有提及測(cè)量海洋大尺度洋流,該項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。
29.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?29.下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最好地描述了文章第三段的結(jié)構(gòu)?
A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.A.相反的觀點(diǎn)被提出,闡述,然后調(diào)和。
B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.B.首先描述了一個(gè)問(wèn)題,然后討論了解決方案,并肯定了其有效性。
C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.C.先提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn),然后反駁,然后提出另一種選擇。
D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.D.假設(shè)被提出,被確認(rèn),然后被重新確認(rèn)。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】定位文章第三段,第一句先指出測(cè)量中尺度場(chǎng)所存在的問(wèn)題,即“使用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)測(cè)量中尺度場(chǎng)是不可行的”,然后在第三句提出了用層析成像技術(shù)來(lái)測(cè)量的方法,然后通過(guò)對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)斷層掃描舉例來(lái)做類(lèi)比,最后得出結(jié)論:“他們最初的試驗(yàn)非常成功,海洋聲學(xué)斷層攝影術(shù)誕生了”;綜上所述,我們可以推斷,文章第三段的結(jié)構(gòu)是:提出問(wèn)題—討論問(wèn)題和提出解決辦法—證明解決辦法的有效性,所以B項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D選項(xiàng)都不符合第三段的結(jié)構(gòu),屬于曲解原文。
30.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?30.這篇文章表明,如果海洋環(huán)流主要是由大的、移動(dòng)緩慢的洋流組成,下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?
A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.A.傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)量技術(shù)將是研究海洋物理特性的可行方法。
B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.B.中尺度場(chǎng)對(duì)全球氣候模式的影響將保持不變。
C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.C.海洋的大部分動(dòng)能將來(lái)自中尺度場(chǎng)。
D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.D.像厄爾尼諾這樣的大氣-海洋擾動(dòng)將更頻繁地發(fā)生。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】文章第一段開(kāi)頭就指出“1965年以前,許多科學(xué)家把海洋水團(tuán)的循環(huán)描繪成由大型、緩慢移動(dòng)的洋流組成的,例如墨西哥灣流”,但是新技術(shù)的采用(newlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment),發(fā)現(xiàn)深海中的變化并不是開(kāi)頭所說(shuō)的那樣,如第四句說(shuō)的“這些儀器(Theseinstruments)揭示了深海中出乎意料的變化水平”;然后隨即對(duì)中尺度場(chǎng)的測(cè)量展開(kāi)的論述,在第三段第一句提到“使用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)測(cè)量
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