考研考博-英語-山西電力職業(yè)技術學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山西電力職業(yè)技術學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.翻譯題

1.Inpresent-daytechnologymanmakestremendousdemandsonthematerialsavailabletohim.Thedemandisnotonlyforhugequantitiesofmaterialssuchastimber,concrete,steelandplasticsforconstructionalpurposes.Itisalsoforsmallerbutcrucialamountsofmaterialswhicharelesseasilyobtainable.Materialssuchasuraniumandtitaniumdonotexistinlargequantitiesbuttheypossessunusualpropertieswhichmakethemessentialforcertainhighlyspecializeduses.

2.Computersareelectronicmachinesforprocessingdata.Dataarepiecesoritemsofinformationthathavebeenproperlypreparedsothatthemachinecanworkwiththem.Processingmeanshandlingormanipulatingthematerialthathasbeenpresentedtothemachineinsuchwaysasperformingcalculations,classifyinginformation,ormakingcomparisons.Acomputerismadeofmillionsofelectronicdevicesthatcanstorethedataorswitchthemthroughcomplexcircuitswithdifferentfunctionsatincrediblespeeds.

3.在傳統(tǒng)的中國家庭中，成年子女與年長父母生活在一個屋檐下。自1974年中國實行獨生子女政策以來，中國家庭經歷了許多變化，其中一個變化是核心家庭成為主導。當獨生子女因為讀大學或結婚而離開家里時，父母才四五十歲，他們比其他國家育有多個子女的父母更早經歷空巢綜合征。他們忽然感到孤獨、悲傷、無用、消沉。

【答案】1.當今的技術人員對可用的材料提出了巨大的要求。這種需求不僅適用于諸如木材、混凝土、鋼鐵以及用于建筑目的的塑料等數量巨大的材料，也適用于較少但至關重要，且不易獲得的材料。鈾和鈦這樣一類材料并不大量存在，但它們具有非凡的特性，這使得它們成為某些特殊用途所不可缺少的材料。

2.計算機是處理數據的電子機器。數據是已被適當準備好以便機器能夠使用的信息片段或項目。加工指的是對呈現在機器上的材料進行處理或操作，如計算、分類或比較。計算機是由數以百萬計的電子設備組成的，這些設備可以存儲數據或通過具有不同功能的復雜電路以令人難以置信的速度轉換數據。

3.InatraditionalChinesefamily,adultchildrenliveunderthesameroofwiththeirolderparents.SinceChinaadoptedtheone-childpolicyin1974,Chinesefamilieshaveundergonemanychanges,oneofwhichisthedominanceofthenuclearfamily.Whenonlychildrenleavehomeforcollegeormarriage,theirparentsareintheir40sor50s,andtheyexperienceempty-nestsyndromeearlierthanparentswithmultiplechildreninothercountries.Theysuddenlyfeellonely,sad,useless,anddepressed.

2.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.

當我們進入數碼物件的電子時代時，最重要的是要意識到新技術已經給我們這個社會帶來了很多挑戰(zhàn)，其中之一就是如何在這個電子時代保存好歷史檔案記錄。更重要的是我們要知道，我們正在步入這樣一個時代：即我們今天所熟知的很多東西以及用電子方式編碼和寫入的很多東西將會永久丟失。其中一個例子就是遍布世界各地政府和大學的很多數據集由于技術的變化而被淘汰了，而且這些數據將來要么丟失，要么需要采取髙昂的“營救”措施來挽救它們。在我看來，我們正生活在一個數碼黑暗時代。因此，圖書和檔案管理員肩挑的責任就是要恪守我們這個時代崇尚歷史和出版遺產的傳統(tǒng)。

【答案】Asweentertheelectronicageofdigitalobjects,themostsignificantthingistorecognizethatnewtechnologieshavebroughtmanychallengestooursociety.Oneofthemishowtopreservehistoricalrecordsinthiselectronicage.Moreimportantly,wearemovingintoanerainwhichmuchofwhatweknowtoday,andmuchofwhatisencodedandwrittenelectronically,willbelostforever.Oneexampleisthatmanydatasetsfromgovernmentsanduniversitiesaroundtheworldareobsoletedduetochangesintechnology,andthatdatawilleitherbelostinthefutureorwillrequirecostly“rescue”measurestosaveit.Inmyopinion,wearelivinginadigitaldarkage.Therefore,theresponsibilityoflibrariansandarchivistsistoscrupulouslyabidebythehistoricalandpublishingheritageweupholdinourtime.

3.單選題

IfIkeepthisoathfaithfully,mayIenjoymylifeandpracticemyart,（

）byallmenandinalltimes;butifIswervefromitorviolateit,maythereversebemylot.

問題1選項

A.beingrespected

B.respecting

C.respectfully

D.respected

【答案】A

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。題干主句中謂語動詞為enjoy，后面接動詞ing形式?？崭窈笥衎y，可推測前面應該是被動語態(tài)。因此應使用being+done的形式。A選項符合題意。

4.單選題

Themostsuccessfulwaytosolvethelanguageproblemwhileaforeignplayisbeingperformedis（

）translation.

問題1選項

A.homogeneous

B.simultaneous

C.instantaneous

D.spontaneous

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項homogeneous“均勻的，同質的”；B選項simultaneous“同時的”；C選項instantaneous“瞬間的”；D選項spontaneous“自發(fā)的，無意識的”。句意：解決外交活動中的語言問題最成功的方法是同聲傳譯。選項B符合句意。

5.單選題

Starvationprobablydoesn’tsoundlikeakeytolivingwellintooldage.Butasstrangeasitseems,calorierestriction,doneintermittently,appearstobeoneofthegatewaystolastinglong-termhealth.

Theconcepthasalreadybeenprovedeffectiveinmice,rats,dogsandmonkeys.However,verylimitedresearchhasbeendonetoevaluatethehealthimpactofcalorierestrictioninhumans.Inanimals,calorierestrictionisassociatedwithlongevity,decreasedriskforcancerandinflammatorydiseasesandlowercognitivedecline.Thechallengehasbeentotranslatetheconcepttotherealworldinwhichhumansneedtoeattogetthroughtheday.

Anewstudytestedoutamodifiedversionoftheconceptonhumans.ResearchersattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahavedesignedwhattheycalla“fastingmimickingdiet”thatprovidesallthebenefitsofstarvingyourself",withalittlelessstarvation.

Theplanlastsforfivedaysamonth,withacyclethat’srepeatedforthreemonths.OnDayOne,adietereatsfoodfromtheprescribedplanthattotals1,090calorieswith10percentprotein,56percentfat,and34percentcarbohydrates.OnDaysTwothroughFive...dietersconsumejust725calorieswith9percentprotein,44percentfat,and47percentcarbohydrates.

Peopleonthedietatevegetablesoup,energybars,energydrinksandlow-caloriesnackchips,anddrankalotofchamomiletea.Theyalsotookvegetable-baseddietarysupplements.Onnon-dietingdaystheyatenormally.

Itmaysoundgimmicky,butVijg,oneoftheresearchers,saysexistingsciencealreadybacksuptheclaimthattheplancouldeffectivelyimprovehumanhealthandprolonglife.Inhumans,thedietprovidedanumberofphysiologicalchangesthatcouldreduceriskfactorsforage-relatedconditionssuchasreducedbloodglucoseandinsulinlevels.

Inessence,fastinghastheabilitytoimprovestressresponseonacellularlevel.Apersononthisprogramislikelytoloseweightovertime,butresearcherssaybetterhealthinoldageistherealbenefit.Withtherightmarketing,Vijgbelievesafastingmimickingdietcouldbecomethenextcommerciallybrandeddietcraze,likeAtkinsorPaleo.However,itcouldalsohavesomepracticalapplicationsinamedicalsetting.Aphysiciancouldprescribethediettoapatientforaspecificamountoftimebeforesurgery,chemotherapyandothertypesoftreatmentsandproceduresthatareknowntocausetraumaandstresstothebody.

1.Whatisthedifficultyintheresearchoftheeffectofstarvationonhumans?

2.Themodifiedversionoftheconceptrefersto（

）.

3.WhatkindoffoodisNOTallowedondietingdays?

4.Accordingtotheresearchers,whatbenefitscanpeoplegetbyfollowingtheplan?

5.AtkinsandPaleointhelastparagraphmostprobablyrefertobrandnamesof

（

）.

6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Humansneedtoeatinreallife.

B.Animalsarefreefromdiseases.

C.Humansandanimalsresponddifferentlytostarvation.

D.Humansandanimalshavedifferentlifeexpectancy.

問題2選項

A.adietwithfruitsandvegetablesonly

B.aperiodicdietwithalittlefood

C.acalorie-consistentdiet

D.adietlastingforfivedaysonly

問題3選項

A.Energysupplements.

B.Sportdrinks.

C.Meatandfish.

D.Foodwithadditives.

問題4選項

A.Nicebodyshape.

B.Psychologicalwell-being.

C.Betterhealthinoldage.

D.Goodrelationswithothers.

問題5選項

A.healthyteas

B.populardiets

C.fastfood

D.weight-reducingmedicines

問題6選項

A.TheLessCalorie,theBetter?

B.SayNotoStarvation.

C.AProvedMethodofWeightManagement.

D.Coulda5-dayFastingDietProlongYourLife?

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據題干關鍵詞，可將信息點定位至原文第二段最后一句，“Thechallengehasbeentotranslatetheconcepttotherealworldinwhichhumansneedtoeattogetthroughtheday.(現實世界中人類需要吃東西生存，要把（饑餓狀態(tài)對人們健康有益）這個理念傳遞給大眾不是一件容易的事。)”從而得出本題答案。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據題干關鍵詞“themodifiedversionoftheconcept”，可將信息點定位至原文第三段最后一句和第四段第一句?！癶avedesignedwhattheycalla“fastingmimickingdiet”thatprovidesallthebenefitsofstarvingyourself",withalittlelessstarvation.(設計了一種他們稱之為“空腹模擬節(jié)食”的飲食方式，它提供了讓自己挨餓的所有好處，而且減少了一點饑餓。)”“Theplanlastsforfivedaysamonth,withacyclethat’srepeatedforthreemonths.(該計劃每月持續(xù)五天，每三個月重復一次。)”從而得出本題答案。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據題干信息，可將信息點定位至原文第五段?！癙eopleonthedietatevegetablesoup,energybars,energydrinksandlow-caloriesnackchips,anddrankalotofchamomiletea.Theyalsotookvegetable-baseddietarysupplements.(節(jié)食的人喝蔬菜湯，能量棒，能量飲料和低熱量的零食薯條，喝很多甘菊茶。他們還服用了以蔬菜為基礎的膳食補充劑。)”從而得出本題答案。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據題干信息，可將信息點定位至原文第六段第二句。“Inhumans,thedietprovidedanumberofphysiologicalchangesthatcouldreduceriskfactorsforage-relatedconditionssuchasreducedbloodglucoseandinsulinlevels.(對于人類，這種計劃能夠帶來一些體質的變化，從而降低一些例如血糖和胰島素等隨著年齡增長而帶來的健康風險。)”從而得出本題答案。

5.細節(jié)事實題。根據題干關鍵詞“AtkinsandPaleo”，可將信息點定位至原文最后一段，根據“Vijgbelievesafastingmimickingdietcouldbecomethenextcommerciallybrandeddietcraze,likeAtkinsorPaleo.(Vijg認為，像Atkins和Paleo那樣，模仿禁食的飲食可能會成為下一個商業(yè)品牌的飲食熱潮。)”即可得出本題答案。

6.主旨大意題。根據“…calorierestriction,doneintermittently,appearstobeoneofthegatewaystolastinglong-termhealth.（間歇性地限制熱量攝入，似乎是保持長期健康的途徑之一。）”“fastingmimickingdiet（禁食模仿飲食）”，可知作者在本文探討的是這種階段性節(jié)食是否能夠長壽。從而得出本題答案。

6.單選題

Speech—theactofutteringsoundstoconveymeaningisakindofhumanaction.Likeanyotherconstantlyrepeatedaction,speakinghastobelearned,butonceitislearned,itbecomesagenerallyunconsciousandapparentlyautomaticprocess.

Asfaraswecandeterminehumanbeingsdonotneedtobeforcedtospeak;mostbabiesscorntopossessasortofinstinctivedrivetoproducespeechlikenoises.Howtospeakandwhattosayareanothermatteraltogether,Theseactionsarelearnedfromtheparticularsocietyintowhichthebabyisborn;sothat,likeallconductthatislearnedfromasociety—fromthepeoplearoundus—speechisapatternedactivity.

Themeanderingbabbleandchatterofayoungchildareeventuallychanneledbyimitationintoafeworderlygroovesthatrepresentthepatternacceptedasmeaningfulbythepeoplearoundhim.Similarly,achild'sindiscriminatepracticeofputtingthingsintohismouthbecomeslimitedtoputtingfoodintohismouthinacertainway.

Thesoundsthatachildcanmakearemorevariedandnumerousthanthesoundsthatanyparticularlanguageutilizes.However,achildbornintoasocietywithapatternoflanguageisencouragedtomakeasmallselectionofsoundsandtomakethesefewsoundsoverandoveruntilitisnaturalforhimtomakethesesoundsandnoothers.

1.Foranadulttheprocessofspeakingusuallyinvolves（）

.

2.Theselectionsaysthatmostbabieshaveaninstinctivedriveto（）

.

3.Conductthatislearnedfromasocietymaybecalled（）

.

4.Themostimportantfactorinachild'slearningtospeakprobablyis（）.

5.Thesoundsthatachildisabletomakeare（）.

問題1選項

A.consciousselectionofsounds

B.imitationofthosearoundhim

C.adrivetomakenoises

D.unconsciousactions

問題2選項

A.expressideasinwords

B.makespeechliksnoises

C.Conveymeaning

D.imitatesoundsaroundthem

問題3選項

A.instinctivedrive

B.selection

C.automaticactivity

D.patternedactivity

問題4選項

A.repetition

B.selection

C.instinct

D.imitation

問題5選項

A.notasvariedasthoseusedinlanguage

B.morevariedandnumerousthanthoseinanylanguage

C.farfewerthanthoseneededtoformalanguage

D.completelydifferentfromthesoundsoflanguage

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:根據第一段的最后一句“Likeanyother...unconsciousandapparentlyautomaticprocess.”就像任何其他不斷重復的動作一樣，說話是需要學習的，但是一旦學會了，它就會變成一個通常無意識的、明顯是自動的過程。所以，說話過程通常包含無意識行為。選項D正確。

第2題:根據第二段的第一句“mostbabiesscorntopossessasortofinstinctivedrivetoproducespeechlikenoises.”選項B符合原文。

第3題:根據第二段的最后一句“l(fā)ikeallconductthatislearnedfromasociety—fromthepeoplearoundus—speechisapatteredactivity.”選項D符合原文。

第4題:根據最后一段的最后一句“However,achild...untilitisnaturalforhimtomakethesesoundsandnoothers.”然而，一個出生在一個有語言模式的社會的孩子被鼓勵對聲音做一個小小的選擇，并不斷地發(fā)出這幾個聲音，直到他自然地發(fā)出這些聲音，而不是其他聲音。注意關鍵詞“natural”自然的，也就是本能地發(fā)出這種聲音，選項C符合原文。

第5題:根據第四段的第一句“Thesoundsthatachildcanmakearemorevariedandnumerousthanthesoundsthatanyparticularlanguageutilizes.”孩子能發(fā)出的聲音比任何一種語言所使用的聲音都要豐富多樣。選項B符合原文。

7.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingshortparagraphintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.

紅包，字面意思是“紅色的小袋”，是中國新年的重要元素。里面的現金被認為是來年的壓歲錢。紅包一般是長輩送給晚輩的，尤其是孩子，但如果你收入不錯，每年這個時候給父母、爺爺奶奶分一些錢也是符合禮貌的。如果你結婚了，你就得給紅包；如果你是單身，你通常會收到紅包。如果被邀請到別人家過年，你知道他們有孩子，那最好在一個紅包里放點錢。如果你去北方游玩，紅包里的現金數額就選一個整數；在南方，挑個幸運數字（任何帶有6或8的數字）。

【答案】Hongbao,whichliterallymeans“alittleredenvelope”,isanimportantelementofChineseNewYear.Thecashinsideisconsideredasluckymoneyforthecomingyear.Itisusuallygivenbyelderstoyoungergenerations,especiallychildren,butifyouhaveaniceincome,it’spolitetogivesomemoneytoyourparentsandgrandparentsatthistimeofyear.Ifyouaremarried,youhavetogiveredenvelopes;ifyouaresingle,youusuallyreceiveone.Ifyouareinvitedtosomeone’shomeforChineseNewYearandyouknowtheyhavechildren,itisbesttoputsomecashinaredenvelope.Andifyouvisitthenorth,theamountofcashinitshouldbearoundnumber,andifyouvisittheSouth,choosealuckynumber(anynumberwitha6or8).

8.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

Theairwebreatheissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetwithoutitwecouldnotsurvivemorethanafewminutes.Forthemostpart,thesameairisavailabletoeveryone,andeveryoneneedsit.Somepeopleusetheairtosustainthemwhiletheysitaroundandfeelsorryforthemselves.Othersbreatheintheairandusetheenergyitprovidestomakeamagnificentlifeforthemselves.

Opportunityisthesameway.Itiseverywhere.Opportunityissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetopportunityaloneisnotenoughtocreatesuccess.Opportunitymustbeseizedandacteduponinordertohavevalue.Somanypeoplearesoanxiousto“getin”ona“groundflooropportunity’’,asiftheopportunitywilldoallthework.That’simpossible.Justasyouneedairtobreathe,youneedopportunitytosucceed.Ittakesmorethanjustbreathinginthefreshairofopportunity,however.Youmustmakeuseofthatopportunity.That’snotuptotheopportunity.That’suptoyou.Itdoesn’tmatterwhat“floor”theopportunityison.Whatmattersiswhatyoudowithit.

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

如果失敗了你會怎么做？很多人可能會選擇放棄。然而，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是堅持你的方向和目標。在通往成功的路上，你必須堅持你的方向。它就像一盞燈，在黑暗中為你指路，幫助你度過難關。否則，你很容易就會迷失方向或猶豫不前。方向意味著目標，人生如果沒有目標，將一事無成。你可以試著把你的目標寫在紙上，并制定實現目標的計劃。這樣，你就會懂得如何合理安排時間，如何正確地支配時間。而且你還要有這樣的信念：只要你一直堅持自己的方向，你就一定可以成功。

【答案】A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

【參考譯文】

我們所呼吸的空氣觸手可及，以至于我們將其視為理所當然。然而，倘若沒有空氣，我們只能存活幾分鐘。大多數情況下，每個人都能呼吸到同樣的空氣，也都需要空氣。有的人一邊坐著自怨自艾，一邊又呼吸空氣來維持生命。另一些人卻呼吸空氣，并利用空氣提供的能量為自己創(chuàng)造美好的生活。

機遇也是如此。它無處不在。機遇是如此唾手可得，以至于我們將其當作理所當然。然而，只有機遇不足以創(chuàng)造成功。為了讓機遇有價值，必須抓住機遇并采取行動。很多人都急于抓住“先機”，好像抓住機遇就會一勞永逸，這是不可能的。正如你需要空氣來呼吸一樣，你也需要獲得成功的機遇。然而，成功不僅僅是呼吸到機遇的新鮮空氣。你必須利用所獲得的機遇。對機遇的利用不取決于機遇，而取決于你。機遇處于什么“階段”不重要，最重要的是你如何利用它。

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

【參考譯文】

Whatwouldyoudoifyoufailed?Manypeoplemaychoosetogiveup.However,thereliablewaytosuccessistoadheretoyourdirectionandgoal.Onthewaytosuccess,youmustkeepyourdirection.Itisjustlikealamp,guidingyouindarknessandhelpingyoupullthough.Otherwise,youwilleasilygetlostorhangback.Directionmeansgoals.Nothingcanbedonewithoutagoalinyourlife.Youcantrytowritedownyourgoalsandmakesomeplanstoachievethem.Inthisway,youwillknowhowtoarrangeanduseyourtimeproperly.Furthermore,youshouldhaveabeliefthatyouaresuretosucceedaslongasyoukeepyourdirectionallthetime.

9.單選題

Forayoungmanofsuchscrupulousloyaltyandsolittleambitionthiswasadiscouragingstart.Despiteallhiscorrectness,heappearedtohaveblunderedandtohavestartedlife（）.

問題1選項

A.onwrongfeet

B.onhiswrongfeet

C.onthewrongfoot

D.onawrongfoot

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。根據固定搭配onthewrongfeet“處于不利地位”，可排除A、B和D選項。句意：盡管他很正確，但是他似乎犯了大錯，使人生處于不利的處境。選項C符合題意。

10.單選題

Georgewas（）frommilitaryservicewhilehewasstillinschool.

問題1選項

A.prevented

B.restrained

C.exempted

D.stopped

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項prevented“阻止；避免”；B選項restrained“抑制；約束”；C選項exempted“免除；豁免”；D選項stopped“停止；終止”。句意：喬治還在學校的時候就被……服兵役。militaryservice“兵役”，服兵役是一項責任。exempt做形容詞有被免除責任和義務的意思，而且exemptsb.fromsth.為固定搭配，意為“免除某人某事”。因此C選項符合題意。

11.單選題

LivinginsuchahighplaceasTibethasitsproblems,（

）obtainingoxygenisnottheleast.

問題1選項

A.ofwhich

B.forwhat

C.as

D.whose

【答案】A

【解析】句意:生活在如西藏這樣高海拔的地方有其問題，其中不僅僅只是氧氣

獲得的問題。

語法題。考查非限制性定語從句的引導詞。分析句子結構可知后半句為非限制性定語從句。先行詞為problems(問題),所以用of+which表示“屬于”。

12.單選題

Wehavedoneallwecouldandnowourcherishedprojectis（

）ournewCEO.

問題1選項

A.ontheagendaof

B.inthepowerof

C.undertheguidanceof

D.withtheguidanceof

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項ontheagendaof“列入會議議程的”；B選項inthepowerof“受……支配，在……的控制下”；C選項undertheguidanceof“在……的指導下”；D選項withtheguidanceof“在……的指導下”，作伴隨狀語表原因。由project（項目）與CEO（執(zhí)行總裁）之間的關系可知項目應處于CEO的控制下較符合邏輯搭配。句意：我們已經竭盡所能，現在我們珍視的項目掌握在新任CEO的手中。

13.翻譯題

Sincetheturnofthecentury,Londonershaveexpressedapreferenceforsuburbanlocationsasmorepleasantandsafertobringupchildren.Themiddleclassesfearurbanpubliclifesomuch,theyarewillingtotradeoffthedailyjourneytoworkinfavorofsafetyandseclusionathome.InNewYork,peopleviewthestreets,sidewalks,plazasandsubwaysasareasofcombatratherthancivilitywherethegoalisnotenjoymentbutsurvival.

Thisprocessofdetachmentandwithdrawalhasbeenencouragedbythemotorcar,bringinginitswakedifficultpedestrianaccesskeysitescutoffbyringroads,andmulti-storeycarparkswhichareparticularlythreateningtowomen.Thecinemahaspartlygivenwaytothehomevideo,andluxuryhousingdevelopmentsaroundLondonfeaturehighlevelsofsecuritysurveillance.

InNewYork,newbuildingsarefilledwith“defensiblespace”,galesandguardstofunnelyouthiswayorthatbecausedrugdealerscanmakeapublicspacetheirowninafewdays.

Theunrestrainedgrowthofincivilities—drunks,tramps,rowdyyouth,prostitutes,andotherdisreputables—haddecreasedcommunalcontrol.Thishadledtomoreactualcrime,increasedthefearofcrime,encouragedwithdrawalintoprivatespaces,sofurtherreducingcommitmenttoneighborhoodsandencouraginggreaterincivilities.

Theresultisthatpeoplethencreateashieldforthemselvesinpublicplaces;theyminimizeexpressionsandbodycontact,choosesealingtosignalwhatmighthappennext,theyrun.Sincebeggarsprobablyevokedmixedreactionsofpity,embarrassment,orfear,theirhighvisibilityonthestreetsmaywellleadpeopletoavoidcertainplaces.

ItisincivilitieslikethesewhichsurelymakepeoplefearfulincitiesandwhichcannotbedismissedasHomeofficialstendtodo,asirrationalfears.Awoman’sfearfulnessabouttravellingontheTube,forexample,cannotbelightlydismissedonthegroundsthatstatisticallysheislesslikelytosufferanassaultthanayoungman.Herfearsarefuelledbyallthesesurroundingincivilities,plusgestures,sexualinnuendos,orremarksfromyouth:inthecarriage.IfacoupleofyoungmenstartsmokingontheTube,thetensioninthecarriageispalpablebecausepeopleknowwhatthereactionislikelytobeiftheyaretoldtostop.Womenoroldpeoplefeelmorevulnerablethanyoungmenbecausetheyarcmorevulnerable.Whenconsideringrisks,policymakerstendtoemphasizestatisticalinfrequencyanddownplaythegravityofoutcomes.

Londoncriesoutforsomekindofcoherentcityplanning.Butthequalityofitscitizens,liveswon’tbeimprovedunlesstheseincivilities,whicharesomuchmoredifficulttoquantify,areproperlyaddressed.

【答案】汽車加快了遠離城市的過程,隨之而來的是難以通過的人行通道,被環(huán)形道路切斷的重要場所以及對女人有特大威脅的多層停車場。

結果,人們在公共場所找到自我保護的手段;他們盡量少說話或與人碰撞,挑選座位以表明他們不想與人交流,減少目光的接觸,他們懷疑某件事可能緊接著發(fā)生時,便溜之大吉。

正是這類不禮貌的言行使人們在城市感到恐懼,而內政部的官員往往將不禮貌的言行視為缺乏理性的恐懼。例如,不能因為女人遭到襲擊的幾率低于年輕男子便對女人的地鐵恐懼癥等閑視之。

14.單選題

Themanagingdirectortookthe（

）fortheaccident,althoughitwasnotreallyhisfault.

問題1選項

A.guilt

B.charge

C.blame

D.accusation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。guilt意為“有罪，犯罪行為”；charge意為“收費，指控”；blame意為“(壞事或錯事的)責任，責備”，taketheblamefor意為“承擔……的責任”；accusation意為“指責，譴責”。

句意：總經理承擔了事故的責任，盡管并不真的是他的錯。

15.翻譯題

Asholidaysgo,Thanksgivingisinsomewaysthemostphilosophical.Todaywetrynottotakeforgrantedthethingswealmostalwaystakeforgranted.Wetry,ifonlyinthatbriefpausebeforetheeatingbegins,toseethroughthewell-wornpatternsofourlivestowhatliesbehindthem.Inotherwords,wetrytounderstandhowveryrichweare,whetherwefeelveryrichornot.TodayisoneofthefewtimesmostAmericansconsciouslysetdesireaside,ifonlybecausedesireisincompatiblewiththegratitude—nottomentiontheabundance—thatThanksgivingsummons.

ItistemptingtothinkthatoneThanksgivingisprettymuchlikeanother,exceptfordifferencesintheguestlistandtherecipes.Butitisn’ttrue.Thisisalwaysafeastaboutwherewearenow.Thanksgivingreflectsthecomplexionoftheyearwe’rein.Someyearsitfeelsbuoyant,almostjubilantinnature.OtheryearsitseemsmarkedbyaconspicuoushumilityuncommoninthecalendarofAmericanemotions.

Andthisyear?WewillprobablyrememberthisThanksgivingasabanquetofmixedemotions.Thisis,afterall,aprofoundlyAmericanholiday.Theundertowofbusinessasusualseemsespeciallystrongthisyear.Theshadowofawarandmisgivingsoverthefutureloomsinthemindsofmanyofus.MostyearsweenjoytheprivacyofThanksgiving,butthisyeartheholidayfeelslikeareminderforourselvesofwhatitmeanstobeAmerican.

Thatmeansgivingthanksforsomefundamentalprinciplesthatshouldbehonoredeverydayoftheyearinthelifeofthisnation—principlesofgenerosity,toleranceandinclusion.Thisisfeastthatnooneshouldbeturnedawayfrom.Thewelcomewefeelmakessenseonlyifwealsoextendittoothers.

【答案】【參考譯文】在眾多的假日中，感恩節(jié)可以說是最令人深思的節(jié)日。今天我們會把平時習以為常的東面看得很珍貴。我們試著，哪怕只是在吃飯前的片刻，去看透那一成不變的生活，悟出背后的道理。換句話說，無論我們覺得自己是貧是富，我們總是盡力把自己看得十分富有。今天是大多數美國人有意識地把欲望放在一邊的為數不多的時刻之一，這至少是因為今天我們有一顆感恩的心，更不用說還有一桌豐盛的菜肴，欲望此時光臨便顯得格格不入。

人們不禁會覺得，除了賓客不同，菜式翻新，感恩節(jié)還是年年依舊。其實不然，感恩節(jié)這一餐總是關乎到我們的處境，反映出一年的年景。有些年的感恩節(jié)我們心情愉悅，幾乎是喜氣洋洋，但有些年頭我們卻把感恩節(jié)過得相當低調，不敢驕傲，這并不是美國人慣有的情緒。

那么今年呢？日后若想起今年這個感恩節(jié)，我們也許會記得，這一餐吃得五味雜陳，這畢竟是一個深具美國特色的節(jié)慶之日。但一切如舊的現狀對美國人造成的影響在今年似乎特別大，戰(zhàn)爭的陰影，對未來的擔憂，一直盤踞在我們許多人的腦海中。感恩節(jié)我們一般與至親好友在一起，感受那種其樂融融的氣氛，可是今年，我們似乎要借感恩節(jié)與國人一起重溫身為美國人的意義。

這就意味著，我們要為能有一些基本的原則而感恩，一些這個國家的生活中每日應該尊崇的原則，也就是慷慨、容忍、包容的原則。所以這一餐應該是來者不拒。我們感受的節(jié)日溫馨，只有與他人分享才有意義。

16.單選題

The（

）ofthelakeiscoveredwithreedsandrushes.

問題1選項

A.beach

B.shore

C.coast

D.bank

【答案】B

【解析】句意:湖岸上覆蓋著蘆葦與雜草。

考查近義詞辨析。Beach海岸(主要指接近海水較為平坦的地方，其上往往覆蓋有沙子或碎石);shore水與陸地交界的“岸”（如：海岸、湖岸、河岸等）;coast海岸,海岸線（通常只能指“海岸”，不指湖岸或河岸）;bank大多指江河之岸,特別是高處水平以上的岸或堤岸。根據題干中的reedsandrushes(蘆葦和雜草)可知B項正確。

17.單選題

Recentfindingsindicatethatbirdscanalsousethemagneticfieldoftheearthasanaidto（）.

問題1選項

A.criterion

B.orientation

C.standard

D.guideline

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項criterion“標準；規(guī)范；準則”；B選項orientation“定位；適應；向東方”；C選項standard“標準；度量衡標準”；D選項guideline“指導方針”。句意：最近的調查結果表明，鳥類也能使用地球磁場作為定位的輔助手段。結合句意，B選項正確。

18.單選題

（）beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.

問題1選項

A.Hadtheyarrived

B.Weretheyarriving

C.Wouldtheyarrive

D.Weretheytoarrive

【答案】D

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。主句謂語是“should+動詞原形”，表示與現在事實相反或與將